Role of surfactant in Shampoo and conditioner

Content

SURFACTANT:

Surfactants are compounds that lower the  surface tension (or

interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a
liquid and a solid.
substance such as a detergent that, when added to a  liquid, reduces
its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties.

The surface-active  molecule must be partly  hydrophilic (water-soluble) and

partly lipophilic  (soluble in lipids, or oils).
 It concentrates at the interfaces between bodies or droplets of water and those
of oil, or lipids, to act as an emulsifying agent, or foaming agent.

HOW DO SURFACTANTS WORK?

When there are a sufficient amount of surfactant molecules present in a
solution they combine together to form structures called micelles. As the
micelle forms, the surfactant heads position themselves so they are exposed
to water, while the tails are grouped together in the center of the structure
protected from water.
The micelles work as a unit to remove soils.  The hydrophobic tails are
attracted to soils and surround them, while the hydrophilic heads pull the
surrounded soils off the surface and into the cleaning solution.  Then the
micelles reform with the tails suspending the soil in the center of the structure.

Classification of surfactant:

Surfactants are classified into,

.
 Anionic surfactants –
These have a negatively charged end of the molecule that gives it
the hydrophilic part of the molecule. Anionic surfactants are ionic and are made up of
two ions positively charged, usually metal, ion and a negatively charged organic ion.
These negatively charged parts of the molecules are usually sulfonates, sulfates, or
carboxylates that are usually neutralized by positively charged metal cations such as
sodium or potassium.

Examples
 sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates,
sodium stearate (a soap),
potassium alcohol sulfates.

Nonionic surfactants
These are surfactants that have no ions. They derive their polarity
from having an oxygen–rich portion of the molecule at one end and a large organic
molecule at the other end. The oxygen component is usually derived from short
polymers of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. Just as in water chemistry, the oxygen is
a dense electron-rich atom that gives the entire molecule a partial net-negative charge
which makes the whole molecule polar and able to participate in hydrogen bonding with.

Examples
Alcohol ethoxylates,
nonylphenoxy polyethylenoxy alcohols,
ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers.
Cationic surfactants –
These are positively charged molecules usually derived from
nitrogen compounds. They are not commonly used as cleaning agents in hard-surface
cleaners because of the tendency of the cationic positively charged molecule to be
attracted to hard surfaces (that usually have a netnegative charge). Many cationic
surfactants have bacteriacidal or other sanitizing properties that are useful in creating
disinfectants that leave a cationic disinfectant film on the surface.
Cationic surfactants are usually incompatible with anionic surfactants, because they will
react with the negatively charged anionic surfactant to form an insoluble or ineffective
compound.

Example

Amphoteric surfactants –
These are the surfactant bearing positive charge at one end
and negative charge at another end of the molecule. Over all charge is zero in this type
of surfactant. These surfactants change their charge with pH. They can be anionic,
nonionic, or cationic depending on pH. Usually, any one amphoteric can be any two of
the three charge states.
Example
Lauryl betaine,

Betain citrate,

Sodium hydroxymethylglycinate
HISTORY OF SHAMPOO AND HAIR CONDITIONER

SHAMPOO:
Shampoo  is a  hair care  product, typically in the form of a viscous
liquid, that is used for cleaning hair. Less commonly, shampoo is available in bar
form, like a bar of soap. Shampoo is used by applying it to wet hair, massaging
the product into the hair, and then rinsing it out. Some users may follow a
shampooing with the use of hair conditioner.
The typical reason of using shampoo is to remove the unwanted build-
up of  sebum in the hair without stripping out so much as to make hair
unmanageable
Indian subcontinent:
In the Indian subcontinent, a variety of herbs and their extracts have
been used as shampoos since ancient times. A very effective early shampoo was
made by boiling  Sapindus with dried  Indian gooseberry  (amla) and a selection of
other herbs, using the strained extract. Sapindus, also known as soapberries or
soapnuts, a tropical tree widespread in India, is called  ksuna in ancient Indian
texts and its fruit pulp contains saponins  which are a natural surfactant. The
extract of soapberries creates a lather which Indian texts called phenaka .[7] It
leaves the hair soft, shiny and manageable. Other products used for hair cleansing
were shikakai (Acacia concinna),  hibiscus  flowers,  ritha (Sapindus mukorossi) and
arappu (Albizzia amara).[10]  Guru Nanak, the founder and the
first Guru of Sikhism, made references to soapberry tree and soap in the 16th
century.[11]
Cleansing with hair and body massage (champu) during one's daily bath
was an indulgence of early colonial traders in India. When they returned to
Europe, they introduced the newly learned habits, including the hair treatment
they called shampoo.[12]
Europe:

Swedish advertisement for toiletries, 1905/1906

Sake Dean Mahomed, an Indian traveller, surgeon, and entrepreneur, is
credited with introducing t he practice of  champooi or "shampooing" to Britain. In
1814, Mahomed, with his Irish wife Jane Daly, opened the first commercial
"shampooing" vapour masseur bath in England, in  Brighton. He described the
treatment in a local paper as "The Indian Medicated Vapour Bath (type of Turkish
bath), a cure to many diseases and giving full relief when everything fails;
particularly Rheumatic and paralytic, gout, stiff joints, old sprains, lame legs,
aches and pains in the joints".[13]
During the early stages of shampoo in Europe, English  hair
stylists boiled shaved soap in  water and added herbs to give the hair shine
and  fragrance. Commercially made shampoo was available from the turn of the
20th century. A 1914 advertisement for Canthrox Shampoo in  American
Magazine  showed young women at camp washing their hair with Canthrox in a
lake; magazine advertisements in 1914 by Rexall  featured Harmony Hair
Beautifier and Shampoo.[14]
In 1927, liquid shampoo was invented by German inventor Hans
Schwarzkopf in Berlin, whose name created a shampoo brand sold in Europe.
Originally, soap and shampoo were very similar products; both
containing the same naturally derived  surfactants, a type of  detergent. Modern
shampoo as it is known today was first introduced in the 1930s with Drene, the
first shampoo using synthetic surfactants instead of soap.
Conditioner:

For centuries, natural oils have been used to condition human hair.
[2]
  A conditioner popular with men in the late  Victorian era was Macassar oil, but
this product was quite greasy and required pinning a small cloth, known as
an  antimacassar, to chairs and sofas to keep the upholstery from being damaged
by the oil.

A bottle of modern day hair conditioner by  Clairol  (right).

Modern hair conditioner was created at the turn of the 20th century
when perfumer Édouard Pinaud  presented a product he called Brilliantine at
the  1900 Exposition Universelle  in Paris. His product was intended to soften men's
hair, including beards and moustaches.[3]  Since the invention of Pinaud's early
products, modern science has advanced the hair conditioner industry to include
those made with silicone,  fatty alcohols, and quaternary ammonium  compounds.
These chemical products have the benefits of hair conditioner without feeling
greasy or heavy.

INTRODUCTION TO SHAMPOO AND CONDITIONER

Shampoo:

A shampoo is a hair care product, typically in the form of viscous liquid

that is used for cleaning hair to remove dirt, dandruff , pollutants , and other
contaminant particles that gradually builds up in hair. The goal is to remove the
unwanted build-up without striping out so much as to make hair unmanageable.
Shampoo was developed to replace soap for cleansing scalp and hair by removing
unwanted sebum, dandruff, environmental dust, and residues of hair care
products. Most of the dirt including sebum are  water insoluble and cannot be
effectively removed by water alone. Therefore, a  shampoo containing a
combination of   is necessary. The content of surfactants in a shampoo is typically
between 10% and 20% Shampooing is frequently followed by conditioners which
increase the ease of combing and styling.

CONDITIONER:

Hair conditioner  is a  hair care product used to improve the feel,

appearance and manageability of  hair. Its main purpose is to reduce friction
between strands of hair to allow easier brushing or combing, which might
otherwise cause damage to the scalp. Various other benefits are often advertised,
such as hair repair, strengthening, or a reduction in split ends.
Conditioners are available in a wide range of forms including viscous
liquids, gels and creams as well as thinner lotions and sprays. Hair conditioner is
usually used after the hair has been washed with shampoo. It is applied and
worked into the hair and may either be washed out a short time later or left in.
For short hair, 2-3 tablespoons is the recommended amount. For long hair, up to 8
tablespoons may be used.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SHAMPOO AND CONDITIONER

Shampoo:
 Shampoo is a basic hair care product representing the largest segment of
hair care cosmetics.  Shampoo is typically in the form of a viscous liquid with some
exception of waterless solid form such as a bar.Every shampoo in the market
whether it is a normal shampoo or one which claims to be sulfate-free always
contain some kind of surfactant. Surfactants are added in the formulation for their
cleaning property as they act like a detergent. Their main aim is to remove the
dirt, excess sebum and oil from the hair. As we all know, curly hair are already
moisture deprived so using the shampoo containing harsh surfactants may lead to
the stripping off of natural oils and moisture from our hair that it badly needs.

Types of surfactant in shampoo:

Surfactants are classified based on polarity of their head part. A non-

ionic surfactant has no charge groups in its head. If the head carries a negative
charge, then it is anionic. If it has positive charge, then it is classified as cationic. If
a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed
zwitterionic or amphoteric.
Anionic surfactant
A class of surfactants called anionic surfactants such
as sodium laureth sulfate, ammonium laureth sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and
ammonium lauryl sulfate are the primary cleansing agents in shampoo.
Amphoteric types of surfactants such as cocamidopropyl betaine and nonionic
surfactants such as cocamide MEA are also often used as cosurfactants in
shampoo to stabilize micelles formed, helping improve lather stability and
viscosity building.
Non ionic surfactant
These surfactants do not have any charge on them, dry or in water: they don’t ionize. Nonionics
can be strong detergents but those used in shampoos are rarely there for cleaning purposes.  They
are usually mild and usually used as emulsifiers, conditioning ingredients, solubilizing agents,
foam stabilizers etc.
These include laureth-3 or 4, cocamide DEA,  coco glucosides, Cocamidopropylamine oxide,
stearyl alcohol etc.
 Coco glucosides

Stearyl alcohol

Amphoteric surfactant
This class of surfactants contains both positive and negative charges when ionized in water.
Amphoteric surfactants are used a lot in shampoo formulations as secondary surfactants because
they do not have good cleansing properties and don’t function well as emulsifiers.  They help
boost foam, improve conditioning and even reduce irritation. They are also used for baby
shampoos and other cleansing products that require mildness.

Examples include Sodium Lauriminodipropionate, Disodium Lauroamphodiacetate, or

Cocamido propyl betaine (most popular).
 Sodium Lauriminodipropionate

HAIR CONDITIONER
So what exactly are the ingredients that make up the acidic formula that is needed for conditioner?
Aside from standard ingredients like water, alcohols, preservatives, pigment, and fragrances I’ve listed
the key ones below.
Cationic surfactants & polymers

These are the active ingredients necessary for conditioners to have their smoothing effect on
the hair. As I explained above, these cationic compounds carry positive charges that
neutralize our hair’s negative charges by surrounding the cuticle. Examples of these
ingredients include: quats, cetrimonium chloride(C19H42ClN , and dicetyldimonium chloride

cetrimonium chloride

Silicone
Silicone is a very controversial ingredient often included in cosmetic formulas. However, fret
not, silicones simply sit on top of our hair cuticle and are responsible for giving that shiny
appearance. Additionally, silicones give our hair that extra slip needed to be combed,
braided, and handled with more grace. The golden example of a silicone used in conditioner
is dimethicone.
 dimethicone.

Emollients and Humectants

A very important part of a conditioner is for it to actually condition the hair, i.e. keep it nice
and moisturized. Ingredients like emollients and humectants keep the moisture locked into
our tresses, preventing it from drying out and breaking. Examples of hydrating ingredients
include panthenol, glycerin, and ethers.

Oils
Much like emollients and humectants, oils keep our hair healthy and hydrated. By providing
additional hydration, the oils added in a formula can add an extra functionality for the
product. Examples include coconut oil and olive oil.
Proteins
When shopping for conditioners you’ve probably noticed that different bottles claim to offer
different benefits. One common conditioner claim is to create stronger hair with less
breakage. This can be done with the addition of proteins. While these ingredients will simply
create a coating around the cuticle, much like the cationic surfactants, they can add a slight
protective barrier that may prevent breakage. Examples of proteins include hydrolyzed
keratin, silk, and elastin.

THE STRUCTURE OF HAIR & HOW CONDITIONER

WORKS
Unlike shampoo, the structure of hair is extremely important for understanding how
conditioner actually works. Hair is composed of three parts, the medulla, the cortex, and the
cuticle. Keratin is the primary component found in hair, approximately 97%, and causes the
hair to be negatively charged (this is important for later).
 

Being the outermost part of the hair, the cuticle is the component we are most concerned
with here. The cuticle is composed of dead cells that sit on top of each other in a roof-tile-like
pattern. The cuticle cells are held together via hydrogen bonding, however, over time these
bonds become weakened and cause the hair to look frizzy. The act of using shampoo removes
the natural oils that our hair produces which keeps the frizziness down. Stripping the oil from
our hair is the reason why we need conditioner to help put these cells back in their place.
Conditioner is an acidic product, this is because of the hydrogen bonding I mentioned earlier.
Acidic formulas contain a lot of hydrogens, which will help keep all the static-y negative
charges on our hair happy. Adding an acidic formula to our unhappy basic (basic meaning
negative here) hair will create a neutral-like situation that makes our hair appear healthy and
shiny. TLDR; acidic formulated conditioner wraps a coat around our negatively charged and
frizzy hair to help tame it.

Cleansing properties of shampoo

Surfactants have a polar and no polar region. At low concentration, surfactant is
evenly distributed. At high concentration, the surfactant form micelles. The most
hydrophobic molecules will bind to hydrophobic region on the surfactant micelle.
Less hydrophobic molecules will loosely bind to the micelle. Small molecules in
the electrolyte move faster than molecules associated with the surfactant micelle.
The voltage causes the negatively charged micelles to flow slower than the bulk
flow (endoosmotic flow). This is known as micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
Surfactants also contribute to cleaning in a completely different way by affecting a
physical property of water known as surface tension. Water molecules are
electrically charged with regions of positive and negative charge. The reason is
that the two hydrogen atoms are not symmetrically distributed around the
oxygen atom but are on the same side. As a result, the negative area of one
molecule is attracted to the positive region in an adjacent one. This is why water
forms beads on a surface or drops in the air; the surface area of the water in
contact with the air is minimized because water molecules are attracted to each
other much more strongly than to the air. To clean best, water needs a greater
wetting ability. Surfactants accomplish this because their molecules wedge
between water molecules, reducing surface tension and allowing water to flow
easily into every nook and cranny on a surface.
Lathering of a shampoo also is the result of the activity of surfactants. Foam is
nothing more than dispersion of a gas, in this case air, in a liquid. A close look at
foam produced by a shampoo reveals that it consists of air bubbles surrounded by
a thin layer of water. To achieve this effect, the liquid's surface tension must be
reduced so it no longer needs to minimize the surface area exposed to air. The
water can then stretch around the air bubble. There is no clear link between a
surfactant's ability to clean and to produce foam. Indeed, very effective shampoos
that do not lather well can be formulated. But they do not sell well either. Most
shampoos incorporate surfactants with strong lathering properties although they
may not be ideal in terms of conditioning or irritant potential

 Cleaning agents: the prime ingredients in all shampoos are substances

called surfactants. Responsible for cleaning action and laterring properties,
they largely determine the hair’s condition after shampooing.
 Modifying agents: Shampoos contain far more components other than
surfactants. There are thickeners (xanthan gum), preservatives (parabens),
emulsifiers (glycol distearate), color additives and foam boosters (cocamide
monoethanolamine). Some shampoos also include panthenol, which can
diffuse into the hair shaft and bind to proteins, strengthening their
structure. Humectants, which help to retain moisture, also are added. Ethyl
alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and sodium xylene sulfonate can be used to
maintain clarity in shampoo.
  PH adjuster: In healthy hair, the cuticle consists of translucent cells
overlapping like shingles on a roof. In damaged hair, these shingles are
more open and ragged. As the rough adjacent hairs rub against each other,
transfer of electrons can produce a static electrical charge. The result is the
dreaded affliction of flyaway hair. Ideally, a shampoo should smooth down
the cuticle and cover it with a clean coating of a sebum-like material. The
smoothing effect is readily achieved by controlling the shampoo's acidity.
All shampoos, whether they make the claim or not, are pH balanced. The
proper pH range is maintained by addition of buffering agents, such as citric
acid.
 Fragrance: Fragrance oils are added so that hair is left smelling fresh, which
attracts consumers.

Cleaning of the grease

Below the skin is the hair root, which is enclosed by a sack –like structure called
the hair follicle. Tiny blood vessels at the base of the follicle provide nourishment.
A nearby gland secretes a mixture of fats called sebum, which keep the hair shiny
and waterproof to some extern.
Two sets of glands discharge secretions through the skin. Sebaceous glands arise
from the walls of hair follicles and sweats glands embed in the subcutaneous layer
which in the palms and soles.
Shampoo contains detergent, much like you would find in dishwashing or laundry
detergent or bath gel. Detergents work as surfactants. They lower the surface
tension of water, making it less likely to stick to itself and able to bind with oils
and soiling particles. Part of a detergent molecule is hydrophobic. This
hydrocarbon portion of the molecule binds to the sebum coating hair, as well as
to any oily styling products. Detergent molecules also have a hydrophilic portion,
so when you rinse your hair, the detergent is swept away by the water, carrying
sebum away with it.
Other Ingredients in Shampoo

 Conditioning Agents: Detergents strip away the sebum from your hair,

leaving the cuticle exposed and susceptible to damage. If you use soap
or dishwashing detergent on your hair, it will get clean, but it may look
limp, lacking body and shine. Shampoo contains ingredients that replace
the protective coating on the hair. Silicones detangle hair, smooth the hair
cuticle and add shine. Fatty alcohols help prevent static and fly-away or
frizzy hair. Shampoo typically is more acidic than soap, so it may contain
ingredients to bring down the product of the pH. If the pH of shampoo is
too high, the sulfide bridges in keratin can break, weakening or damaging
your hair.
 Protectants: Many shampoos contain additional ingredients intended to
protect hair. The most common additive is sunscreen. Other chemicals
protect against heat damage from hair dryers or styling aids, chemical
damage from swimming pools, or build-up from styling products.
 Cosmetic Ingredients: Shampoos contain aesthetic ingredients that don't
affect how well the shampoo cleans your hair but may make shampooing
more pleasant or affect the color or fragrance of your hair. These additives
include pearlised ingredients, which add sparkle to the product and may
leave a faint glimmer on hair, perfume to scent the shampoo and hair, and
 colorants. Most colorants wash out with shampoo, although some subtly
tint or brighten hair.

 Functional Ingredients: Some ingredients are added to shampoo to keep it

uniformly mixed, thicken it so that it is easier to apply, prevent the growth
of bacteria and mold, and preserve it to extend its shelf life.

The structure of human hair and how shampoo work?

The mechanisms of hair cleansing are

complex. Undamaged hair has a hydrophobic surface to which lipids are strongly
adsorbed. When hair is shampooed anionic surfactants are adsorbed to hair by
their hydrophobic tails and the negatively charged heads orientate outwards. The
fiber surface is thus wetted and non-polar materials are displaced. Semi-polar
materials are solubilised into micelle structures and are removed by rinsing.
Particulate matter adheres to hair through ionic and van de Waals forces, which
are much reduced by the surfactant system and it is readily removed by rinsing.
When comparing surfactant systems the different mechanisms involved in
cleansing should be considered; they are mostly favored by anionic surfactants
but non-ionic ones have an important part to play in solubilisation processes. The
solubilisation process depends on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the
number of micelles that aggregate together. Large micelles make large
aggregates, which make it easier to absorb lipids within the micelle. Non-ionic
surfactants and electrolytes pack themselves between the micelles of anionic
surfactants, which increases the size of the aggregate and improves the
solubilising of lipids. Thus ALS has a lower CMC and a higher aggregate number
than SLS and is therefore a more effective cleanser. Ether sulfates have larger
micelles and more are involved in micelle formation so they are more effective
than non-ethoxylated alkyl sulfates
At the base of the follicle is the papilla; these cells play essential roles in
regulating hair growth, hair cycle, and the size of the resultant hair. Surrounding
the dermal papilla are epithelial keratinocytes and smaller number of
melanocytes.

Difference between shampoo and conditioner

Hair conditioner and shampoo, both are hair care products. Shampoo is used for
cleaning hair by removing dirt, pollen and other such types of particles.
Conditioner is generally used for improving the condition of hair. Typically, they
are used for moisturizing hair and also for obtaining smooth and shiny hair.
Because of the difference in their purpose, the components that are used to
manufacture shampoos and conditioners are also different. Shampoos contain
components that are very much similar to those that are found in soaps. The
difference between the two is that the components in shampoos are a lot gentler
so that the sebum protecting the hair strands are not completely washed off,
which may cause the hair to become brittle. Conditioners are comprised of
moisturizers to help make the hair more manageable. It also contains proteins to
help strengthen the hair strands and glossers to give that natural shine to your
hair.

Another difference between shampoos and conditioners is their pH balance. While

both shampoos and conditioners are both acidic, conditioners are more acidic
when compared to shampoos. That is because the high acidic pH balance found in
conditioners help promote the development of amino acids  and to help keratin to
bond onto the hair strands, making them appear a lot healthier, shinier and full of
body.

Comparison between Hair Conditioner and Shampoo:

  Hair Conditioner Shampoo

Shampoo is a
Hair conditioner is another hair care
product which is
Definition product which is generally used for
widely used for
improving the condition of the hair.
cleaning hair.

Removal of dirt,
Main Moisturizing conditions are very popular;
pollen and other
purpose used for retaining moisture in dry hair
articles

Conditioners can be applied with less

Cleaning hair
frequency (once every 2-3 days).Depends
with shampoo
Frequency upon the quality of hair, one can also skip
can be done
conditioner if hair are already
daily.
moisturized, smooth and shiny.
pH Levels and Healthy Hair

Hair consists of tiny shafts which are made up of scales, called cuticles.
Water and alkaline-based hair products cause these scales to open, exposing
the interior of your hair shafts. Ideally, you want to close this cuticle to
protect it from harmful elements. To do this you’d want to choose a slightly
acidic shampoo to close the cuticle and help the hair shaft retain moisture.

When you dye your hair, the coloring opens up the cuticle so the color
absorbs completely into the cortex (interior of the hair shaft).To prevent the
hair from drying out, your scalp naturally produces oil with slightly acidic pH
to close the hair shafts. However, frequent coloring can result in your scalp
producing too much oil, leaving your hair greasy. A pH-balanced shampoo
not only helps keep cuticles closed but prevents the scalp from producing
too much oil after treating your hair. After all, oily hair is the last thing you
expect to have after treatment.

pH: Definition and importance

The pH indicates the acidity, alkalinity or neutrality of a given medium. The pH

scale ranges from 1 to 14. Acidic substances have a pH lower than 7.0, 7.0 is
neutral, and alkaline substances have a pH higher than 7.0.

Effect of shampoo and conditioner on hair fall

Shampoos and conditioners are marketed as being formulated to keep hair
healthy, shiny and free of dandruff and tangles. Despite this, many shampoos on
the market contain ingredients that may actually damage hair and irritate the
scalp. In extreme cases, some of these ingredients may even cause or exacerbate
hair loss. These additives can be avoided by taking the time to read the labels on
hair care products.
Sulfates

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) are surfactants
found in many inexpensive shampoos because they produce a large amount of
foam. According to Healthy-Communications.com and the Journal of the
American College of Toxicology, these sulfates were found to be irritants in patch
tests at concentrations of 2 percent and greater, which is a much lower
concentration than the 20 percent found in many shampoos. Additionally, rat
studies have shown both SLS and ALS cause damage to hair follicles, potentially
resulting in hair loss. Sodium and ammonium laureth sulfate, which are closely
related to the aforementioned ingredients, were found to have irritant effects as
well.

Sodium Chloride

Sodium chloride, better known as table salt, is used as a thickener in shampoos

and conditioners containing sodium lauryl sulfate. It's a contributing factor to the
eye irritation experienced with most shampoos, and it may also cause dry and
itchy scalp. It may also cause hair loss. In shampoos containing ammonium-based
surfactants, ammonium chloride is used instead.

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is used in some shampoos and conditioners, including some baby

shampoos, as a preservative because of its low cost and disinfectant qualities.
Formaldehyde may cause damage to DNA, and excessive exposure to
formaldehyde may cause some hair loss.
Harmful Effects of Conditioner

Conditioners are supposed to have a positive effect on hair. They add shine, make
it soft and easier to brush and make it stronger. However, conditioner can also be
damaging to hair, partly due to the chemicals that compose it. Some conditioners
have no positive effect on hair at all, even if their label claims otherwise,
promising an instant visible effect after using it. Conditioner helps protect hair by
restoring its natural oils, which shampoo strips of hair.

Conditioners, those which aren't organic, contain harmful chemicals which you
may be allergic, or which may be damaging to your hair over time. Such chemicals
include sodium laureth sulfate and sodium laurel sulfate. Although these
chemicals aren't a cause of cancer, they do irritate skin, especially sensitive skin.
These chemicals are included in many conditioners, except for those made from
organic or all-natural ingredients. Conditioners may also contain benzophenone,
centrimonium chloride, ceteareth-12 or -20, diazolidynil urea, DMDM hydatoin or
isopropanol. All of these chemicals can be irritating to skin, carcinogens and can
be toxic to the liver and kidneys.

When applying conditioner, cover every strand with it evenly from root to tip.
This involves some pulling, and de-tangling since hair is most likely tangled after
being washed with shampoo. Then, rinse the conditioner off completely. This
results in hair shedding. Conditioners do make hair more manageable and easier
to brush, which doesn't mean that hair isn't at all tangled from washing. When
using conditioner, be careful with applying it and rinsing it, or you may find more
lost hairs in your drain.

Shampoo 
major environmental risk involving shampoo is the release of chemicals into the
water supply through the drain.  Most chemicals in shampoo are harmful to the
environment in one way or another.  Most shampoos contain a chemical called
Sodium Laureth Sulfate, which is mutagenic to animals.  When animals in the wild
drink water with this chemical, it can be harmful to them.  Shampoo also contains
Ammonium Chloride and Methylchloroisothiazolinone, both of which are proven
to be harmful to the environment.  When you think about how many people use
shampoo and hair products each day, the amount of chemicals being dumped
into our water supply is monstrous!  
The Environmental Dangers
Although shampoo seems harmless, it, unfortunately like many other commonly
used products, has the potential of causing serious health problems. For example,
many shampoos contain the chemical Sodium Laureth Sulfate which is a known
skin irritant and in studies has caused mutagenic effects on animals. Another
chemical found in shampoo is Ammonium Chloride which is a respiratory and eye
irritant and harmful if swallowed, while Formaldehyde, a carcinogen, can cause
eye and throat irritation, nausea, difficulty breathing, fatigue, and allergic
reactions. 
The Health Risks
However, there are some alternative shampoos that are safe for the
environment.  These are usually created from plant oils, are free of petroleum
products, and do not use synthetic fragrances.  Not only do these products
contain fewer chemicals, but they will also help to keep the environment safe and
you healthy.

Can conditioner have any negative effects on your hair?

Very few, though they do exist. Friedman points out that conditioners can be
potential allergens for some people, which can cause allergic contact dermatitis.
However, he notes that this would only be in a very low number of people.
What's more, if you're acne-prone and fail to rinse out your conditioner
thoroughly enough, it's possible that you could break out on your face, neck, or
body since conditioner can clog pores just like any product comprised of oils.

Another potential adverse effect of conditioners is that they can weigh the hair
down. For instance, Romanowski says if you use more than a palm-sized dollop, or
if you use a kind that contains a very high concentration of oils and emollients
(read the label to find out) this can contribute to the hair looking greasy or flat. He
notes that this is most common in people who have fine hair.

What happens if you stop using conditioner?

According to cosmetic chemist Kelly Dobos, hair can become more brittle,

susceptible to tangles, and prone to breakage with the absence of a conditioner.

"If you stop using conditioner, your hair will likely be more difficult to comb,"
warns Romanowski. "It will also be more likely to have flyaways and frizz and be
prone to splitting and breaking during your styling routine." Your hair may look
duller and less shiny, he had, so there's that. Do yourself a favor and just
condition your hair, folks.
10 best Shampoo brands

Here are the 10 best shampoo brands for healthy hair that you can easily find for
online shopping in Pakistan as well. They will help you in making hair manageable,
beautiful and shinny. You may find multiple best shampoo brands in Pakistan but
we have selected the top 10 for you. Tresemme, Redken, Herbal Essences, Matrix
Biolage, Clear, Dove, Aveeno, Nexxus, Schwarzkopf, Kerastase, Giovvani, and
Shisedio are the famous hair shampoo brands all over the world and here are the
10 best Shampoo brands in Pakistan. They have the total repairing solutions.

1. PURA D’OR
2. Neutrogena
3. Dove
4. Sunsilk
5. Head & Shoulders
6. Selsun Blue
7. Garnier Fructis
8. L’Oreal
9. Nizrol
10.Suave

Choose the right one for you and enjoy best shampoo for thick hair, best
shampoos for dry hair, best shampoos for damaged hair and best professional
shampoos online shopping in Pakistan.
 References
http://www.prell.com/blog/the-history-of-conditioner/

http://chemistscorner.com/cosmetic-formulation-basics-hair-conditioners/

Swift, J. Alan (1998). Fundamentals of Human Hair Science. Cosmetic Science

Monographs, No. 1, ed. H. Butler. Weymouth, U.K.: Micelle Press.

https://www.youbeauty.com › the-science-behind-curly-hair-products

http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/hull/page3.htm

https://www.ipcol.com/blog/an-easy-guide-to-understanding-surfactants/

Gillespie, J. M. (1983). "The Structural Proteins of Hair: Isolation, Characterisation and

Regulation of Biosynthesis." In Biochemistry and Physiology of Skin, ed. L. A. Goldsmith.
Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.