ABSTRACT:

The human brain is the major controller of the humanoid system. The abnormal
growth and division of cells in the brain lead to a brain tumor, and the further growth of
brain tumors leads to brain cancer. In the area of human health, Computer Vision plays a
significant role, which reduces the human judgment that gives accurate results. CT scans,
X-Ray, and MRI scans are the common imaging methods among magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) that are the most reliable and secure. MRI detects every minute objects.
Our paper aims to focus on the use of different techniques for the discovery of brain
cancer using brain MRI. In this study, we performed pre-processing using the bilateral
filter (BF) for removal of the noises that are present in an MR image. This was followed
by the binary thresholding and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) segmentation
techniques for reliable detection of the tumor region. Training, testing, and validation
datasets are used. Based on our machine, we will predict whether the subject has a brain
tumor or not. The resultant outcomes will be examined through various performance
examined metrics that include accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. It is desired that the
proposed work would exhibit a more exceptional performance over its counterparts.

KEYWORDS: Brain tumor, Magnetic resonance imaging, Adaptive Bilateral Filter,

Convolution Neural Network.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Abstract v
Keywords v
List of figures vi
List of tables vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Brain anatomy 2
1.2 Motivation for the Work 3
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Scope 4
1.5 Organization of Thesis 5

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 6
2.1 Extraction of Brain Tumor Using Soft Computing Techniques 6
2.2 Improved Edge Detection for Brain Tumor Detection 6
2.3 Image Segmentation by Clustering Techniques 7
2.4 Image Segmentation by Using Morphological Operations 7
2.5 Brain Tumor Classification & Identification Using KNN Technique 7
2.6 Comparative Analysis of Thresholding & Edge Detection Techniques 7
2.7 Fusing Images with different focuses using SVM 8
2.8 Texture based tumor detection using Seeded Region Growing Method 8
2.9 Brain Tumor Detection Using Artificial Neural Networks 8
2.10 An Accurate Bayesian Method for Automatic Segmentation 9
2.11 MR Image Classification Using Adaboost for Brain Tumor Type 9
 2.12 Brain MR Image Segmentation for Tumor Detection using ANN 9
2.13 Brain Image Segmentation using SVM 10
2.14 Segmentation based Fuzzy Partition Entropy & Genetic Algorithm 10
2.15 Segmentation and Classification of MRI Brain Tumor 11
2.16 Brain tumor grading based on Neural Networks and CNN 11
2.17 Brain Tumor Segmentation Using CNN in MR Images 11
2.18 12
2.19 Automatic segmentation using Convolutional Neural Networks 12
2.20 Segmentation of K Means with advanced Dual Localization 13
2.21 Wavelet-based feature extraction for brain tumor diagnosis 13
2.22 Identification of tumor with feature extraction using DWT and PNN 13
2.23 Brain Tumor Detection Using Histogram Equalization and FSVM 14
2.24 Improved K-means algorithm in the design of RBF neural networks 14
2.25 Survey on Neural Networks Used for Medical Image Processing 15

3. CHALLENGES IN BRAIN TUMOR CLASSIFICATION 17

4. MODULE DIVISION 18
4.1 Image pre-processing and Image Enhancement 19
4.1.1 Image Pre-processing 19
4.1.1.1 Image Acquisition from Dataset 20
4.1.1.2 Convert image from One Colour Space to Another 20
4.1.1.3 Filters 20
4.1.2 Image Enhancement 21
4.1.2.1 Sobel Filter 21
4.2 Image Segmentation 22
4.2.1 Thresholding 23
4.2.2 Morphological Operations 24
4.3 Image Classification 25
 4.3.1 Sequential 26
4.3.2 Convolution 26
4.3.3 Pooling 27
4.3.4 Flattening 27
4.3.5 Fully Connection 27

5. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 29

5.1 System Configuration 29
5.1.1 Software Requirements 29
5.1.2 Hardware Configuration 31
5.2 Sample Code and Results 32
5.3 Experimental Results 42
5.4 Performance Measures 44
5.5 Performance Evaluation 45

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 47

6.1 Conclusion 47
6.2 Future Scope 47

REFERNCES 48
1 INTRODUCTION
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual
representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical
intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or
tissues. Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and
bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease. Medical imaging also establishes a
database of normal anatomy and physiology to make it possible to identify
abnormalities.

The medical imaging processing refers to handling images by using the

computer. This processing includes many types of techniques and operations such as
image gaining, storage, presentation, and communication. This process pursues the
disorder identification and management. This process creates a data bank of the
regular structure and function of the organs to make it easy to recognize the
anomalies. This process includes both organic and radiological imaging which used
electromagnetic energies (X-rays and gamma), sonography, magnetic, scopes, and
thermal and isotope imaging. There are many other technologies used to record
information about the location and function of the body. Those techniques have
many limitations compared to those modulates which produce images.

An image processing technique is the usage of a computer to manipulate the

digital image. This technique has many benefits such as elasticity, adaptability, data
storing, and communication. With the growth of different image resizing techniques,
the images can be kept efficiently. This technique has many sets of rules to perform
in the images synchronously. The 2D and 3D images can be processed in multiple
dimensions.

1.1 BRAIN ANATOMY:

1
 The brain tumor is one all the foremost common and, therefore, the deadliest
brain diseases that have affected and ruined several lives in the world. Cancer is a
disease in the brain in which cancer cells ascends in brain tissues. Conferring to a
new study on cancer, more than one lakh people are diagnosed with brain tumors
every year around the globe. Regardless of stable efforts to overcome the
complications of brain tumors, figures show unpleasing results for tumor patients. To
contest this, scholars are working on computer vision for a better understanding of
the early stages of tumors and how to overcome using advanced treatment options.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT) scans of

the brain are the two most general tests to check the existence of a tumor and
recognize its position for progressive treatment decisions. These two scans are still
used extensively for their handiness, and the capability to yield high-definition
images of pathological tissues is more. At present, there are several other conducts
offered for tumors, which include surgery, therapies such as radiation therapy, and
chemotherapy. The decision for which treatment relies on the many factors such as
size, kind, and grade of the tumor

reached the other portions of the body.

Precise sighting of the kind of brain abnormality is enormously needed for

treatment operations with a resolution to diminish diagnostic errors. The precision is
often makeshift utilizing computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. The essential
plan of computer vision is to produce a reliable output, which is an associate
estimation to assist medical doctors in image understanding and to lessen image
reading time. These advancements increase the steadiness and correctness of medical
diagnosis however, segmenting an MR image of the tumor and its area itself a very
problematic job. The occurrence of tumors in specific positions within the brain
image without distinguishing picture intensities is an additional issue that makes a
computerized detection of brain tumor and segmentation a problematic job.

1.2 MOTIVATION FOR THE WORK:

2
 A brain tumor is defined as abnormal growth of cells within the brain or
central spinal canal. Some tumors can be cancerous thus they need to be detected and
cured in time. The exact cause of brain tumors is not clear and neither is exact set of
symptoms defined, thus, people may be suffering from it without realizing the
danger. Primary brain tumors can be either malignant (contain cancer cells) or
benign (do not contain cancer cells).

Brain tumor occurred when the cells were dividing and growing abnormally.
It is appearing to be a solid mass when it diagnosed with diagnostic medical imaging
techniques. There are two types of brain tumor which is primary brain tumor and
metastatic brain tumor. Primary brain tumor is the condition when the tumor is
formed in the brain and tended to stay there while the metastatic brain tumor is the
tumor that is formed elsewhere in the body and spread through the brain.

The symptom having of brain tumor depends on the location, size and type of
the tumor. It occurs when the tumor compressing the surrounding cells and gives out
pressure. Besides, it is also occurring when the tumor blocks the fluid that flows
throughout the brain. The common symptoms are having headache, nausea and
vomiting, and having problem in balancing and walking. Brain tumor can be
detected by the diagnostic imaging modalities such as CT scan and MRI. Both of the
modalities have advantages in detecting depending on the location type and the
purpose of examination needed. In this paper, we prefer to use the MRI images
because it is easy to examine and gives out accurate calcification and foreign mass
location.

The MRI is the most regularly utilized strategy for imaging brain tumors and
the identification of its vicinity. The conventional technique for CT and MR image
classification and detection of tumor cells remains largely supported for the human
reviewing apart from different other methods. MR images are mainly used because
there are non-destructive and non-ionizing. MR imaging offers high-definition
pictures that are extensively utilized in discovering brain tumors. MRI has diverse
schemes such as flair, T1-weighted, T2-weighted images. There are many image
processing techniques such as pre-processing, segmentation of images, image
improvements, feature

3
extraction, and classifiers.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Our study deals with automated brain tumor detection and classification.
Normally the anatomy of the brain is analyzed by MRI scans or CT scans. The aim
of the paper is tumor identification in brain MR images. The main reason for
detection of brain tumors is to provide aid to clinical diagnosis. The aim is to provide
an algorithm that guarantees the presence of a tumor by combining several
procedures to provide a foolproof method of tumor detection in MR brain images.
The methods utilized are filtering, erosion, dilation, threshold, and outlining of the
tumor such as edge detection.

The focus of this project is MR brain images tumor extraction and its
representation in simpler form such that it is understandable by everyone. The
objective of this work is to bring some useful information in simpler form in front of
the users, especially for the medical staff treating the patient. The aim of this work is
to define an algorithm that will result in extracted image of the tumor from the MR
brain image. The resultant image will be able to provide information like size,
dimension and position of the tumor, and its boundary provides us with information
related to the tumor that can prove useful for various cases, which will provide a
better base for the staff to decide the curing procedure. Finally, we detect whether
the given MR brain image has tumor or not using Convolution Neural Network.

1.4 SCOPE:

Our aim is to develop an automated system for enhancement, segmentation

and classification of brain tumors. The system can be used by neurosurgeons and
healthcare specialists. The system incorporates image processing, pattern analysis,
and computer vision techniques and is expected to improve the sensitivity,
specificity, and efficiency of brain tumor screening. The primary goal of medical
imaging projects is to extract meaningful and accurate information from these
images with the least error possible. The proper combination and parameterization of
the phases enables the development of adjunct tools that can help on the early
diagnosis or the monitoring of the tumor identification and locations.

4
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS:

In this document, chapter 2 consists about literature survey. The literature

survey tells about the research done to work on the project. All the details about the
papers, websites on which the research work is done in order to work on the project
is provided in the literature survey. In chapter 4, we discuss about the various
methodologies used in the project. In chapter 5, the details about experimental
analysis is discussed. The experimental analysis includes sample code, result
screenshots for a tested input image. In the next chapter we give the conclusion about
the project and also provide information if the project can be implemented further or
not. In the final chapter we provide all the references for this project.

5
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
In Medical diagnosis, robustness and accuracy of the prediction algorithms
are very important, because the result is crucial for treatment of patients. There are
many popular classification and clustering algorithms used for prediction. The goal
of clustering a medical image is to simplify the representation of an image into a
meaningful image and make it easier to analyze. Several Clustering and
Classification algorithms are aimed at enhancing the prediction accuracy of
diagnosis process in detecting abnormalities.

In the literature survey we provide a brief summary of the different methods

that have been proposed for clustering over the period of 2002 to 2018.We have been
though 25 papers each of which has a unique approach towards segmentation in
some parameter or the other. The summaries of each of the papers are provided
below.

Extraction Of Brain Tumor In MRI Images Using Soft Computing

vanced Research In Computer
And Communication Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 4, April 2013.

A. Sivaramakrishnan et al. (2013) [1] projected an efficient and innovative discovery

of the brain tumor vicinity from an image that turned into finished using the Fuzzy
Capproach grouping algorithm and histogram equalization. The disintegration of
images is achieved by the usage of principal factor evaluation is done to reduce the
extent of the wavelet coefficient. The outcomes of the anticipated FCM clustering
algorithm accurately withdrawn tumor area from the MR images.

Asra Aslam, Ekram Khan, M.M. Sufyan Beg, Improved Edge Detection
Algorithm for Brain Tumor Segmentation, Procedia Computer Science,
Volume 58,2015, Pp 430-437, ISSN 1877-0509.

M. M. Sufyan et al. [2] has presented a detection using enhanced edge technique for
brain-tumor segmentation that mainly relied on Sobel feature detection. Their

6
presented work associates the binary thresholding operation with the Sobel approach
and excavates diverse extents using a secure contour process. After the completion of
that process, cancer cells are extracted from the obtained picture using intensity
values.

B.Sathya and R.Manavalan, Image Segmentation by Clustering Methods:

Performance Analysis, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975
8887) Volume 29 No.11, September 2011.

Sathya et al. (2011) [3], provided a different clustering algorithm such as K-means,
Improvised K-means, C-means, and improvised C-means algorithms. Their paper
presented an experimental analysis for massive dat=asets consisting of unique
photographs. They analyzed the discovered consequences using numerous
parametric tests.

Devkota, B. & Alsadoon, Abeer & Prasad, P.W.C. & Singh, A.K. &
Elchouemi, A. (2018). Image Segmentation for Early Stage Brain Tumor
Detection using Mathematical Morphological Reconstruction. Procedia
Computer Science. 125. 115-123. 10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.017.

B. Devkota et al. [4] have proposed that a computer-aided detection (CAD) approach
is used to spot abnormal tissues via Morphological operations. Amongst all different
segmentation approaches existing, the morphological opening and closing operations
are preferred since it takes less processing time with the utmost efficiency in
withdrawing tumor areas with the least faults.

K. Sudharani, T. C. Sarma and K. Satya Rasad, "Intelligent Brain Tumor lesion

classification and identification from MRI images using a K-NN technique,"
2015 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication
and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT), Kumaracoil, 2015, pp. 777-
780. DOI: 10.1109/ICCICCT.2015.7475384

K. Sudharani et al. [5] presented a K- nearest neighbor algorithm to the MR images

to identify and confine the hysterically full-fledged part within the abnormal tissues.
The proposed work is a sluggish methodology but produces exquisite effects. The
accuracy relies upon the sample training phase.

7
 Kaur, Jaskirat & Agrawal, Sunil & Renu, Vig. (2012). A Comparative Analysis
of Thresholding and Edge Detection Segmentation Techniques. International
Journal of Computer Applications.vol. 39.pp. 29-34.
10.5120/4898-7432.
Jaskirat Kaur et al. (2012) [6] defined a few clustering procedures for the
segmentation process and executed an assessment on distinctive styles for those
techniques. Kaur represented a scheme to measure selected clustering techniques
based on their steadiness in exceptional tenders. They also defined the diverse
performance metric tests, such as sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.

Li, Shutao, JT-Y. Kwok, IW-H. Tsang and Yaonan Wang. "Fusing images
with different focuses using support vector machines." IEEE Transactions on
neural networks 15, no. 6 (2004): 1555-1561.

J.T. Kwok et al. [7] delivered wavelet-based photograph fusion to easily cognizance
at the object with all focal lengths as several vision-related processing tasks can be
carried out more effortlessly when wholly substances within the images are bright. In
their work Kwok et al. investigated with different datasets, and results show that
presented work is extra correct as it does not get suffering from evenness at different
activity stages computations.

M. Kumar and K. K. Mehta, "A Texture based Tumor detection and automatic
Segmentation using Seeded Region Growing Method," International Journal
of Computer Technology and Applications, ISSN: 2229-6093, Vol. 2, Issue
4, PP. 855-859 August 2011.

Kumar and Mehta [8] proposed the texture-based technique in this paper. They
highlighted the effects of segmentation if the tumor tissue edges aren't shrill. The
performance of the proposed technology may get unwilling results due to those
edges. The texture evaluation and seeded region approach turned into executed
inside the MATLAB environment.

Mahmoud, Dalia & Mohamed, Eltaher. (2012). Brain Tumor Detection

Using Artificial Neural Networks. Journal of Science and Technology. 13.
31-39.

8
Dalia Mahmoud et al. [9] presented a model using Artificial Neural Networks for
tumor detection in brain images. They implemented a computerized recognition
system for MR imaging the use of Artificial Neural Networks. That was observed
that after the
Elman community was used during the recognition system, the period time and the
accuracy level were high, in comparison with other ANNs systems. This neural
community has a sigmoid characteristic which elevated the extent of accuracy of the
tumor segmentation.

Marroquin J.L., Vemuri B.C., Botello S., Calderon F. (2002) An Accurate and
Efficient Bayesian Method for Automatic Segmentation of Brain MRI.
In: Heyden A., Sparr G., Nielsen M., Johansen P. (eds) Computer Vision
ECCV 2002. ECCV 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2353.
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

L. Marroquin et al. [10] presented the automated 3d segmentation for brain MRI
scans. Using a separate parametric model in preference to a single multiplicative
magnificence will lessen the impact on the intensities of a grandeur. Brain atlas is
hired to find nonrigid conversion to map the usual brain. This transformation is
further used to segment the brain from nonbrain tissues, computing prior
probabilities and finding automatic initialization and finally applying the MPM-MAP
algorithm to find out optimal segmentation. Major findings from the study show that
the MPM-MAP algorithm is comparatively robust than EM in terms of errors while
estimating the posterior marginal. For optimal segmentation, the MPM-MAP
algorithm involves only the solution of linear systems and is therefore
computationally efficient.

Advance Computing Conference (IACC) (2017): 701-705.

Astina minz et al. [11] implemented an operative automatic classification approach

for brain image that projected the usage of the AdaBoost gadget mastering algorithm.
The proposed system includes three main segments. Pre-processing has eradicated

9
noises in the datasets and converted images into grayscale. Median filtering and
thresholding segmentation are implemented in the pre-processed image.

International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), Vol.5, No 2,

Apr-May 2013.

Monica Subashini and Sarat Kumar Sahoo [12] has suggested a technique for
detecting the tumor commencing the brain MR images. They also worked on
different techniques, which include pulse-coupled Neural Network and noise
removal strategies for reinforcing the mind MRI images and backpropagation
network for classifying the brain MRI images from tumor cells. They observed
image enhancement and segmentation of the usage of their proposed technique, and
the backpropagation network helps in the identification of a tumor in a brain MR
image.

Focuses using Support Vector Machines, Proceedings of the IEEE

transaction on Neural Networks, China, November 2007.

Li et al. [13] report that edge detection, image segmentation, and matching are not
easy to achieve in optical lenses that have long focal lengths. Previously, researchers
have proposed many techniques for this mechanism, one of which is wavelet-based
image fusion. The wavelet function can be improved by applying a discrete wavelet
frame transform (DWFT) and a support vector machine (SVM). In this paper, the
authors experimented with five sets of 256-level images. Experimental results show
that this technique is efficient and more accurate as it does not get affected by
consistency verification and activity level measurements. However, the paper is
limited to only one task related to fusion, and dynamic ranges are not considered
during the calculation.

-level Image Segmentation Based on

Maximum Fuzzy Partition Entropy of 2-D Histogram and Quantum Genetic
Algorithm, Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories, and Applications.

10
 With Aspects of Artificial Intelligence. Lecture Notes in Computer Science,
Berlin, Heidelberg 2008.

Yu et al. [14] state that image segmentation is used for extracting meaningful objects
from an image. They propose segmenting an image into three parts, including dark,
grey and white. Z-function and s-function are used for the fuzzy division of the 2D
histogram. Afterward, QGA is used for finding a combination of 12 membership
parameters, which have a maximum value. This technique is used to enhance image
segmentation and the significance of their work is that three-level image
segmentation is used by following the maximum fuzzy partition of 2D Histograms.
QGA is selected for the optimal combination of parameters with the fuzzy partition
entropy. The proposed method of fuzzy partition entropy of 2D histogram generates
better performance than one-dimensional 3-level thresh holding method. Somehow, a
large number of possible combinations of 12 parameters in a multi-dimensional
fuzzy partition are used, and it is practically not feasible to compute each possible
value; therefore, QGA can be used to find the optimal combination.

Technology (IRJET), Vol.4, Issue 7, 2017, pp. 683 688, ISSN: 2395-0056

Mukambika
of the tumor, whether it is present or not. Their proposed work represents the
comparative study of strategies used for tumor identification from MR images,
namely the Level set approach and discrete wavelength transforms (DWT) and K-
method segmentation algorithms. After that phase, feature extraction is done
followed SVM classification.

Pan, Yuehao & Huang, Weimin & Lin, Zhiping & Zhu, Wanzheng & Zhou,
Jiayin & Wong, Jocelyn & Ding, Zhongxiang. (2015). Brain tumor grading
based on Neural Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks. Conference
proceedings: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in
Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology
Society. Conference. 2015. 699-702.
10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318458.

11
Yuehao Pan et al., [16] has used brain MRI pix for getting useful statistics for
classifying brain tumor. In their proposed method, they used Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNN) algorithms for developing a brain tumor detection system. The
performance of their CNN report is measured primarily based on sensitivity and
specificity parameters, which have stepped forward when in comparison to the
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).

S. Pereira, A. Pinto, V. Alves, and C. A. Silva, "Brain Tumor Segmentation

Using Convolutional Neural Networks in MRI Images," in IEEE
Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1240-1251, May 2016.
S. Pereira et al. [17] presented that magnetic resonance prevents physical
segmentation time in the medical areas. So, an automatic and reliable segmentation
technique for identifying abnormal tissues by using Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) had been proposed in the research work. The massive three-dimensional and
underlying roughness amongst brain images makes the process of segmenting the
image a severe issue, so a robust methodology such as CNN is used.

and Qualification Of Brain

Tumor From MRI Of Brain And Symmetric Analy
Journal Of Information And Communication Technology Research, Volume
2 No.6, June 2012, Pp584-588

Roy et al. (2012) [18] calculated the tumor affected area for proportioned analysis.
They confirmed its software with numerous statistics groups with distinctive tumor
sizes, intensities, and location. They showed that their algorithm could robotically hit
upon and phase the brain tumor from the given photo. Image pre-processing consists
of fleeting that pictures to the filtering technique to remove distractors found in given
pictures. They first detect the tumor, segment it and then find out the area of tumor.
One of the important aspects is that after performing the quantitative analysis, we
can identify the status of an increase in the disease. They have suggested multi-step
and modular approach to solve the complex MRI segmentation problem. Tumor
detection is the first step in tumor segmentation. They have obtained good results in
complex situations. The authors claim that MRI segmentation is one of the essential

12
tasks in the medical area but boring and time-consuming if it is performed manually,
so visually study of MRI is more interesting and faster.

Science Technology Engineering & Management (ICONSTEM) (2017):

268-272.

A. Sankari and S. Vigneshwari [19] has proposed a Convolutional Neural Network

(CNN) segmentation, which principally based on the brain tumor classification
method. The proposed work used the non-linearity activation feature that's a leaky
rectified linear unit (LReLU). They primarily focused on necessary capabilities,
which include mean and entropy of the image and analyzed that the CNN algorithm
is working higher for representing the complicated and minute capabilities of brain
tumor tissues present in the MR Images.

Research and Applications, Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2012, ISSN 2278-0882.

T.U Paul and S.K. Bandyopadhyay [20] has presented the brain segmentation that
has automated the use of the Dual Localization technique. In the initial phase, the
skull masks are generated for the brain MR images. The tumor areas are improvised
using the K-manner procedure. In the final step of their proposed work, they
evaluated by its dimensions such as length and breadth.

Vaishali et al. (2015) Wavelet-based feature extraction for brain tumor

diagnosis a survey. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol (IJRASET) 3(V), ISSN:
2321-9653

Vaishali [21] proposed a method that includes step by step procedure starting with
image pre-processing followed by extraction of useful objects and finally
classification of tumor region. Pre-processing is completed to enhance the image
using eliminating the noise via making use of Gaussian filters from the authentic
ones. The next step is feature extraction, in which a magnified image is used to

13
extract the feature using a symlet wavelet technique. The very last step is the
classification of tumors by the use of a Support vector machine (SVM).

Varuna Shree, N., Kumar, T.N.R. Identification and classification of brain

tumor MRI images with feature extraction using DWT and probabilistic
neural network. Brain Inf. 5, 23 30 (2018) DOI:10.1007/s40708-017-0075-
5

Kumar and Varuna Shree [22] proposed work for the detection tumor region using
discrete wavelength transforms (DWT). This work consists of three phases, namely
an image enhancement using filtering technique, gray-level co-incidence matrix
(GLCM) feature extraction of tumor in addition to DWT based tumor location
developing segmentation. It is used to improve overall performance and reduce
complexity. The denoised accompanied by the aid of morphological filtering
operations which put off the noises that can be even shaped subsequent segmentation
technique. The PNN classifier is to use for classifying the abnormality, which is
trained by different datasets, and the accuracy is measured within the detection of
tumor region of mind MR images.

Histogram Equalization and Fuzzy Suppor

International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science ISSN23197242
3(5): 5823-5827.

K. Vinotha et al. [23] proposed brain tumor detection and the usage of the Histogram
Equalization (HE) and the Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM) classification
techniques. The brain MR image is pre-processed with histogram equalization and
segmented the apprehensive components from the photo primarily based on the MRF
algorithm for segmentation technique. MRF approach expanded the tumor
segmentation accuracy through which the overall performance of the proposed
approach changed into advanced.

Sing, J.K. & Basu, D.K. & Nasipuri, Mita & Kundu, Megha. (2003). Improved
k-means algorithm in the design of RBF neural networks. 2. 841 - 845 Vol.2.
10.1109/TENCON.2003.1273297.

14
Sing et al. [24] propose a fuzzy adaptive RBI based neural network for MR brain
image segmentation. The hidden layer neuron of FARBF-NN neurons has been
fuzzified to reduce noise effect. Basu et al. assert that the medical image
segmentation approach involves a combination of texture and boundary information.
The authors maintain that geometric algebra can be used to obtain volumetric data
representation using spheres, nonrigid registration of spheres and real-time object
tracking. Major contribution of the proposed approach is that the use of the marching
cube algorithm reduces the number of primitives to model volumetric data and uses a
lesser number of primitives for the registration process, and thus makes the
registration process faster. However, the study has employed images obtained from
CT scans, which has its own limitations like blurred boundaries and similar grey
levels between healthy and non-healthy tissues.

Shi, Z., He, L., Suzuki, K., Nakamura, T., & Itoh, H. (2009). Survey on Neural
Networks Used for Medical Image Processing. International Journal of
computational science, 3(1), 86 100.

Shi et al. [25] employed neural networks for medical image processing, including the
key features of medical image pre-processing, segmentation, and object detection
and recognition. The study employed Hopfield and feedforward neural networks.
The feedforward and Hopfield neural networks are simple to use and easy to
implement. The added advantage of Hopfield neural networks is that it does not
require pre-experimental knowledge. The time required to resolve image processing
predicament is substantially reduced by using a trained neural network

Detection of Tumor in MRI Images Using Artificial Neural Networks

Automatic defects detection in MR images is very important in many diagnostic and

therapeutic applications. This work has introduced one automatic brain tumor
detection method to increase the accuracy and yield and decrease the diagnosis time.
The goal is classifying the tissues into two classes of normal and abnormal. MR
images that have been used here are MR images from normal and abnormal brain
tissues. This method uses from neural network to do this classification. The purpose
of this project is to classify the brain tissues to normal and abnormal classes

15
automatically, which saves the radiologist time, increases accuracy and yield of
diagnosis.

Survey on Brain Tumor Detection Techniques Using Magnetic Resonance

Images

The brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells inside the skull which causes damage
to the other cells necessary for functioning human brain. Brain tumor detection is a
challenging task due to the complex structure of the human brain. MRI images
generated from MRI scanners using strong magnetic fields and radio waves to form
images of the body which helps for medical diagnosis. This paper gives an overview
of the various techniques used to detect the tumor in the human brain using MRI
images.

A Neural Network-based Method for Brain Abnormality Detection in MR

Images Using Gabor Wavelets

Nowadays, automatic defects detection in MR images is very important in many

diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This paper introduces a Novel automatic
brain tumor detection method that uses T1, T2_weighted and PD, MR images to
determine any abnormality in brain tissues. Here, it has been tried to give a clear
description from brain tissues using Gabor wavelets, energy, entropy, contrast and
some other statistic features such as mean, median, variance, correlation, values of
maximum and minimum intensity. It is used from a feature selection method to
reduce the feature space too. this method uses from neural network to do this
classification. The purpose of this project is to classify the brain tissues to normal
and abnormal classes automatically, which saves the radiologist time, increases
accuracy and yield of diagnosis.

16
3. CHALLENGES IN TUMOR CLASSIFICATION
The identification of tumor is a very challenging task. The location, shape
and the structure of tumor varies significantly from patient to patient which makes
the segmentation a very challenging task. In the figure shown below, we have shown
some images of the same brain slice from different patients, which clearly reflect the
variation of the tumor. We can clearly see that the location of the tumor is different
in all the 8 images/patients shown below. To make it worse, the shape and the intra-
tumoral structure is also different for all the eight patients/images. In fact, there can
be more than one region of the tumor as can be seen from the images below. This
indeed reflects the complexity of automatic segmentation.

17
 Fig.3.1 Location of tumors in eight different images.

4. MODULE DIVISON
This provides the architecture of the system that would be developed by our
hands. It consists of six steps where the execution starts from taking an input image
from the data set followed by the image pre-processing, image enhancement, Image
segmentation using binary thresholding and the brain tumor classification using
Convolutional Neural Network. Finally, the output is observed after all the
abovementioned steps are completed.

Each module is unique in its own way. Every step has its importance. This
architecture also includes a testing and training data set. The data set used is has been
downloaded from Kaggle which consists of nearly 2000 images that are used to test
and train the system. The input image is pre-processed by using the noise filter like

18
Median Filter and Bilateral Filter and the image is enhanced using the Sobel Filter.
Then the obtained image using segmented using binary thresholding and
morphological operations are performed on it. Finally, the image classification is
done using Convolutional Neural Network to predict whether the tumor is present or
not.

19
 Fig 4.1 Module Division

MODULE 1: IMAGE PREPROCESSING AND IMAGE

ENHANCEMENT

4.1.1 IMAGE PREPROCESSING:

The Brain MRI image dataset has been downloaded from the Kaggle. The
MRI dataset consists of around 1900 MRI images, including normal, benign, and
malignant. These MRI images are taken as input to the primary step. The pre-
processing is an essential and initial step in improving the quality of the brain MRI
Image. The critical steps in pre-processing are the reduction of impulsive noises and
image resizing. In the initial phase, we convert the brain MRI image into its
corresponding gray-scale image. The removal of unwanted noise is done using the
adaptive bilateral filtering technique to remove the distorted noises that are present in

20
the brain picture. This improves the diagnosis and also increase the classification
accuracy rate.

4.1.1.1 IMAGE ACQUISITION FROM DATASET:

In image processing, image acquisition is done by retrieving an image from

dataset for processing. It is the first step in the workflow sequence because, without
an image no processing is possible. The image that is acquired is completely
unprocessed.
Here we process the image using the file path from the local device.

4.1.1.2 CONVERT THE IMAGE FROM ONE COLOR SPACE TO ANOTHER:

There are more than 150 color-space conversion methods available in

OpenCV. For color conversion, we use the function cv2.cvtColor(input_image, flag)
where flag determines the type of conversion. In our work, we convert the input
image into the gray-scale image.

4.1.1.3 FILTERS:

In image processing, filters are mainly used to suppress the high frequencies
in the image.

Median filter: It is a non-linear filtering technique used to remove noise from

the images. It is performed by sorting all the pixel values from the window into
numerical order and then replacing the pixel being considered with the median pixel

Bilateral filter: It is also a non-linear, noise-reducing smoothing filter for

images. It replaces the intensity of each pixel with a weighted average of intensity
values from nearby pixels. This weight is based on the Gaussian distribution.
Bilateral filtering smooth images while conserving edges utilizing a nonlinear
grouping of neighbouring image pixels. This filtering technique is simple, local, and
concise. It syndicates a grey level grounded on their likeness and the symmetrical
nearness and chooses near vales to farther values in both range and domain.

21
4.1.2 IMAGE ENHANCEMENT:

Image enhancement is a technique used to improve the image quality and

perceptibility by using computer-aided software. This technique includes both
objective and subjective enhancements. This technique includes points and local
operations. The local operations depend on the district input pixel values. Image
enhancement has two types: spatial and transform domain techniques. The spatial
techniques work directly on the pixel level, while the transform technique works on
Fourier and later on the spatial technique.

Edge detection is a segmentation technique that uses border recognition of

strictly linked objects or regions. This technique identifies the discontinuity of the
objects. This technique is used mainly in image study and to recognize the parts of
the image where a huge variation in intensity arises.

4.1.2.1 SOBEL FILTER:

The Sobel filter is used for edge detection. It works by calculating the gradient of
image intensity at each pixel within the image. It is widely used in image analysis to
help locate edges in images. Sobel operator is used for segmentation purpose. This
technique can be dependent on the central difference which tends toward the central
pixels on average. This technique can be expressed as 3 × 3 matric to the first
derivative of the Gaussian kernel. It combines smoothing and differentiation. For
Sobel edge detection the gradient of the image is calculated for each pixel position in
the image.

1. We calculate two derivatives:

a. Horizontal changes: This is computed by convolving I with a kernel

Gx with odd size. For example, for a kernel size of 3, G x would be
computed as:

Gx = [[-1 0 +1]
22
 [-2 0 +2]

[-1 0 +1]]

b. Vertical changes: This is computed by convolving I with a kernel G y

with odd size. For example, for a kernel size of 3, G y would be
computed as:

Gy = [[-1 -2 -1]

[ 0 0 0]

[+1 +2 +1]]

2. At each point of the image we calculate an approximation of the gradient in

that point by combining both results above:

G=(G2x+G2y)1/2

3. Although sometimes the following simpler equation is used:

G=|Gx|+|Gy|

After the completion of the pre-processing, the image will be free from the
noises, but we still need to enhance the image since the obtained image is
smoothened, edges may not be preserved, and the image will be dull. To overcome
all these, we used edge detection called Sobel filtering technique. The whole thing is
done by calculating the gradient of image intensities at each pixel within the image.
It is widely used in image analysis to help locate edges in images. It will also
enhance the darker areas of the image, slightly increase contrast and as sharp as
possible.

MODULE 2: IMAGE SEGMENTATION USING

BINARY THRESHOLD

Image segmentation is a technique of segregating the image into many parts.

The basic aim of this segregation is to make the images easy to analyze and interpret
with preserving the quality. This techniq

23
within the images. This technique labels the pixels according to their intensity and
characteristics. Those parts represent the entire original image and acquire its
characteristics such as intensity and similarity. The image segmentation technique is
used to create contours of the body for clinical purposes. Segmentation is used in
machine perception, malignant disease analysis, tissue volumes, anatomical and
functional analyses, virtual reality visualization, and anomaly analysis, and object
definition and detection.

Segmentation methods has ability to detect or identify the abnormal portion

from the image which is useful for analyzing the size, volume, location, texture and
shape of the extracted image. MR image segmentation with the aid of preserving the
threshold information, which is convenient to identify the broken regions extra
precisely. It was a trendy surmise that the objects that are placed in close propinquity
might be sharing similar houses and characteristics.

4.2.1 THRESHOLDING:

Thresholding is the simplest method of image segmentation. It is a non-linear

operation that converts a grey-scale image into a binary image where the two levels
are assigned to pixels that are below or above the specified threshold value. In Open
CV, we use cv2.threshold() function:

cv2.threshold(src, thresh, maxval, type[dst])

This function applies fixed-level thresholding to a single-channel array. The

function is typically used to get a bi-level (binary) image out of a grayscale image for
removing a noise, that is, filtering out pixels with too small or too large values.

is the set threshold value which compares with input values, when the input is
greater than the set threshold value it gives output is set maxval value and it is shown
with white color in gray images. when the input pixel intensity values are less than
the set threshold, its output is black color. There are several types of thresholding
supported by the function.

The function returns the computed threshold value and thresholder image.

24
 1. src - input array (single-channel, 8-bit or 32-bit floating point). This is the
source image, which should be a grayscale image.

2. thresh - threshold value, and it is used to classify the pixel values.

3. maxval - maximum value to use with the THRESH_BINARY and

THRESH_BINARY_INV thresholding types. It represents the value to be given if
pixel value is more than (sometimes less than) the threshold value.

4. type - thresholding type

cv2.THRESH_BINARY
cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INVY

4.2.2 MORPHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS:

Morphological operations apply a structuring element to an input image, creating

an output image of the same size. In a morphological operation, the value of each
pixel in the output image is based on a comparison of the corresponding pixel in the
input image with its neighbors.

The Morphological techniques are also used with segmentation techniques. The
morphological action is normally performed on binary images. It processes the
operations based on shape and it has a wide set of the image processing operation.
Erosion and Dilation are two methods of morphological operations which used in
this proposed work. We perform both Erosion and dilation operations used together.

Two main steps of the erosion and dilation morphological operation are
opening and closing. The first step is the opening of the MRI binary image. The main
work of opening operation is open up a gap which is present in between object and
connect that to a small collection of pixels. After setting of the bridge, the erosion
again restored with their actual size using dilation. If the binary image has been
opened then the subsequent opened same structured elements have not affected on
that image. After completing the opening operations next step is the closing
operation. Based on the closing operation while keeping the original region sizes, the
erosion and dilation can handle different hole in the image region. Dilation and
Erosion are the basic morphological operations. Dilation adds pixels to the

25
boundaries of objects in an image, while erosion removes pixels on object
boundaries.

Watershed Method: considers the gradient magnitude of an image as a

topographic surface where high gradient denotes peaks, while low gradient denotes
valleys. Start by filling every isolated valley with different coloured water. As the
water rises, water from different valleys will start to merge. To avoid that, barriers
are built in the locations where water merges. Continue the work of filling water and
building barriers until all the peaks are under water. Then the created barriers give
the segmentation result.

MODULE 3: BRAIN TUMOR IMAGE CLASSIFICATION USING

CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK

Classification is the best approaches for identification of images like any

kind of medical imaging. All classification algorithms are based on the prediction of
image, where one or more features and that each of these features belongs to one of
several classes.

An automatic and reliable classification method Convolutional Neural

Network (CNN) will be used since it is robust in structure which helps in identifying
every minute details. A Convolutional Neural Network (ConvNet/CNN) is a Deep
Learning algorithm which can take in an input image, assign importance to various
aspects/objects in the image and be able to differentiate one from the other. The
preprocessing required in a ConvNet is much lower as compared to other
classification algorithms. While in primitive methods filters are hand-engineered,
with enough training, ConvNet have the ability to learn these filters/characteristics.

A ConvNet is able to successfully capture the spatial and temporal

dependencies in an image through the application of relevant filters. The architecture
performs a better fitting to the image dataset due to the reduction in the number of
parameters involved and reusability of weights. In other words, the network can be
trained to understand the sophistication of the image better. The role of the ConvNet

26
is to reduce the images into a form which is easier to process, without losing features
which are critical for getting a good prediction.

building the CNN. Import the following packages:

Sequential is used to initialize the neural network.

Convolution2D is used to make the convolutional network that deals with

the images.

MaxPooling2D layer is used to add the pooling

layers.

Flatten is the function that converts the pooled feature map to a single column that
is passed to the fully connected layer.

Dense adds the fully connected layer to the neural network.

4.3.1 SEQUENTIAL:

To initialize the neural network, we create an object of the Sequential class.

classifier = Sequential ()

4.3.2 CONVOLUTION:

To add the convolution layer, we call the add function with the classifier object
and pass in Convolution2D with parameters. The first
argument feature_detectors which is the number of feature detectors that we
want to create. The second and third parameters are dimensions of the feature
detector matrix.
We used 256 feature detectors for CNNs. The next parameter is input shape
which is the shape of the input image. The images will be converted into this
shape during pre-processing. If the image is black and white it will be
converted into a 2D array and if the image is coloured it will be converted
into a 3D array.

27
 images. Input_shape is passed in a tuple with the number of channels, which
is 3 for a coloured image, and the dimensions of the 2D array in each
channel. If you are not using a

computation time. The final parameter is the activation function. Classifying

images is a nonlinear problem. So, we use the rectifier function to ensure that
we

non-linearity.

classifier.add (Convolution2D (256, 3, 3, input_shape = (256, 256, 3),

4.3.3 POOLING:

The Pooling layer is responsible for reducing the spatial size of the convolved
feature. This is to decrease the computational power required to process the
data through dimensionality reduction. Furthermore, it is useful for extracting
dominant features which are rotational and positional invariant, thus
maintaining the process of effectively training of the model.
There are two types of Pooling: Max Pooling and Average Pooling.
Max Pooling returns the maximum value from the portion of the
image covered by the Kernel. On the other hand, Average Pooling returns the
average of all the values from the portion of the image covered by the Kernel.
Generally, we use max pooling.
In this step we reduce the size of the feature map. Generally, we create a pool
size of 2x2 for max pooling. This enables us to reduce the size of the feature
map while not losing important image information.
classifier.add (MaxPooling2D (pool_size= (2,2)))

4.3.4 FLATTENING:

In this step, all the pooled feature maps are taken and put into a single vector
for inputting it to the next layer.
The Flatten function flattens all the feature maps into a single long column.

28
 classifier.add (Flatten ())

4.3.5 FULLY CONNECTION:

The next step is to use the vector we obtained above as the input for the neural
network by using the Dense function in Keras. The first parameter is output
which is the number of nodes in the hidden layer. You can determine the
most appropriate number through experimentation. The higher the number of
dimensions the more computing resources you will need to fit the model. A
common practice is to pick the number of nodes in powers of two.
classifier.add (Dense (output = 64))

the sigmoid activation function since we expect a binary outcome. If we

expected more than two outcomes, we would use the SoftMax function.
The output here is 1 since we just expect the predicted probabilities of the
cclasses.
))

5. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

5.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

29
5.1.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Windows: Python 3.6.2 or above, PIP and NumPy 1.13.1 Python:

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general purpose programming language

created by Guido Van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design
philosophy emphasizes code Readability with its notable use of significant
Whitespace. Its language constructs and object-oriented approach aim to help
programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects. Python is
dynamically typed and garbage collected. It supports multiple programming
paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming.

PIP:

It is the package management system used to install and manage software

packages written in Python.

NumPy:

NumPy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a

highperformance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these
arrays. It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It
contains various features including these important ones:

A powerful N-dimensional array object

Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions

Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code

Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities

Pandas:

Pandas is the most popular python library that is used for data analysis. It
provides highly optimized performance with back-end source code is purely
written in C or Python. We can analyze data in pandas with

30
 1. Series
2. Data frames Anaconda:

Anaconda is a free and open-source distribution of the Python and R

programming languages for scientific computing that aims to simplify package
management and deployment. Package versions are managed by the package
management system conda. The Anaconda distribution includes data-science
packages suitable for Windows, Linux, and macOS. Anaconda distribution comes
with 1,500 packages selected from PyPI as well as the conda package and virtual
environment manager. It also includes a GUI, Anaconda Navigator, as a graphical
alternative to the command-line interface (CLI).

Jupyter Notebook:

Anaconda distribution comes with 1,500 packages selected from PyPI as well
as the conda package and virtual environment manager. It also includes a GUI,
Anaconda Navigator, as a graphical alternative to the command line interface
(CLI). A Jupyter Notebook document is a JSON document, following a versioned
schema, and containing an ordered list of input/output cells which can contain
code, text mathematics, plots and rich media, usually ending with the "
extension. Tensor Flow:

Tensor flow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and
differentiable programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library,
and is also used for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is
used for both research and production at Google.

Keras:

Keras is an open-source neural-network library written in Python. It is capable

of running on top of TensorFlow, Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit, R, Theano, or
Plaid ML. Designed to enable fast experimentation with deep neural networks, it
focuses on being user-friendly, modular, and extensible. Keras contains numerous
implementations of commonly used neural-network building blocks such as layers,
objectives, activation functions, optimizers, and a host of tools to make working

31
with image and text data easier to simplify the coding necessary for writing deep
neural network code.

OpenCV:

OpenCV (Open source computer vision) is a library of programming

functions mainly aimed at real-time computer vision. Originally developed by
Intel, it was later supported by willow garage then Itseez (which was later acquired
by Intel). The library is cross platform and free for use under the open source BSD
license. OpenCV supports some models from deep learning frameworks like
TensorFlow, Torch, PyTorch (after converting to an ONNX model) and Caffe
according to a defined list of supported layers. It promotes Open Vision Capsules.
which is a portable format, compatible with all other formats.

5.1.2 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

Processor: Intel core i5 or above.

64-bit, quad-core, 2.5 GHz minimum per core
Ram: 4 GB or more
Hard disk: 10 GB of available space or more.
Display: Dual XGA (1024 x 768) or higher resolution monitors
Operating system: Windows

#SEGMENT
import cv2
# matplotlib is used for displaying images
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

32
# numpy is used for matrix manipulations
import numpy as np

\images\yes\Y32.jpg' orig_img =
cv2.imread(path,1) # 1 indicates color image
# OpenCV uses BGR while Matplotlib uses RGB format #
Display the color image with matplotlib
plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(orig_img,
cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

Fig 5.1 Input Image

gray_img = cv2.cvtColor( orig_img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY )

plt.imshow(gray_img,cmap='gray')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

33
Fig 5.2 Gray-scale Image

# To remove salt and pepper noise #Using 5*5 kernel

filtered = cv2.bilateralFilter(gray_img, 5,10,2.5)
plt.imshow(filtered,cmap='gray')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

Fig 5.3 Filtered Image

# 3*3 Sobel Filters

Gx= np.array([[-1, 0, 1], [-2, 0, 2], [-1, 0, 1]])
print ("Gx \n", Gx)
Gy = np.array([[-1, -2, -1], [0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 1]]) print
("Gy \n", Gy) img_sobelx =
cv2.Sobel(filtered,cv2.CV_8U,1,0,ksize=3) img_sobely
= cv2.Sobel(filtered,cv2.CV_8U,0,1,ksize=3)

34
 #del f = Gx + Gy # Adding mask to the image
img_sobel = img_sobelx +
img_sobely+gray_img
plt.imshow(img_sobel,cmap='gray')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

Fig 5.4 Image after edge detection

# Set threshold and

maxValue threshold = 50
maxValue = 255
# Threshold the pixel values

th, thresh = cv2.threshold(img_sobel, threshold, maxValue,

cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
plt.imshow(thresh,cmap='gray')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

35
Fig 5.5 Thresholded and Binary Image

# To remove any small white noises in the image using morphological opening.
kernel = np.ones((3,3),np.uint8) opening = cv2.morphologyEx(thresh,
cv2.MORPH_OPEN, kernel, iterations = 2) plt.imshow(opening,cmap='gray')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

Fig 5.6 Morphological Image

# White region shows sure foreground area sure_bg =
cv2.dilate(opening,kernel,iterations=3) dist_transform =
cv2.distanceTransform(opening, cv2.DIST_L2, 5) ret, sure_fg =
cv2.threshold(dist_transform,0.7*dist_transform.max(),255,0)
plt.imshow(sure_fg,cmap='gray')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()

Fig 5.7 Dilated Image

36
#TRAINING DATA
import tensorflow as tf from tensorflow.keras.datasets import cifar10
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image import
ImageDataGenerator from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Activation,
Flatten from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D

import pickle pickle_in =

open("XX.pickle","rb") X =
pickle.load(pickle_in) pickle_in =
open("YY.pickle","rb") y =
pickle.load(pickle_in)

X = X/255.0 model
= Sequential()

model.add(Conv2D(256, (3, 3), input_shape=X.shape[1:]))

model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
model.add(Conv2D(256, (3, 3)))
model.add(Activation('relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))

model.add(Flatten())

model.add(Dense(64))
model.add(Dense(1))
model.add(Activation('sigmoid'))

37
model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy', optimizer='adam',metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(X, y, batch_size=164, epochs=10, validation_split=0.3)

Fig 5.8 Training data history

#DATALOAD

import numpy as np import

matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import os import cv2 from

tqdm import tqdm

DATADIR = "D:\dataset1"

CATEGORIES = ["no", "yes"]

38
for category in CATEGORIES:

path = os.path.join(DATADIR,category)

for img in os.listdir(path):

img_array =
cv2.imread(os.path.join(path,img) ,cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
# convert to array plt.imshow(img_array,

cmap='gray') # graph it plt.show() # display!

break # we just want one for now so

break break #...and one more!

print(img_array) print(img_array.shape)

IMG_SIZE = 100 new_array = cv2.resize(img_array,

(IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE)) plt.imshow(new_array,

cmap='gray') plt.show()

training_data = []

def create_training_data():

for category in CATEGORIES:

path = os.path.join(DATADIR,category) # create path class_num =

CATEGORIES.index(category) # get the classification (0 or a 1).

for img in tqdm(os.listdir(path)): # iterate over each image

39
 try:

img_array = cv2.imread(os.path.join(path,img)
,cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE) # convert to array

new_array = cv2.resize(img_array, (IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE)) # resize

to
normalize data size

training_data.append([new_array, class_num]) # add this to our

training_data except Exception as e: # in the interest in keeping the

output clean...

pass

create_training_data()

print(len(training_data))

import random

random.shuffle(training_data)

for sample in training_data[:10]:

print(sample[1])

X = [] y = [] for features,label in

training_data:

X.append(features)

40
 y.append(label) print(X[0].reshape(-1,

IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE, 1))

X = np.array(X).reshape(-1, IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE, 1)

import pickle pickle_out =

open("XX.pickle","wb")

pickle.dump(X, pickle_out)

pickle_out.close()

pickle_out =

open("YY.pickle","wb")

pickle.dump(y, pickle_out)

pickle_out.close()

41
5.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

Sample Input:

Predicted Output: Yes

Observed Output:

42
Sample Input:

Predicted Output: No

Observed Output:

43
5.4 PERFORMANCE MEASURES:

The proposed algorithm has been assessed through various performance

evaluation metrics that include True Positive, True Negative the former one that
designates how many times does the proposed algorithm is able to correctly
recognize the damaged region as damaged region and the later one designates how
many times does the proposed algorithm correctly identified non-damaged region as
non-damaged region. And the False Positive (FN) and False Negative (FN) the
former one designates how many times does the proposed algorithm fails to
recognize the damaged region correctly, and the later represents how many times
does the proposed algorithm fails to identify the non-tumors region as non-tumors
regions. Basing on values of TP, TN, FP, and FN, the values of Accuracy,
Specificity and sensitivity are calculated of the proposed algorithm.

44
5.5 PERFORMANCE EVALUTION:

On experimentation, it was observed that the proposed methodology seems to

be outperformed when compared to all different set of images. Among all the
images, the proposed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based approach seems
too much better in terms of quality of the output in 128 *128 images when compared
to its other sized images which are represented in table and charts.

TABLE 1 Represents the true positive, true negative, false positive and false
negative values of the proposed approach for different set of images.

False False
Different set of True True Positive Negative
Images Positive (%) Negative (%) (%) (%)
128 * 128 Images 83.7 84.5 16.3 15.5
256 * 256 Images 82.4 84.1 17.6 15.9
512 * 512 Images 82.1 83.7 17.9 16.3

45
 Performance Analysis Chart

False Negative (%)

False Positive (%)

True Negative (%)

True Positive (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

512 * 512 Images 256 * 256 Images 128 * 128 Images

Fig. 5.9 Represents the performance analysis of CNN

It is observed from table 2 upon performing proposed segmentation technique

for different set of images that have the ability to recognize the isolated region from
the MR images that are used to analyze the shape and size of the denoised image. We
have used Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for segmentation, and the output of
our proposed work is pleased with better accuracy, sensitivity, and computational
time.

TABLE 2 Represents the Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity of the proposed

approach for different set of images.

Different set of
Accuracy (%) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%)
Images

128 * 128 Images 84.1 84.4 83.8

256 * 256 Images 83.3 83.4 82.7
512 * 512 Images 82.9 83.3 82.4

46
 Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity of the Proposed
approach.
85
84.5
84
83.5
83
82.5
82
81.5
81
Accuracy (%) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%)

128 * 128 Images 256 * 256 Images 512 * 512 Images

Fig. 5.10 Represents the performance of proposed CNN

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION:

We proposed a computerized method for the segmentation and identification

of a brain tumor using the Convolution Neural Network. The input MR images are
read from the local device using the file path and converted into grayscale images.
These images are pre-processed using an adaptive bilateral filtering technique for the
elimination of noises that are present inside the original image. The binary
thresholding is applied to the denoised image, and Convolution Neural Network

47
segmentation is applied, which helps in figuring out the tumor region in the MR
images. The proposed model had obtained an accuracy of 84% and yields promising
results without any errors and much less computational time.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

It is observed on extermination that the proposed approach needs a vast

training set for better accurate results; in the field of medical image processing, the
gathering of medical data is a tedious job, and, in few cases, the datasets might not
be available. In all such cases, the proposed algorithm must be robust enough for
accurate recognition of tumor regions from MR Images. The proposed approach can
be further improvised through in cooperating weakly trained algorithms that can
identify the abnormalities with a minimum training data and also self-learning
algorithms would aid in enhancing the accuracy of the algorithm and reduce the
computational time.

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[6] Kaur, Jaskirat & Agrawal, Sunil & Renu, Vig. (2012). A Comparative
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[7] Li, Shutao, JT-Y. Kwok, IW-H. Tsang and Yaonan Wang. "Fusing images
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[9] Mahmoud, Dalia & Mohamed, Eltaher. (2012). Brain Tumor Detection Using
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Computing and Informatics (ICICI 2017)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number: CFP17L34-ART, ISBN: 978-1-5386-4031-9

A Study on Brain Tumor Segmentation Using

Convolution Neural Network

Anil Singh Parihar

Department of Information Technology
Delhi Technological University
New Delhi, India
Email: parihar.anil@gmail.com
Abstract Computer vision is playing important role
in the field of human health care. This role is growing
day by day. The application of computer vision
techniques in health care has one of the aim to reduce
human judgement in diagnosis. Thus, human error in
judgement may be reduced. Brain related diagnosis
demands at most care and a minute error in judgment
may be disastrous. This makes medical imaging very
important field. Various imaging methods like CT
Scans, X-Ray, and MRI are available but MRI is the
most reliable and safe. Even the smallest aberrances in
the human body can be identified using imaging
techniques. More preferred contrast information about
brain tissues is provided by Magnetic Resonance
imaging (MRI). Image segmentation is an important
problem in medical imaging, which involves separating
the tumor and organisms out of the medical data.
Machine learning (ML) has gained enormous application
with innovation in hardware requirements for computing.
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) is one of the most
effective techniques in ML. CNN has find applications in
almost every field of research. CNN also find effective
applications in brain MRI segmentation. In this paper,
we present a study on CNN based MRI segmentation.
Keywords— Brain tumor, Segmentation, medical,
imaging,
Convolution, MRI
I. INTRODUCTION
An important role is played by Medical
imaging in current medical research and clinical
practice. Tumor detection mainly involves MRI,
Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound
images [1]. Precise extraction of tumor is
necessary and advantageous. When we have huge
number of sequence of images, the manual
observation of tumors is time-consuming, and
frequently, the depiction quality depends on the
operators. So, for clinical analysis, medical image
segmentation has gained much attention and
different segmentation methods have been
proposed. Imaging techniques allow medical
practitioners and researchers, even before
performing invasive surgery, to assess activities
and disorders in the human brain. The technique
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of good
quality among other techniques as it gives better
contrast details about the brain tissues from a
variety of image sequences [2]. The neurosurgeons
and medical scientists have great opportunity with
the increase in brain MR image data. The diagnosis
using computer aids and treatment can be
administered through the analysis and processing
of image data. Neurosurgeons normally require
accurate depiction of the tumor before diagnosing
the tumor and performing the surgery. Doctors/
specialists perform manual brain tumor
segmentation, but its time-consuming. Hence, to
design and develop automated brain tumor
segmentation methods, various researchers have
been working continually. Gliomas are the most
usual and vigorous brain tumors, which in their
highest grade can lead to a short life expectancy
[3]. Thus, the key stage to boost the life quality of
patients is planning the treatment. The automatic
segmentation of Magnetic Resonance brain images
can be enacted through a convolutional neural
network (CNN). The medical image analysis field
has made CNNs very popular. On comparison to
old machine learning methods, there is no
requirement of hand-crafted features in CNNs
which are a requisite for classification. Instead,
convolution kernel sets are learned that are
specially trained for the problem of classification.
The old machine learning methods have been using
kernels like Gaussian or Haar-like for getting the
occurrence detail, but CNNs pick up the kernel set
based on the training data as provided. Like this,
the information relevant to the task can be
automatically extracted by the system [4].
II. CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK
Convolution is performed on the artificial neural
networks (ANN) that gives us the Convolutional
neural network [4]. Neurons having weights and
biases, which can be learned, forms a CNN. Three

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main layers used in building up the convolutional
neural network architecture are- Convolutional layer,
pooling layer, and fully connected layer. A
convolutional neural network (CNN) is so named as
it contains one or more convolutional layers. In the
input images, certain local features are detected
through convolutional layers [5]. There is a
connection between every node of a convolutional
layer and a subset of neurons which are connected
spatially. This helps in detecting the local forms
(structures) in the channels of input image. The
weights on the connections are shared among the
convolutional layer's nodes, to search for the similar
local trait in the input channels. Every shared weight
set is known as a kernel (convolution kernel). Across
the input images, the local features (whose strength is
visible in the feature map) to be detected are learned
by convolutional layer having kernels. A pooling
layer is the next layer after convolution layer in CNN
whose main purpose is decreasing the size of the
representation spatially, which further helps reducing
the parameter numbers
controlling the overfitting [6]. To reduce the feature
maps' size, the max-pooling layer is used, which
selects the maximum feature response among the
local neighborhoods that can be overlapping or non-
overlapping. This is done by disposing the precise
location of maximum responses. CNNs usually have
a number of convolutional and pooling layers. A
number of fully connected (FC) layers will follow
other layers as mentioned. Finally, CNN contains a
Softmax layer, or regression layer, that generates the
wanted outputs. Back-propagation algorithm are used
to train the CN
perceptions are trained. Further, the following cost
function is minimized which is done with respect to
the weights W that are unknown.
X across various patients. A set of intensity landmarks
1 i
ln(p(y X ))
L X i i
Where number of training images are represented
by |X|, the ith training image represents Xi and yi is the
label, and the probability by which X i is correctly
classified is given by p(yi|Xi). The weights in lst
convolutional layer are Wlt, at the iteration t, and the
cost over a small batch of size N is
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III. BRAIN TUMOR SEGMENTATION USING CNN
In this work, we presented study of two CNN
based brain MRI segmentation: Brain Tumor
Segmentation Using Convolutional Neural Networks
in MRI Images (BTCNN) [7] and Automatic
Segmentation of MR Brain Images with a
Convolutional Neural Network (ASCNN) [8]
A. BTCNN
This work represents the method for segmentation
of brain tumor [8] in MRI images with the use of
convolutional neural network. In this paper, the
author uses the deep architectures of CNN with
convolutional kernels, which are small, for
segmentation of gliomas in MRI images. Fig.2
presents the method of segmenting brain tumor
using CNN. Pre-processing, classification using
CNN and postprocessing are the three main
stages in the process of segmentation.
1) Pre-Processing: The bias field distortion can
alter the MRI images which can vary the intensity of
similar tissues in the complete image. Thus, the
intensity normalization method is applied so as to
form the similar ranges of intensity and contrast,
IL={pc1,ip10,ip20,....,ip90,pc2}for every sequence are
learned out of the training data set to perform
normalization. In this, pc1 and pc2 are taken for each
MRI sequence and at the lth percentile, intensity is
represented as ipl. After using this training data, next
step in the intensity normalization method is
transforming the original intensities linearly among
two landmarks into the learned landmarks. Like this,
every sequence can have the similar histogram
across various subjects. After the normalization of
the MRI images, mean value of intensity and
standard deviation are calculated. These are
calculated over all the training patches which are
taken for each image sequence. Then, to have mean
to be zero and variance to be unit, the patches on
each image sequence are normalized.
2) Convolutional Neural Network
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The convolutional layers are applied to convolve
an image (or signal) with kernels to result into the
feature maps. Thus, the previous layer is connected
though the kernel weights to an element in the feature
map. During the training phase, the kernels' weights
are adjusted to improve the input characteristics by
using backpropagation method. Since all the units of
the similar feature maps share the kernels, the
convolutional layers will be having lesser weights for
training than the FC layers which are dense, and thus
making CNN less susceptible to overfitting and easy
to train. The similar feature can be observed
irrespective of the location, making it translation
invariance, as over all the image, the similar kernel is
convolved. The information of the neighborhood is
extracted
-linear
activation function is implemented.
Architecture of CNN: This architecture aims at a
segmentation method which is reliable. But, the brain
tumors show a great variability in the intra-tumoral
structures, thus making the problem of segmentation
very challenging [9]. CNN is designed here to solve
this complex problem and making the transformation
of intensity normalization, tuned for each grade of
tumor. The tumor can be classified as Low Grade
Gliomas (LGG) and High Grade Gliomas (HGG) [3].
The HGG's architecture is deeper than LGG's as
going deeper did not give better results. More layers
need to be included with the weights to go deeper,
which may result in the increase of overfitting. This
arises a need for Dropout within the LGG. While
dropout is present in HGG, because the database that
is used for the purpose of assessment, was having
more HGG than cases of LGG. Moreover, the HGG
and LGG have different appearance and patterns. For
segmentation, a precise perception about the location
is needed. Pooling gives affirmative effect so as to
remove the irrelevant details. Although, it can have a
bad effect by removing the relevant details. The
feature maps need to be stuffed just before
convolution. This is done to make the feature maps in
output to have the similar dimensions. LReLU
(Leaky Rectifier Linear Unit) [10] is the activation
function used in all layers carrying weights, having a
single exception of the last layer which uses softmax.
The activation function is given:
f (x) max(0,x) min(0,x)
leakiness parameter. Dropout has been
used only in the fully connecter layers. The main
responsibility of an activation function is
transforming the data, non-linearly.
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Training of CNN: For the CNN to be trained, the loss
function need to be minimized. The loss function is
given as:
c j ,k log(c
j k
H j k, ) (4)
where c is target and c is its probabilistic prediction.
3) Post-Processing
In this step, the clusters which are small are to be
classified as tumor. Then, the Volumetric constrains
are imposed by removing the clusters obtained in the
segmentation by the CNN that are lesser than a preset
threshold.
B. ASCNN
The paper ASCNN [11] presents a method, which is
based on a multiple scale CNN, for the automatic
segmentation of magnetic resonance images of brain
into a number of classes. To acquire accurate
segmentation details and spatial consistency, the
multi-scale approach is used. The proposed method,
unlike the previous work for brain tumor
segmentation using CNN, permits to eliminate the
explicitly defined spatial features. The multiple patch
and kernel sizes are used together in this method. The
method need to learn the multi-scale features which
determine both the intensity and spatial
characteristics. The other approaches of multi-scale
CNNs, as compared using the multiple patch and
kernel sizes, provide the multiple scale features by
using the feature maps as extra input for the fully
connected (FC) layer. This is done directly after the
first convolution layer.
Here, the neonatal images have N being set to 9
with classes of tissue being 8 and background. N is
the number of output classes. Similarly, the ageing
adult images have N being set to 8 with classes of
tissue being 7 and background, and to the young adult
images having N being set to 7 with 6 classes of
tissue and background. Max-pooling is executed only
for the two greatest sizes of patches, after the third
convolution layer.
Moreover, the images of developing neonates can
also be segmented using the same procedure [12].
This can be done at distinct ages. Also, it is
applicable to coronal and axial images. CNN will be
used to classify, each voxel in the image, into the
classes of brain tissue. Image patches provide
(3)
information about each voxel that where the voxel
that is important is in the center. For using the
multiple scale information for every voxel, patch
sizes in multiple number are used. The larger scales
can easily recognize the voxel located in the image.
While detailed information is provided by smaller
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scales i.e. for the local neighborhood of a voxel. For and mean surface distance. These are calculated
every patch size, the kernel sizes that are trained are between the manual and automatic segmentation.
not same. For the bigger patches, the bigger kernel These parameters have been compared on the basis of
sizes are used. A distinct network branch is used for different classes i.e. class is based on grade or
every patch sizes and the layer which is only shared different ages.
is the output layer. For every patch and kernel size,
the weights and biases are optimized specifically. As
V. CONCLUSION
multiple number of convolutional layers are used, the
output images are subsampled after every The methods of Brain Tumor Segmentation using
convolution. The subsampling is done by getting the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in MR Images
responses which are highest, using the maxpooling. has been surveyed. Image segmentation is an
As the patch dimensions gets decremented in each important problem in medical imaging which
layer, the number of kernels that are trained gets involves segmenting organisms and tumors from
incremented. For each and every input patch size, medical data. The methods and their results havebeen
separate fully connected (FC) layers are used, just studied for brain tumor segmentation using CNN.
after convolution layers. Further, these layers are then First Method involves brain tumor segmentation that
connected to a softmax output layer for performing tackles
the final classification. Due to their speed in training
CNNs, for every node rectified linear units (ReLU) using the method of intensity normalization which
are used. Drop-out is used on the fully connected shows that it is relevant for good segmentation using
(FC) layers so as to decrease the consequence of MRI images Also, it compares the results of
overfitting on the training data set [13]. parameters for different grades of tumor classes i.e.
high grade tumor or low grade tumor. Second
IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Method shows segmentation results which are
accurate for images obtained at distinct ages and
In BTCNN [7], CNN is used for segmenting the brain using distinct acquisition protocols. It also compared
tumor in MRI images, in which initial stage involves certain parameters for different classes.
intensity normalization of acquisitions from multiple
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 AN AUTOMATED SEGMENTATION OF BRAIN
MR IMAGE THROUGH FUZZY RECURRENT
NEURAL NETWORK
Jalluri Gnana Siva Sai1, P Naga Srinivasu2, Munjila Naga Sindhuri3,
Rohitha Kola4, Sreesailam Deepika5
1 Dept. of CSE, Anil Neerukonda
Institute of Technologies and Sciences,
Visakhapatnam, India
siva.jalluri18@gmail.com, 2 Dept. of CSE, Anil
Neerukonda Institute of Technologies and Sciences,
Visakhapatnam, India
parvathanenins@gmail.com, 3 Dept. of CSE, Anil
Neerukonda Institute of Technologies and Sciences,
Visakhapatnam, India
sindhu.sg1224@gmail.com, 4 Dept. of CSE, Anil
Neerukonda Institute of Technologies and Sciences,
Visakhapatnam, India
rohithakola425@gmail.com, 5 Dept. of CSE, Anil
Neerukonda Institute of Technologies and Sciences,
Visakhapatnam, India
deepikasreesailam@gmail.com

Abstract--The human brain is the major controller of the humanoid system. The
abnormal growth and division of cells in the brain lead to a brain tumor, and the
further growth of brain tumors leads to brain cancer. In the area of human health,
Computer Vision plays a significant role, which reduces the human judgment that
gives accurate results. CT scans, X-Ray, and MRI scans are the common imaging
methods among magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that are the most reliable and
secure. MRI detects every minute objects. Our paper aims to focus on the use of
different techniques for the discovery of brain cancer using brain MRI. In this
study, we performed pre-processing using the adaptive bilateral filter (ABF) for
removal of the noises that are present in an MR image. This was followed by the
binary thresholding and Fuzzy Recurrent Neural Network (FR-Net) segmentation
techniques for reliable detection of the tumor region. Training, testing, and
validation datasets are used. Based on our machine, we will predict whether the
subject has a brain tumor or not. The resultant outcomes will be examined through
various performance examined metrics that include accuracy, sensitivity, and
specificity. It is desired that the proposed work would exhibit a more exceptional
performance over its counterparts.

Keywords: Brain tumor, Magnetic resonance imaging, Adaptive Bilateral Filter,

Fuzzy Recurrent neural network.
 2

1 Introduction

The brain tumor is one all the foremost common and, therefore, the deadliest
brain diseases that have affected and ruined several lives in the world. Cancer is a
disease in the brain in which cancer cells ascends in brain tissues. Conferring to a
new study on cancer, more than one lakh people are diagnosed with brain tumors
every year around the globe. Regardless of stable efforts to overcome the
complications of brain tumors, figures show unpleasing results for tumor patients.
To contest this, scholars are working on computer vision for a better
understanding of the early stages of tumors and how to overcome using advanced
treatment options.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT)

scans of the brain are the two most general tests to check the existence of a tumor
and recognize its position for progressive treatment decisions. These two scans
are still used extensively for their handiness, and the capability to yield
highdefinition images of pathological tissues is more. At present, there are several
other conducts offered for tumors, which include surgery, therapies such as
radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The decision for which treatment relies on
the many factors such as size, kind, and grade of the tumor present in the MR
cancer has reached the other
portions of the body.

Precise sighting of the kind of brain abnormality is enormously needed

for treatment operations with a resolution to diminish diagnostic errors. The
precision is often makeshift utilizing computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems.
The essential plan of computer vision is to produce a reliable output, which is an
associate estimation to assist medical doctors in image understanding and to
lessen image reading time. These advancements increase the steadiness and
correctness of medical diagnosis however, segmenting an MR image of the
tumor and its area itself a very problematic job. The occurrence of tumors in
specific positions within the brain image without distinguishing picture intensities
is an additional issue that makes a computerized detection of brain tumor and
segmentation a problematic job.

The MRI is the most regularly utilized strategy for imaging brain tumors
and the identification of its vicinity. The conventional technique for CT and MR
image classification and detection of tumor cells remains largely supported for the
human reviewing apart from different other methods. MR images are mainly used
because there are non-destructive and non-ionizing. MR imaging offers
highdefinition pictures that are extensively utilized in discovering brain tumors.
MRI has diverse schemes such as flair, T1-weighted, T2-weighted images. There
are many image processing techniques such as pre-processing, segmentation of
images, image improvements, feature extraction, and classifiers.
 3

Sathya et al. (2011) [3], provided a different clustering algorithm such as

Kmeans, Improvised K-means, C-means, and improvised C-means algorithms.
Their paper presented an experimental analysis for massive datasets consisting of
unique photographs. They analyzed the discovered consequences using numerous
parametric tests.

Roy et al. (2012) [18] calculated the tumor affected area for proportioned
analysis. They confirmed its software with numerous statistics groups with
distinctive tumor sizes, intensities, and location. They showed that their algorithm
could robotically hit upon and phase the brain tumor from the given photo. Image
pre-processing consists of fleeting that pictures to the filtering technique to
remove distractors found in given pictures.

Jaskirat Kaur et al. (2012) [6] defined a few clustering procedures for the
segmentation process and executed an assessment on distinctive styles for those
techniques. Kaur represented a scheme to measure selected clustering techniques
based on their steadiness in exceptional tenders. They also defined the diverse
performance metric tests, such as sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.

A. Sivaramakrishnan et al. (2013) [1] projected an efficient and innovative

discovery of the brain tumor vicinity from an image that turned into finished
using the Fuzzy C-approach grouping algorithm and histogram equalization. The
disintegration of images is achieved by the usage of principal factor evaluation is
done to reduce the extent of the wavelet coefficient. The outcomes of the
anticipated FCM clustering algorithm accurately withdrawn tumor area from the
MR images.

K. Sudharani et al. [5] presented a K- nearest neighbour algorithm to the

MR images to identify and confine the hysterically full-fledged part within the
abnormal tissues. The proposed work is a sluggish methodology but produces
exquisite effects. The accuracy relies upon the sample training phase.

L. Marroquin et al. [10] presented the automated 3d segmentation for brain

MRI scans. Using a separate parametric model in preference to a single
multiplicative magnificence will lessen the impact on the intensities of a
grandeur. Brain atlas is hired to find non-rigid conversion to map the usual brain.
This conversion is later cast-off segment the tumor region.

J.T. Kwok et al. [7] delivered wavelet-based photograph fusion to easily

cognizance at the object with all focal lengths as several vision-related processing
tasks can be carried out more effortlessly when wholly substances within the
images are bright. In their work Kwok et al. investigated with different datasets,
and results show that presented work is extra correct as it does not get suffering
from evenness at different activity stages computations.
 4

classification of the tumor, whether it is present or not. Their proposed work

represents the comparative study of strategies used for tumor identification from
MR images, namely the Level set approach and discrete wavelength transforms
(DWT) and K-method segmentation algorithms. After that phase, feature
extraction is done followed SVM classification.

Astina minz et al. [11] implemented an operative automatic classification

approach for brain image that projected the usage of the AdaBoost gadget
mastering algorithm. The proposed system includes three main segments.
Preprocessing has eradicated noises in the datasets and converted images into
grayscale. Median filtering and thresholding segmentation are implemented in the
pre-processed image.

Kumar and Mehta [8] proposed the texture-based technique in this paper. They
highlighted the effects of segmentation if the tumor tissue edges aren't shrill. The
performance of the proposed technology may get unwilling results due to those
edges. The texture evaluation and seeded region approach turned into executed
inside the MATLAB environment.

S. Pereira et al. [17] presented that magnetic resonance prevents physical

segmentation time in the medical areas. So, an automatic and reliable
segmentation technique for identifying abnormal tissues by using Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) had been proposed in the research work. The massive
three-dimensional and underlying roughness amongst brain images makes the
process of segmenting the image a severe issue, so a robust methodology such as
CNN is used.

B. Devkota et al. [4] have proposed that a computer-aided detection (CAD)

approach is used to spot abnormal tissues via Morphological operations. Amongst
all different segmentation approaches existing, the morphological opening and
closing operations are preferred since it takes less processing time with the utmost
efficiency in withdrawing tumor areas with the least faults.

K. Vinotha et al. [23] proposed brain tumor detection and the usage of the
Histogram Equalization (HE) and the Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM)
classification techniques. The brain MR image is pre-processed with histogram
equalization and segmented the apprehensive components from the photo
primarily based on the MRF algorithm for segmentation technique. MRF
approach expanded the tumor segmentation accuracy through which the overall
performance of the proposed approach changed into advanced.
 5

Dalia Mahmoud et al. [9] presented a model using Artificial Neural Networks
for tumor detection in brain images. They implemented a computerized
recognition system for MR imaging the use of Artificial Neural Networks. That
was observed that after the Elman community was used during the recognition
system, the period time and the accuracy level were high, in comparison with
other ANNs systems. This neural community has a sigmoid characteristic which
elevated the extent of accuracy of the tumor segmentation.

M. M. Sufyan et al. [2] has presented a detection using enhanced edge

technique for brain-tumor segmentation that mainly relied on Sobel feature
detection. Their presented work associates the binary thresholding operation with
the Sobel approach and excavates diverse extents using a secure contour process.
After the completion of that process, cancer cells are extracted from the obtained
picture using intensity values.

Kumar and Varuna Shree [22] proposed work for the detection tumor region
using discrete wavelength transforms (DWT). This work consists of three phases,
namely an image enhancement using filtering technique, gray-level co-incidence
matrix (GLCM) feature extraction of tumor in addition to DWT based tumor
location developing segmentation. It is used to improve overall performance and
reduce complexity. The denoised accompanied by the aid of morphological
filtering operations which put off the noises that can be even shaped subsequent
segmentation technique. The PNN classifier is to use for classifying the
abnormality, which is trained by different datasets, and the accuracy is measured
within the detection of tumor region of mind MR images.

T.U Paul and S.K. Bandyopadhyay [20] has presented the brain segmentation
that has automated the use of the Dual Localization technique. In the initial phase,
the skull masks are generated for the brain MR images. The tumor areas are
improvised using the K-manner procedure. In the final step of their proposed
work, they evaluated by its dimensions such as length and breadth.

Vaishali [21] proposed a method that includes step by step procedure starting
with image pre-processing followed by extraction of useful objects and finally
classification of tumor region. Pre-processing is completed to enhance the image
using eliminating the noise via making use of Gaussian filters from the authentic
ones. The next step is feature extraction, in which a magnified image is used to
extract the feature using a symlet wavelet technique. The very last step is the
classification of tumors by the use of a Support vector machine (SVM).
 6

Yuehao Pan et al., [16] has used brain MRI pix for getting useful statistics for
classifying brain tumor. In their proposed method, they used Convolutional
Neural Networks (CNN) algorithms for developing a brain tumor detection
system. The performance of their CNN report is measured primarily based on
sensitivity and specificity parameters, which have stepped forward when in
comparison to the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).

Monica Subashini and Sarat Kumar Sahoo [12] has suggested a technique for
detecting the tumor commencing the brain MR images. They also worked on
different techniques, which include pulse-coupled Neural Network and noise
removal strategies for reinforcing the mind MRI images and backpropagation
network for classifying the brain MRI images from tumor cells. They observed
image enhancement and segmentation of the usage of their proposed technique,
and the backpropagation network helps in the identification of a tumor in a brain
MR image.

A. Sankari and S. Vigneshwari [19] has proposed a Convolutional Neural

Network (CNN) segmentation, which principally based on the brain tumor
classification method. The proposed work used the non-linearity activation feature
that's a leaky rectified linear unit (LReLU). They primarily focused on necessary
capabilities, which include mean and entropy of the image and analyzed that the
CNN algorithm is working higher for representing the complicated and minute
capabilities of brain tumor tissues present in the MR Images.

2 Objective of Paper

A tumor is a mass of tissues that grow on body parts out of control of

regular forces, which regulates the growth. Tumors can, directly and indirectly,
damage all the healthy brain cells. Tumors can be of dissimilar sizes, positions,
and locations. They can also overlap their intensities over healthy tissues. Tumors
may be primary and may not be primary too. The most common primary tumors
related to the brain are Gliomas and Malignant. Identification of brain tumors in
MRI scans during earlier stages are essential in medical diagnosis. So, the core
objective of our project is to develop an automated segmentation of brain MR
image for a tumor detection system that can detect a tumor from magnetic
resonance brain images. In our paper, we proposed a tumor detection system that
presented good accuracy and less computational time when compared to its
contour parts.
 7

The proposed system begins with reading the MRI image from the
dataset, and then image pre-processing is done by using filtering techniques such
as adaptive bilateral for removal of noise pixels present in the original brain tumor
image. After applying filters, the image gets smoothened, and edges cannot be
detected. To overcome this, we use an edge detection technique. So, the brain
MRI image enhancement is done using the Sobel filter. The brain MRI
segmentation is done with the support of Fuzzy Recurrent Neural Networks based
on the concept of the feed-forward framework. After the segmentation stage,
various features are extracted using shape and texture primarily based on the brain
MR image. After feature extraction, brain tumor MRI image classification is done
using Convolutional Neural Network, and classification accuracy is measured.

3 Preprocessing Using Adaptive Bilateral Filter And Image

Enhancement

The Brain MRI image dataset has been downloaded from the Kaggle.
The MRI dataset consists of around 1900 MRI images, including normal, benign,
and malignant. These MRI images are taken as input to the primary step. The
preprocessing is an essential and initial step in improving the quality of the brain
MRI Image. The critical steps in pre-processing are the reduction of impulsive
noises and image resizing. In the initial phase, we convert the brain MRI image
into its corresponding gray-scale image. The removal of unwanted noise is done
using the adaptive bilateral filtering technique to remove the distorted noises that
are present in the brain picture. This improves the diagnosis and also increase the
classification accuracy rate.

Bilateral filtering smooth images while conserving edges utilizing a

nonlinear grouping of neighbouring image pixels. This filtering technique is
simple, local, and concise. It syndicates a grey level grounded on their likeness
and the symmetrical nearness and chooses near vales to farther values in both
range and domain. So, we proposed a new smoothing and sharpening algorithm,
Adaptive Bilateral Filter.

MR image segmentation with the aid of preserving the threshold

information, which is convenient to identify the broken regions extra precisely. It
was a trendy surmise that the objects that are placed in close propinquity might be
sharing similar houses and characteristics. Here for noise removal, the intensity is
taken into consideration as the top characteristic. So, when the pixel is captivated
via the noise, then such pixel will showcase an indigent correlation with the
neighboring pixels in such a case that precise pixel is smoothened by using
thinking about all eight neighboring pixels.
 8

The inceptive threshold value is evaluated and is designated by a variable

Th between two pixels Im and In. The pixel Im is assigned to the respective
segments most effective if the pixel Im is keeping a darkish insensitive than the
evaluated threshold. When the intensity value of I n is brighter than the pixel is
allocated to the adjacent segment, which is calculated by means of the objective
function.

Fig. 1. Represents the architecture diagram of FR-Net

The initial threshold value is approximated by considering the intensities

Px and Py of pixels Im and In by using the following equation.

Th=

Where W is the Laplacian second-order differential equation that spread

pixel over the segments of the MR image by isotropic derivative. The value of W
is derived as

W=
 9

After the completion of the pre-processing, the image will be free from
the noises, but we still need to enhance the image since the obtained image is
smoothened, edges may not be preserved, and the image will be dull. To
overcome all these, we use edge detection called Sobel filtering technique. The
whole thing is done by calculating the gradient of image intensities at each pixel
within the image. It is widely used in image analysis to help locate edges in
images. It combines Gaussian smoothing and differentiation. It will also enhance
the darker areas of the image, slightly increase contrast and as sharp as possible.
4 Fuzzy Recurrent Neural Network (FR-Net) based Image
Segmentation

In this paper, we have proposed a different and robust automated

segmentation mechanism for the segmentation of the brain MR image through
Recurrent Neural Network based on the concept of the feed-forward framework
that works based on the numerous image pyramids, that works almost like a Level
set based deformable Model. In the proposed approach at each phase, the pace of
the curves is being assessed with q quite lesser network features that would
consume minimal training set when compared to that of the conventional
Convolutional neural network-based approach which needs a rigorous training of
the data for better optimal results, and the execution time of the traditional
approach is more when compared to that of the proposed FR-Net approach.

The essences of the Recurrent Neural Network have further improved

through the fuzzifying the resultant outcome that would yield an optimal
segmentation of the MR image when compared to that of the traditional MR
segmentation approaches. The proposed approach could be better understood by
the formulations stated below. Let is assumed that the input image sequences that
are denoted by that are concerning the predetermined time frames and the
resultant prognosticated label sequence is represented through the variable . The
proposed algorithm would work concerning the Fuzzy Membership evaluation
and the RNN through Fully Convolutional Neural networks.

Recurrent Neural Networks is an approach that is being customized to

accept the outcomes of the previous inputs and outputs by storing the patterns in
the network. The fully convolutional sublayer of the over the input image I and
the key features that are assumed as .The U-net structure is being used in the
process of identification of the elements for the automated segmentation of the
MR image. The pixel-wise feature map at every given point is being assumed
through various units, Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory(C-LSTM) that is
being capable of analyzing the composed as following
 10

In the above statements, the symbol * represents convolution and

represents the variable wise multiplication, and the symbol represents the sigmoid
function, and the variables are the list of input where the variable (i) denotes the
input gate, (f) represents the forget gate, (c) signifies memory cell and (o)
represents the output gate, and the variable p designates the convolutional kernel
and b designates the bias at each gate. And the variable represents the input vector
map and designate the output vector space. The output variable concerning the
time stamp that demonstrates both the input at the current moment and the output
at the previous state denoted by and that are being used for the process of
prediction. However, from figure 1, we can better understand that the proposed
approach would be using both the foreground and background information for the
operation of prediction.

5 Experimental Results and Discussion

The proposed approach has been practically implemented through the

real-time dataset that is available in the Brain Web, the images of sizes 256 x 256
and 512 x 512 has been used for practical implementation of the algorithm, And
the proposed algorithm has been assessed through various performance evaluation
metrics that include True Positive, True Negative the former one that designates
how many times does the proposed algorithm is able to correctly recognize the
damaged region as damaged region and the later one designates how many times
does the proposed algorithm correctly identified non-damaged region as
nondamaged region. And the False Positive (FN) and False Negative (FN) the
former one designates how many times does the proposed algorithm fails to
recognize the damaged region correctly, and the later represents how many times
does the proposed algorithm fails to identify the non-tumors region as non-tumors
regions. Basing on values of TP, TN, FP, and FN, the values of Sensitivity and
Specificity of the proposed algorithm.

On experimentation, it was observed that the proposed methodology

seems to be outperformed when compared to that of Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN), Heuristic approach for real-time segmentation (HARIS)
proposed by P Naga Srinivasu et al. [14] and Genetic Algorithm with Teacher
Learner Based Optimization (TLBO) as stated by P Naga Srinivasu et al. [13].
Among all the aforementioned approaches, the proposed Fuzzy Recurrent Neural
 11

Network (FR-Net) based approach seems too much better in terms of quality of
the output and optimized computational time when compared to its counterparts
presented in table 3.

TABLE 1 Represents the performance evaluation of an adaptive bilateral filter for a

256*256 size image

Noise Variance PSNR MSE RMSE IQI

9 33.3 29.0 5.3 0.562

8 35.1 26.2 5.1 0.599

7 36.4 23.1 4.8 0.659

5 38.9 20.4 4.5 0.701

4 40.6 17.0 4.2 0.742

3 41.9 14.8 3.9 0.785

1 44.2 11.9 3.5 0.863

TABLE 2 Represents the performance evaluation of an adaptive bilateral filter for 512*512
size image.

Noise Variance PSNR MSE RMSE IQI

9 35.4 27.1 5.2 0.411

8 37.7 23.4 4.8 0.472

7 40.1 21.2 4.5 0.501

5 45.7 16.9 4.1 0.572

4 48.2 14.1 3.7 0.606

3 49.3 12.2 3.4 0.676

1 50.6 10.5 3.2 0.704

It is observed from the above table 1 and table 2 upon performing the
preprocessing for the noise removal using the proposed filtering technique so the
quality of image has been improved that would be having a substantial influence
on the eminence of the outcome, we have used Adaptive Bilateral filter for
restoring the image by preserving the edge related information, and the outcome
 12

of the proposed approach seems to be more pleasing with better IQI and PSNR
value. Moreover, the proposed noise removal technique also displayed minimal
values for both MSE and RMSE. It is observed on the practical implementation
that the proposed algorithm has exhibited better performance over the smaller
image when compared to the smaller size image. Moreover, the computational
time is considerably high for larger size MR images.

Fig. 2. Represents the performance of Adaptive Bilateral Filter in image de-noising.

TABLE 3 Represents the Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity of the proposed

approach in comparison with its counterparts.
Segment
True True False False Computat
ation Accura Sensitiv Specific
Positive Negativ Positive Negativ ional
Techniq (%) e (%) (%) e (%)
cy (%) ity (%) ity (%)
Time(s)
ues

GA with
71.9 76.4 28.1 23.6 74.2 75.2 73.1 1.7
TLBO

CNN 78.3 82.1 21.7 17.9 80.2 81.4 79.3 2.7

HARIS 83.7 84.5 16.3 15.5 84.1 84.4 83.8 2.6

 13

FR-NET 86.4 89.2 13.6 10.8 87.8 88.8 86.7 2.3

Fig. 3. Represents the performance of proposed Fuzzy RNN

TABLE 4 Represents the precise location and the approximated evaluation of tumor
Tumor Whole Enhanced
Core (TC) Tumor Tumor
(WT) (ET)

T1-Weighted MR Image
9.236 3.468 8.312
of size 256 X 256 (Without
Adaptive Bilateral Filter)
0.981 0.561 0.769

T1-Weighted MR Image
8.436 4.642 7.924
of size 256 X 256 (With
Adaptive Bilateral Filter)
0.689 0.881 0.489
T1-Weighted MR Image
of size 512 X 512 (Without 9.102 4.432 7.282
Adaptive Bilateral Filter)
 14

0.819 0.598 0.533

T1-Weighted MR Image
8.272 5.121 6.963
of size 512 X 512 (With
Adaptive Bilateral Filter)
0.622 0.932 0.416

It is observed in the practical implementation of the proposed approach the

tumor region is being correctly identified, and the proposed method can recognize
the growth of the region of the tumor with almost a negligible difference with the
actual ground facts. It has been observed for both the 256 x 256 and 512 x 512
size MR images, and it seems that the proposed approach has outperformed for a
smaller size image over the larger size one, In table 4, the first column represents
the actual core that is at the center of the tumor and the whole tumor that also
considers the partially effected tissues based in the texture value and the last
column represents the enhances tumor from the previous examination.
 15

Fig. 4. Experimental results of Fuzzy RNN for MR image of size 256 x 256.
 16

Fig. 5. Experimental results of Fuzzy RNN for MR image of size 512 x 512

The above resultant outcomes presented in figure 4 and figure 5 the image
from left to right represents in a step by step process of the proposed algorithm.
The first image represents the original image, which is read from the dataset. The
second image is the denoised image, which is carried out by applying the adaptive
 17

bilateral filter. The third image is the enhanced image obtained after binary
thresholding. The fourth image is an image that is by means of after the Fuzzy
Recurrent Neural Network (FR-Net). The final image represents the tumor
location from the given segmented image.

It is observed from table 3 upon performing various segmentation

techniques that have the ability to recognize the isolated region from the MR
images that are used to analyze the shape and size of the denoised image. We
have used Fuzzy Recurrent Neural Networks for segmentation, and the output of
our proposed work is pleased with better accuracy, sensitivity, and computational
time.

6 Conclusion

We proposed a computerized method for the segmentation and

identification of a brain tumor using the Fuzzy Recurrent Neural Network. The
input MR images are read from the local device using the file path and converted
into grayscale images. These images are pre-processed using an adaptive bilateral
filtering technique for the elimination of noises that are present inside the original
image. The binary thresholding is applied to the denoised image, and Fuzzy
Recurrent Neural Network segmentation is applied, which helps in figuring out
the tumor region in the MR images. The proposed model had obtained an
accuracy of 75% and yields promising results without any errors and much less
computational time.
7 Future Scope

It is observed on extermination that the proposed approach needs a vast

training set for better accurate results; in the field of medical image processing,
the gathering of medical data is a tedious job, and, in few cases, the datasets might
not be available. In all such cases, the proposed algorithm must be robust enough
for accurate recognition of tumor regions from MR Images. The proposed
approach can be further improvised through in cooperating weakly trained
algorithms that can identify the abnormalities with a minimum training data and
also self-learning algorithms would aid in enhancing the accuracy of the
algorithm and reduce the computational time.

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 18

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