AIM

To determine whether vaccination is a necessity in

children.
INTRODUCTION
What is a vaccine?
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides
active acquired immunity to a particular infectious
disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that
resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is
often made from weakened or killed forms of the
microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The
agent stimulates the body's immune system to
recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to
further recognize and destroy any of the
microorganisms associated with that agent that it may
encounter in the future.
 1. What are the types of vaccine?
 Inactivated vaccines
An inactivated vaccine uses a strain of a bacteria or virus that has been
killed with heat or chemicals. This dead version of the virus or bacteria is
then injected into the body.
Inactivated vaccines are the earliest type of vaccine to be produced.
Inactivated vaccines do not offer lifelong immunity and need topping up
over time.

The types of diseases that inactivated vaccines are used for include:
Hepatitis A
Flu
Polio
Rabies
 Viral vector vaccines
Viral vector vaccines modify another virus and
use it as a vector to deliver protection from the
intended virus. Some of the viruses used as vectors
include adenovirus, influenza, measles virus and
vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).
Recent uses of viral vector technology have been in
Ebola virus and COVID-19, and studies into its use for
Zika, flu and HIV are ongoing.
 mRNA vaccines
This technology has been in development for
decades. mRNA vaccines have benefits such as short
manufacturing times and low manufacturing costs.
However, they have to be kept at low temperatures
due to the fragility of the mRNA.
mRNA vaccines work by triggering an immune
response from proteins they synthesize. They induce
both cellular and humoral immunity.
Diseases and its vaccines
BCG -Tuberculosis
Hep B -Hepatitis B
Polio. - Poliovirus
DTP -Diphtheria
DTP -Tetanus
DTP. -Pertussis
Hib -Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)
Pneumococcal -Pneumococcal diseases
Rotavirus - Rotavirus
MMR -Measles
MMR -Mumps
MMR -Rubella
HPV -Human papillomavirus (HPV)
How do vaccines work?
When you get a vaccine, your immune system
responds to the vaccine the same way it would to the
real germ. It:
Recognizes the germ in the vaccine as being foreign.
Responds by making antibodies to the germ in the
vaccine, just as it would for the real germ.
Remembers the germ and how to destroy it. That way,
if you are ever exposed to the disease-causing germ in
the future, your immune system will be able to quickly
destroy it before it has a chance to make you sick. This
is how you get immunity from vaccines.
Side effects of vaccines
Most common side effects are a sign that your
body is starting to build immunity (protection) against
a disease.
The most common side effects after vaccination are
mild. They include:
1) Pain, swelling, or redness where the shot was given
2) Mild fever
3) chills
4) Feeling tired
5) Headache
6) Muscle and joint aches
7) Fainting can also happen after any medical
procedure, including vaccination.
How long do immunisations last?
The protective effect of immunisations is not always
lifelong. Some, like tetanus vaccine, can last up to 10
years depending on your age, after which time a
booster dose may be given. Some immunisations, such
as whooping cough vaccine, give protection for about 5
years after a full course. Influenza immunisation is
needed every year due to frequent changes to the type
of flu virus in the community.
 Vaccines explained

What is a vaccine?

Vaccines differ from other medical drugs in two important ways. The first is that they are
designed to prevent disease, rather than treat it. They do this by priming a person’s immune
system to recognise a specific disease-causing bacteria, virus or other pathogen. This
“memory” can last years, or in some cases for life, which is why vaccination can be so
effective, stopping people from getting sick rather than waiting until disease occurs. The
second is that vaccines by their nature tend to be biological products, rather than chemical
like most drugs. This not only means that the processes involved in making them are usually
more complex and expensive, but also that they tend to be less stable than chemicals and
more vulnerable to temperature changes. Because of this, vaccines normally need to be
refrigerated to keep them within a specific temperature range. The type of vaccine will
determine how low a temperature the vaccine needs to be stored at. Most vaccines need to be
kept refrigerated or frozen, but intranasal vaccines are now being developed that can be
stored at room temperature.