Lecture 1 Function of Several Variables

Function of several variables
—————
Phan Thi Khanh Van

E-mail: khanhvanphan@hcmut.edu.vn
June 14, 2018
(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Function of several variables June 14, 2018 1 / 21
Table of contents
1 Function of several variables
2 Domain, Range
3 Graphs, level curves
Textbook: Calculus, James Stewart
Section: 14.1
4 ways to represent a function

1 verbally

1 verbally (by a description in words)

2 numerically

2 numerically (by a table of values)

3 algebraically

3 algebraically (by an explicit formula)

4 visually

4 visually (by a graph or level curves)
Example 1
The volume of a cone, with height h and radius of the
base r , is
Example 1
base r , is
π
V = r 2h
3
Example 1
base r , is
π
V = r 2h
3
- a function of 2 variables.
Example 1
base r , is
π
V = r 2h
3
Example 2
The temperature T at a point on the surface of the earth
with the longitude x and latitude y at a time t:
Example 1
base r , is
π
V = r 2h
3
Example 2
T = T (x, y , t)
Example 1
base r , is
π
V = r 2h
3
Example 2
T = T (x, y , t)
Example 3: Wind-chill index

In regions with severe winter weather, the wind-chill index
is used to describe the apparent severity of the cold. This
index W is a subjective temperature that depends on the
actual temperature T and the wind speed v .

W = W (T , v )

W = W (T , v )
The table records values of W (by the National Weather

Service of the US & the Meteorological Service of Canada)

W (−5o C , 30km/h)

W (−5o C , 30km/h)= −13o C

W (−5o C , 30km/h)= −13o C (with no wind)

W (−5o C , 30km/h)= −13o C (with no wind)

= W (−10o C , 5km/h)
Example 4: Cobb-Douglas model

In 1928 Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas published a study
in which they modeled the growth of the American
economy during the period 1899 - 1922.

The function they used to model production was of the
form
P(L, K ) = bLα K 1−α

form
P - the total production (the monetary value of all
goods produced in a year)

form
L - the amount of labor (the total number of
person-hours worked in a year)

form
L - the amount of labor (the total number of
person-hours worked in a year)
K - the amount of capital invested (the monetary
worth of all machinery, equipment, and buildings).
They took the year 1899 as

a baseline and P, L, and K
for 1899 were each assigned
the value 100. The values
for other years were
expressed as percentages of
the 1899 figures.

the 1899 figures. Using the
method of least squares to
fit the data to the function
P(L, K ) = 1.01L0.75 K 0.25

P(L, K ) = 1.01L0.75 K 0.25
In 1909:
P(143, 198) ' 156.67

P(L, K ) = 1.01L0.75 K 0.25
In 1909:
P(143, 198) ' 156.67 (the
exact data: 155).
Domain, Range
Domain, Range
f :D→R ⊂R
(x, y ) → z = f (x, y )
Domain, Range
Domain, Range
f :D→R ⊂R
(x, y ) → z = f (x, y )
Domain, Range
Domain, Range
f :D→R ⊂R
(x, y ) → z = f (x, y )
D is domain.
Domain, Range
Domain, Range
f :D→R ⊂R
(x, y ) → z = f (x, y )
D is domain.
R is range.
Domain, Range
Example 5
√
4
x+y +1
Find the domain of the function f (x, y ) = x−1
Domain, Range
Example 5
√
4
x+y +1
Domain, Range
Example 5
√
4
x+y +1
f is defined
Domain, Range
Example 5
√
4
x+y +1
f is(defined
x +y +1≥0
⇔
x 6= 1
Domain, Range
Example 5
√
4
x+y +1
f is(defined
x +y +1≥0
⇔
x 6= 1
The domain of f is the
upper half plane w.r.t the
line x + y + 1 = 0,
excluding the line x = 1.
Domain, Range
Example 6
Find the domain of the function
f (x, y ) = y sin x + ln(y 2 − x)
Domain, Range
Example 6
f (x, y ) = y sin x + ln(y 2 − x)
Domain, Range
Example 6
f (x, y ) = y sin x + ln(y 2 − x)
f is defined
Domain, Range
Example 6
f (x, y ) = y sin x + ln(y 2 − x)
f is defined ⇔ y 2 > x
Domain, Range
Example 6
f (x, y ) = y sin x + ln(y 2 − x)
f is defined ⇔ y 2 > x
The domain of f is the set
of points to the left of the
parabola x − y 2 .
Domain, Range
Example 7
Find the domain,
p range of the function
f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
Domain, Range
Example 7
Find the domain,
f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
Domain, Range
Example 7
Find the domain,
f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
f is defined
Domain, Range
Example 7
Find the domain,
f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
f is defined
⇔ 9 − x2 − y2 ≥ 0
Domain, Range
Example 7
Find the domain,
f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
f is defined
⇔ 9 − x2 − y2 ≥ 0
The domain of f is the disk
whose center is at O and
radius is 3.
Domain, Range
Example 7
Find the domain,
f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
f is defined
⇔ 9 − x2 − y2 ≥ 0
radius is 3.
We have
p
0 ≤ 9 − x 2 − y 2 ≤ 3.
Domain, Range
Example 7
Find the domain,
f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
f is defined
⇔ 9 − x2 − y2 ≥ 0
radius is 3.
We have
p
0 ≤ 9 − x 2 − y 2 ≤ 3. So
the range of f is [0, 3].
Graphs, level curves
Graph
Graph
Graph
f :D→R ⊂R
Graph
f :D→R ⊂R
Graph of f is the set:
S = {(x, y , z) ∈ R3 |z = f (x, y ), (x, y ) ∈ D}.
Example 8
Sketch the graph of the function
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
3x + 2y + z = 6: the graph
of f is a plane.
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
of f is a plane.
x intercept:
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
of f is a plane.
x intercept:
y =z =0
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
of f is a plane.
x intercept:
y = z = 0⇒ x = 2
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
of f is a plane.
x intercept:
y = z = 0⇒ x = 2
y intercept:
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
of f is a plane.
x intercept:
y = z = 0⇒ x = 2
y intercept:
x =z =0
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
of f is a plane.
x intercept:
y = z = 0⇒ x = 2
y intercept:
x = z = 0⇒ y = 3
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
of f is a plane.
x intercept:
y = z = 0⇒ x = 2
y intercept:
x = z = 0⇒ y = 3
z intercept:
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
of f is a plane.
x intercept:
y = z = 0⇒ x = 2
y intercept:
x = z = 0⇒ y = 3
z intercept:
x =y =0
Example 8
z = f (x, y ) = 6 − 3x − 2y
of f is a plane.
x intercept:
y = z = 0⇒ x = 2
y intercept:
x = z = 0⇒ y = 3
z intercept:
x = y = 0⇒ z = 6
Example 9
Sketch the graph
p of the function
z = f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
Example 9
Sketch the graph
p of the function
z = f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
Example 9
Sketch the graph
p of the function
z = f (x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
z ≥ 0, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9:
the graph of f is the upper
hemisphere with center
(0, 0), radius 3.
Example 10
Using Matlab to sketch the graphs
1 z = f (x, y ) = 1 + x 2 + 2y 2 - elliptic paraboloid
Example 10
2 z = f (x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 - hyperbolic paraboloid (saddle)
Example 10
3 x 2 + y 2 = 1 - circular (elliptic) cylinder
Example 10
4 z 2 = x 2 + 2y 2 - cone
Example 10
4 z 2 = x 2 + 2y 2 - cone
5 x = z 2 + 1 - parabolic cylinder
Example 10
4 z 2 = x 2 + 2y 2 - cone
Commands in Matlab:
Example 10
4 z 2 = x 2 + 2y 2 - cone
Commands in Matlab:
syms x,y,z; z=1+xˆ2+yˆ2; ezsurf(z) or ezmesh(z);
Example 10
4 z 2 = x 2 + 2y 2 - cone
Commands in Matlab:
syms x,y,z; z=1+xˆ2+yˆ2; ezsurf(z) or ezmesh(z);
Creating a grid
[X,Y]=meshgrid(linspace(-2,2),linspace(-2,2));
Z=1+X.ˆ2+Y.ˆ2; mesh(X,Y,Z) or surf(X,Y,Z);
Level curves
Level curves
Level curves
f :D→R ⊂R
Level curves
f :D→R ⊂R
The level curves of a function f are the curves with
equations f (x, y ) = k, where k ∈ R is a constant. The
set of level curves is called contour map.
Example 10
A contour map for a function f is shown in the figure.
Use it to estimate the values of f (2, 4), f (4, 1).
Example 10
f (2, 4) ' 75
Example 10
f (2, 4) ' 75
f (4, 1) ' 63
Example 11
Sketch the level curves of f = x 2 + y 2 + 1. Using Matlab
to sketch again.
Example 11
to sketch again.
Commands in Matlab:
Example 11
to sketch again.
Commands in Matlab:
Creating a grid
Example 11
to sketch again.
Commands in Matlab:
Creating a grid
Assigning function
Z=1+X.ˆ2+Y.ˆ2;
Example 11
to sketch again.
Commands in Matlab:
Creating a grid
Assigning function
Z=1+X.ˆ2+Y.ˆ2;
Sketch the contour map
contour(X,Y,Z);
Example 12
Sketch the level surfaces of f = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
Example 12
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = k:
Example 12
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = k: the √
level surfaces are spheres with
center (0, 0, 0), radius k
Example 12
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = k: the √
level surfaces are spheres with
center (0, 0, 0), radius k

Lecture 1 Function of Several Variables

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Lecture 1 Function of Several Variables

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Function of several variables

Phan Thi Khanh Van

June 14, 2018

1 Function of several variables

3 Graphs, level curves

4 ways to represent a function

4 ways to represent a function

4 ways to represent a function

4 ways to represent a function

4 ways to represent a function

4 ways to represent a function

4 ways to represent a function

4 ways to represent a function

4 ways to represent a function

Example 3: Wind-chill index

Example 3: Wind-chill index

Example 3: Wind-chill index

The table records values of W (by the National Weather

The table records values of W (by the National Weather

The table records values of W (by the National Weather

W (−5o C , 30km/h)= −13o C

The table records values of W (by the National Weather

W (−5o C , 30km/h)= −13o C (with no wind)

The table records values of W (by the National Weather

W (−5o C , 30km/h)= −13o C (with no wind)

Example 4: Cobb-Douglas model

Example 4: Cobb-Douglas model

Example 4: Cobb-Douglas model

Example 4: Cobb-Douglas model

Example 4: Cobb-Douglas model

They took the year 1899 as

They took the year 1899 as

They took the year 1899 as

They took the year 1899 as

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