CH 1 – Introduction

A. Background

1) Reinforced concrete
2) Structural systems
3) Concrete frame structure
4) Multi-storey buildings
5) Load conditions and structural system response
6) Vertical loads
7) Lateral loads
8) Load combinations
9) Structural elements
10) Slab
11) Beam
12) Column
13) Staircases & types of stairs
14) Footing
15) Plans and elevation

B. Problem statement
C. The significance of study
D. Scope (methodology in brief)
E. Report outline

CH 2 - Literature review
CH 3 – Methodology
1) Design philosophy
2) design methods
3) Project programs
 CH 4 -Result and discussion
CH 5 - Analysis and modelling by programs
CH 6 – Conclusion and discussion

1. Background
1.1 Reinforced concrete

Concrete is a compound consisting of cement, sand clean and free of impurities,

gravel or crushed rock mixed together with water. And also, admixtures material is
use if it is required.
Concrete is a mixture of raw materials consisting of sand, gravel or crushed rock
and cement with the addition of water to them. When they are mixed well, a
process of cohesion takes place between them, which is called the setting time.
Concrete has many properties that distinguish it from other materials. It has high
resistant to compression stress. But at the same time, it is very weak to tensile
stress.so plain concrete (unreinforced concrete) is never used in places where
tensile stresses occur (such as beams).
To overcome this problem, steel bars is placed, which is an excellent resistance to
tensile forces and compressive forces. While long steel reinforcement bars can
carry large part of tensile forces. Concrete does not bear all compressive forces if
its sections are thin, and buckling occurs as a result of this.

Therefore, we find that a mixture of concrete and steel reinforcement bar is a

perfect material to resist the various stresses affecting it. This compound is known
as Reinforced concrete. There are different types of concrete according to the
material mixed with it. such as following:
Ordinary concrete or plain concrete: it is usually used to fill the voids and to
stabilize the soil under or around steel reinforced structures.
Reinforced concrete: It is called reinforced concrete because it is poured with steel
bars that have special shapes determined by engineers specialized in designing to
make the body cast from this concrete with steel bars more powerful and able to
bear heavy weights such as (bridges, ceilings, tall buildings...).
White concrete: It consists of blending white cement with sand and gravel mortar.
Brick-breaking concrete: it is a compound define as a building impurity formed by
mixing broken bricks with sand and cement mortar. It is used for filling the
corridors of homes or for burial.
There are also other types of reinforced concrete that have special characteristics
and uses, such as:
1. Underwater reinforced concrete.
2. Fire-resistant reinforced concrete.
3. Reinforced concrete resistant to atomic radiation.
4. Reinforced concrete dams.
5. Reinforced concrete against bombs.
6. Earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete.
7. Coloured reinforced concrete.

The different methods of preparing reinforced concrete products give it other

names such as:
1. In-Situ concrete (the casted body is not moved after casting).

2. Pre-Cast concrete products (bodies are poured into special factories and
hardened there, then transported to the desired location to be installed by
joints).

3. Pre-stressed concrete (pour and tightened with very strong wires - these wires
are cut after the concrete has hardened, so that the concrete is able to carry very
large loads such as very long bridges.
1.2 Structural systems
The structural system defined as the sequence of distribution and transmission of
the loads and weights of the building with all its components up to the foundation
level. Types of structural systems:
1. load bearing wall system
2. Skeleton structural system and Reinforced concrete structure
3. Frames and truss Skelton
4. Space structure system
5. Shells system
6. Precast concrete system

The both structural systems (load bearing wall system and Skeleton structural
system and Reinforced concrete structure) will be considered briefly us
illustrating below.

1.2.1 Load bearing wall system

The load-bearing wall structural system is one of the oldest building systems. The
load-bearing wall systems were widely used before the use of reinforced concrete.
This system has been developed to become as follows:
▪ strip footings
▪ load-bearing walls using stone, concrete…etc.
▪ Dead and live loads are transported from the slabs to the walls, which in turn
transfer them in addition to their own weight to the walls below them, and so on
until the loads reach the continuous foundation under the walls, which distributes
the loads on the layer of soil suitable for foundation. These walls may be of
brick, stone or concrete.
 1.2.2 Skeleton structural system
This system was also known as the (beam-column system). The structural
system is considered the most widespread system in the world. the concrete
structure in the building is the one that carries the Dead and live loads with
a chain that transfers loads from the roof (slab) and end with the foundation
and then to the underlying soil.
reinforced concrete skeleton is a common type. The formworks are designed
from wood or hard plastic. The reinforcement is placed according to the
potential behaviour of the building. The slabs support by the beams and the
beams support on the columns .as the dead and live loads in each floor
transferee to the beam, then to the columns, and from there to the beneath
floor columns and then transferee the loads to the foundation and the
foundation distributes the loads to the soil.
 1.3 Concrete frame structures

The structural system of the multi-story building project is (beam-column

system). The structural system include (slabs, beams, columns and
foundations elements). In this type of construction, the load is transmitted
from the slabs to the beams, then to the columns, after that to the foundations
and finally support by the soil. Cast in situ concrete material is used in the
project.

walls in this type of facility are used as partitions or dividers between rooms to
each other, as well as used to protect residents from external influences and
weather factors (heat, humidity, noise, light, and so on).
 1.4 Multi-storey buildings

The tradition of construction Multi-storey buildings is in fact equal to the length of

the history of human civilization itself. Already in the days of the Sumerians,
people knew how to build buildings one floor high. And higher floors.
Multi-storey apartment buildings are very diverse in their design. For the main area
of urban housing development are multi-storey buildings. The Projects of Multi-
storey buildings embody the appearance and style of the era, bearing its mark, so
that we can easily see any city where typical projects of multi-storey buildings
were used characteristic of a certain period of development, and where individual
or redesigned architectural solutions were used.

The project is consisted of 4- symmetric stories in this sequence (ground floor, first
floor, second floor, third floor). Each floor contains six symmetric flats. And each
one of flat consist from (living room and kitchen, two-bedroom, WC and bathroom
and two balcony one for the living room and the other for one of the bedrooms).

1.5 Load conditions and structural system response

The types of loads acting on building structures and other structures can be broadly
categorized as vertical loads, horizontal loads. Where vertical loads consist of dead
load, live load and impact load. Horizontal loads also consist of wind load and
earthquake load. There are Two main factors safety and economy. As if the loads
are increased then that causes costly structure construction.
If cost savings are considered and loads are less than minimum then safety is at
risk. So, it is an accurate estimate of the different loads you are working on.
Whereas, (ACI 318-14) and the American Standard Code (ASCE 7:) specify the
minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.

In analysis and deign of this project we take vertical load which include (dead load
and live load) in to consideration. the analysis and design do not include horizonal
loads (wind load, earthquake load). The dead load includes self-weight of
structural element and partition weight. The live load for project is residential live
load taken from the minimum live load table.

1.6 Vertical loads

Vertical loads defined as the load that act on the structure in vertical direction.
vertical loads include the following loads:

1) Dead loads (self-weight of the body)

2) Live loads

▪ Floor live load

▪ Roof live load
▪ Snow load
▪ Rain load

1.6.1 Dead loads

It is the first vertical load that is considered a dead load. As dead loads are
permanent or fixed loads that are transferred to the structure throughout its
life span. The dead load is mainly due to the self-weight of structural
members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipment and the
weight of various materials. It consists mainly of the weight of the roofs,
beams, walls, columns, etc., which are otherwise considered permanent
parts of the building.

1.6.2 Live loads

The second vertical load considered in the design of the structure is the imposed
loads or the live loads such as (floor, roof, snow and rain live loads).
Where live loads are either moving or moving loads without any acceleration or
impact. These loads are also assumed to be due to the intended use or occupancy of
the building including the weights of movable partitions, furniture, etc. Live loads
keep changing from time to time. These loads must be determined the designer.

The code gives a uniformly distributed load as well as concentrated loads. The
slabs shall be designed to bear either uniformly distributed loads or concentrated
loads. Since it is unlikely that all floors at one time will not carry the maximum
load simultaneously, the code permits some reduction in the loads imposed in the
design of columns, load-bearing walls, pier supports and foundations. However, in
multi-storey buildings, it is extremely rare for fully imposed loads acting
simultaneously on all floors.

1.7 Lateral load

The main loads in horizontal direction that effect on the structure as mentions
below:
 ▪ Wind load
▪ Seismic load
▪ Flood load
▪ Soil load

1.7.1 Wind load

It is basically a horizontal load caused by the movement of air relative to the
ground. Wind load must be taken into account in the structural design, especially
when the roof level of the building exceeds twice the transverse dimensions of the
exposed wind surface.
For low-rise buildings, say up to four to five stories, the wind load is not critical
because the moment of resistance provided by the continuity of the floor system to
connect the column and the walls available between the columns are sufficient to
absorb the effect of these forces.

1.7.2 Seismic load

Seismic forces form vertical and horizontal forces on the building. The
total vibration caused by the earthquake can be resolved in three
mutually perpendicular directions, usually taken in one vertical direction
and two horizontal directions.
Movement in the vertical direction also does not cause forces in the
superstructure to a great extent. But the horizontal movement of the
building at the time of the earthquake must be taken into account during
the design.

Whereas, the response of the structure to ground vibration is a function

of the nature of the foundation soil, the size and method of construction,
and the duration and intensity of the ground movement.
The code also gives details of such calculations for soil-based structures
that will not stabilize or slip appreciably due to an earthquake. The
seismic acceleration of the design can be obtained from the seismic
modulus, which is defined as the ratio of acceleration due to earthquake
and acceleration due to gravity.
For monolithic reinforced concrete structures located in seismic zone 2,
3 without more than 5 storeys high and an importance factor of less than
1, the seismic forces are not critical.

1.7.3 Flood load

it’s important to understand potential damage to buildings caused by dynamic
loads during floods is still missing. Evaluating the vulnerability of buildings lying
in flood-prone areas is an essential component of the assessment of flood-induced
risk, particularly because of the severe consequences that damage and collapse of
building may have on loss of life during most extreme events.

1.7.4 Soil load

The foundations transmit the load to the soil layer which undergoes a vertical
settlement depending on the loads from the structure and characteristics of the soil
layer Which causes additional forces in structure. However, this effect is normally
neglected in the structural analysis due to its complicated analysis. An attempt is
made to analyses the structure considering the foundation soil settlement. The
structure is analysed for various parameters of height of the building defined as
number of stories of a structure.
 1.8 Load combination
Load combination is defined as the all loads that the construction is
subjected for. And that mean combined load or total factored load will
include (dead load, live load, wind load, earthquake load …etc).

There are a number of combinations of load based on ACI-318-14

specification. And the structural designer is analysis and design the
structure based on the worst combination load that mean the largest
combination load.

In this multi-story building project, we have only dead load and live load
subjected to the structure. so, we will use combination two (Wu = 1.2D
+ 1.6L) to analysis and design the structure.

1) Wu = 1.4 D
2) Wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L+ 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
3) Wu = 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0 L or 0.5W)
4) Wu = 1.2D+1.0W+L+0.5(Lr or S or R)
5) Wu = 1.2D+1.0E+L+0.2S
6) Wu = 0.9D+1.0W
7) Wu = 0.9D+1.0E

D: dead load S: snow load R: rain load

L: live load Lr: roof live load W: wind load
E: earthquake load
 1.9 Structural element
Structure in construction is the assembly of elements together to give structural
support and form. Structure materials are usually reinforced concrete, plain
concrete, wood, or structural steel.
In this project we us reinforced concrete as construction material. there are two
type of element the first one is structural elements which include all elements that
carrying loads and through it transferee these loads to supporting soil such as
(slabs, beam, column, footing… Etc).
The second type are elements that not carrying any loads of structure to transferee
it to the supporting sol these elements called non-structural elements, such as
(partition wall, tile, finishing…Etc).

1.10 Slabs
Slabs are created to provide flat, usually horizontal surfaces in building floors,
roofs, bridges, and other types of structures. The slab may be loaded onto walls, by
reinforced concrete beams poured monolithically with the slab, or by structural
steel beams, by columns, or directly by the ground. slabs are classified into many
types depending on the purpose and the place where it uses.

Types of concrete slabs:

▪ Flat slab
▪ Solid slab
▪ One way slab
▪ Two-way slab
▪ Flat plate
▪ One-way ribbed slab
▪ Two-way ribbed slab (waffle slab)
▪ Voided slab

The type of slab in the project is two-way slab. We will take in to consideration the
four types of slabs which is (flat slab, solid slab, one -way slab and two-way slab).

1.10.1 Flat slab

A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab that is mounted directly on concrete
column or drop panels or column capital. Flat slab does not have beams, so it is
also called flat slab. They are installed on the columns themselves. Loads are
transferred directly to the columns. In this type of construction. a roof is obtained
without droops(beam). which gives an attractive appearance from an architectural
point of view.
1.10.2 Solid slab
A slab that is supported or loaded on beams which it supported on columns is
called a solid slab. In this type, the thickness of the slab is small while the depth of
the beams is large and the load is transferred to the beams and then to the columns.
It requires more formwork when compared to flat slab. In the traditional type of
slabs there is no need to check the punching shear of columns.

1.10.3 one-way slab

One way slab defines as the direction of distributing loads to the support in one
direction. When the slab has rectangle shape and supported by four side the ratio of
longer side of slab to shorter side of the slab is greater than 2 then it is defined as
one way slab. in one way slab the defection occur in the direction of load
transferee.
 1.10.4 two-way slab
When the load is transferee in both direction to the support and deflection occur in
both side of the slab this is called two-way slab. square slab that has supported by
four side is two-way slab. and rectangle slab which has supported by four side and
the longer side is equal or smaller than twice the short side is define as two-way
slab. here in two ways slab the load distribute in both direction to the beams .and
deflection occur in both side of load transferee direction.
 1.11 Beam
There are different types of beams used in building construction according to their
function and nature of work. The beam is a horizontal structural element that runs
horizontally to bear the vertical load which is result from the building frame.
The beams take the load and distribute it on the ends and transfer it to the columns,
walls or supports on both sides of the beam. It carries the loads which is applied
only perpendicular to its axis. There are different types of beams used in building
construction based on the design and requirements as listed below:

▪ based on material type

▪ Based on loads and support
▪ On the basis of cross section shape
▪ On the basis of equilibrium conditions
▪ based on engineering
▪ On the basis of construction methods
We will discuss three requirements of beams as illustrate below.
1.11.1 based on material type
1. wooden beams
Wooden beams are generally used in the construction of wooden roof truss. They
are used in conjunction with the columns that support the beam in a timber frame
structure. The wooden beam extends horizontally between two columns on either
side of the wooden truss. It is also used to support floor slabs in old homes made of
wooden materials. Wood is a strong and durable building material if proper
handling and care are taken.

2. steel beams
Steel beams are manufactured from cast molten steel and rolled into a variety of
shapes. Steel beams are strong, durable and high strength material compared to
other building materials. Steel beams are used in various types of construction such
as building, workshop, steel roof truss, bridge, factory…Etc.

3. Reinforced concrete beams

Reinforced concrete beams are an important structural element of the building and
are designed to withstand the vertical loads caused by the weight of the roofs.
Because of their load, bending torques, shear forces and in some cases, torsion
occur across their length.
We also know that concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tensile
strength. Therefore, to counteract these shortcomings, steel reinforcement is used
to withstand tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams.

1.11.2 Based on loads and support

1.simply support beam:
it is one of the important and common types of beams. As its name suggests, it is
supported on both ends, at one end it is pinned and the other is either pinned or a
roller is used.
This beam is usually designed under bending, shearing and sometimes only
transition torques when a roller end is used.

2. Fixed support Beams:

These are the types of beams in which both ends are fixed and the rotational
motion is restricted. Also, the type of beam that is not free to rotate at the ends is a
fixed beam. Remember that the design determines the end of the beams, fixed or
pinned. In any case, the appropriate section and reinforcement must be provided
for each case

3. simple beam with cantilever on one side:

A hanging beam is similar to a simple support beam, but has a continuous or
extended end beyond the support to some free distance. In general, each end of the
beam is supported by columns. In the case of hanging beams, one end of the beam
is supported by a post and the other end is suspended without support Cantilevered
beams are generally used to make balconies.
4. simple with cantilever on both sides:
As its name suggests, it is a double dangling part on both ends of the beam. In
short, these types of beams will have an overhang at both ends.

5. continuous beams:
A beam that has more than two supports or columns is called a continuous beam.
These types of beams have more than one span. Continuous beams are most
commonly used in bridge construction.

6. cantilever beams
Cantilever beams can be defined as a beam fixed at one end and free at the other.
In other words, the beam is fixed at one end and the other end extends further to
hang freely in the air. The free end of the cantilever beams has the ability to move
when a load is applied but no rotation will occur on the fixed end. Mostly used in
parking lots, bridge construction, towers, etc.

C. Types of beams based on the shape of the cross section

1. Rectangular beam
Rectangular beams are those that have a rectangular cross section. These types of
beams are generally subjected to tension at the bottom and compression at the top.
Therefore, more reinforcement is provided in the lower part compared to the upper
part of the beam.

2. I beams
I - Beam simply means that the beam is shaped similar to the letter "I". which
means a web that has a flange at the top and bottom. These beams may be made of
steel, concrete or fiberglass. I Beam is generally used in the construction of
manufacturing plants, multi-storey buildings…Etc.

3. T. beams
A beam that has a transverse "T" shape is called a T-Beam. These beams are cast
monolithically with the slab. the slab acts as one part with the beam and bends in
the longitudinal direction of the beam. The part of the slab in the T-beam is called
the flange. The part of the beam below the flange is called the web. T-beams allow
us to choose larger beams compared to rectangular beam.

4. C. beams
It is a beam that has a channel cross section shape.

5. L. section beams
The beams that are provided in the corner or around the perimeter of the slab are
called L-Beam.
 1.12 Column
A column is a compressed element, in other words, it is an important element in all
concrete structures and is used to safely transfer loads from the upper parts of the
structure to the foundation.
Columns, struts are mainly used as compressive elements in buildings and bridges,
and as support systems for tanks, factories, and many similar structures.
The column is defined as a vertical stressing element, subjected mainly to effective
length and axial loads exceedingly at least three times the lateral dimension of the
column.
A compressed element whose effective length is less than three times its lateral
dimension is called a pedestal. As for the compressed element, whether it is
inclined or horizontal, and subjected to axial loads, it is called the “Struts”, and it is
used in the trusses. Columns are classified base on the below criteria:

▪ Cross-sectional shapes.
▪ building material.
▪ types of loads.
▪ Slenderness ratio.
▪ Types of transverse reinforcement used.

1.12.1 cross sectional shape

1. square column
2.rectangle column
3.circle column
4.hexagonal column
5. other

`1.12.2 building material

1. reinforced concrete
2. timber column
3. steel column
4. composite column made from two different material.
1.12.3 types of loads
1. compression loaded column
2. axle loaded column
3. biaxal loaded column

1.12.4 Slenderness ratio

1. short column: if the effective length is less than the smallest dimension of the
column cross section then it is called short column. short column fails by crushing.
or when the slenderness ratio less than 30 it is called short column.
2. long column: when the effective length is greater than the smallest dimension of
the column cross section then it is called long column. short column fails by
buckling. or when the slenderness ratio between 160 and 200 it is called long
column.
3. intermediate column: when the slenderness ratio is between 30 and 160 it is
called intermediate column. It is failed by crushing and/or by buckling.
 1.15 Stair case and type of stair
Stair is defined as movement facility from one floor to another. Stair is consisted of
steps and landing which is given for comfort and safety for user. Stair case classify
based on material and shape into types below.
A. Based on material
1.Brick/stone stair case
2.timber stair case
3. RC stair case
4. steel stair case
B. Based on shapes
1. Straight flight stair (a).
2. Quarter turn stair (c).
3. Half turn stair (d).
4. Branching stair (e).
5. Open well with quarter turn landing stair (g).
6. Open well with half turn landing stair (f).

7. Geometrical stair
Stair is consisted of the following parts:
1. Riser
2. Going or tread
3. light
4. Landing
5. Waist
6. Winder
7. Soffit
8. Nosing
9. Headroom

1.16 Footing
Footing or foundation is structural element that take the loads from superstructure
(slab, beam, column, stair case, other dead load, live load…Etc) and distribute it to
the supporting soil. There are different type of foundation and each of them are
used based on the type of soil and the type of structure. Mainly foundation divide
to two type which are (shallow foundation and deep foundation). The type of
footing which is used in the project is mat foundation.

A. Shallow foundation: define as the foundation which has depth equal or

smaller than the width. Shallow foundations are used when the soil has sufficient
strength within a small depth below ground level. Shallow foundations need
enough space to transfer heavy loads to the foundation soil.
shallow foundations are chosen when the soil has sufficient load-bearing capacity
without significant subsidence and collapse. Bases in shallow foundations may be
brick, plain concrete or reinforced concrete. The depth of shallow foundations is
generally less than width.

Shallow foundation types

1. Single footing
2. Combined footing
3. Continuous wall footing
4. Strap footing
5. Mat or raft foundation

B. Deep foundation: If the depth of the foundation is greater than its width, the
foundation that is being used is known as the deep foundation. Deep foundations
compared to shallow foundations distribute the load of the structure vertically, not
horizontally.
Deep foundations are provided when the expected loads from the superstructure
cannot be handled using shallow foundations or the soil suitable for foundation lies
far from the surface. These foundations transfer the total weight of the building to
the deep, solid soil layer and penetrate the weak soil layers.

Deep foundation types

1. Caisson foundation
2. Pile foundation
3. Cylinder foundation
4. Hollow box foundation (bouncy raft)
5. Shaft foundation

2. Problem statement
The project is analysis and design of multi-story building. The function of the
project building is residential building. The structural system is beam-column
system is used instead of real shear wall structural system that has been used in the
project.
The construction is consisted of four story (ground plus three floor). Each story
contains six flats, we have 4-stair case to move from one floor to anther and there
is an elevator facility to easy and comfort motion between the floors.

Type of material used for construction the building is reinforced concrete material.
The strength of the concrete is 24 Mpa (fc`=24Mpa) and tensile strength of
material is 420Mpa (Fy = 420Mpa). Height of each floor is 3.20 m which mean the
height from one floor to anther is 3.20 m. Mat foundation footing type with
thickness equal to () is used for supporting the building.

3.The Significance of the study

the aim of the project is analysis and design of four-story building. And this is
included design of structural elements (slab, beams, column, mat foundation. Etc)
by two different methods of structural design.
This project will show he difference between two different methods of design of
structural elements Which is () and (). After the completion of the project the
students that will analysis and design of multi-story construction building will
benefit from this project by knowing how design of structural elements and the
civil engineering students for the next years when review the project will take
benefit from vary of design methods that be used in the project.

4.The objective of the study

The purpose of our project was analysis and design slab, beams, column, mat
footing and stair case which all were jointed together as single unit mass. and
forming structural system that had support our residential building construction,
The building was consisted of 4-story. each story conation 6 flats.
 5.scope
the project is about analysis and design of 4-story residential building construction.
the building is used for dwelling and each floor consist of six flats. The duration of
the analysis and design of the building and preparing the research is 8 months.
the analysis and design of structural elements such as slab, beams, column, mat
foundation, stair case will be taken into consideration of the study. The study
location of the project is in the office.

6.Report outline
The project report outline is consisting of following items:
1. Literature review

2. Methodology

3. Result and discussion

3.1 Design of slabs
3.2 Design of beams
3.3 Design of columns
3.4 Design of stair case
3.5 Design of mat foundation

4. Conclusion and recommendation

1.17 Plan and elevation