Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

B COURSE OUTCOME (CO) CHAPTER
1. Fluid Properties (CO1)

TOPIC
CO1 1
A Describe fluid properties and the
1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics: definition of fluids, application, dimension and units
1.2 Fluid Properties: Pressure, compressibility, density, specific weight, specific gravity,
A fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
concept
surface tension, dynamic viscosity, kinematics, viscosity
2 2. Fluid Statics (CO2)

2.1 Absolute Pressure and Gauge Pressure
2 CO2 2.2 Relationship between Pressure and Elevation
2.3 Pressure Measurement: Barometer and Manometer (Computation of Pressure Using
Analyze fluid mechanics system
7 and pressure measurement
Simple Manometer, U-Tube Manometer & Incline Manometer)
2.4 Hydrostatic force on Horizontal Flat Surfaces, Rectangular Wall
devices.
1
(vertical and inclined wall)
2.5 Determination the Centre of Pressure on the Surfaces
2.6 Hydrostatic force on Submerged Plane Area and Submerged Curved Surface
3 2.6 Buoyancy and Stability
3. Fluid Kinematics (CO3)

3
CO3 3.1 Introduction to Fluid Flow Rate
F Apply and analyze fluid 3.2 The Continuity Equation on Control Volume
3.3 The Bernoulli’s Equation
mechanics theories such as
3.4 Bernoulli’s Equation and Flow Measurements: Pitot Tube, Venturi Meter Pipe Orifices
L Bernoulli’s Theorem, Continuity
Equation, Darcy-Weisbach
and Orifices
U Equation and Reynold’s Number

in Fluid Mechanics system
4 4. Momentum Equation and its Applications (CO3)
4.1 Derivation of Momentum Equation
I
4.2 The Force of Impacts on: Flat Plate, Inclined Plane and Curved Vane
5. Analysis of Flow Pipelines (CO4)

5
D 5.1 Flow Classifications: Turbulent, Laminar, Transition
5.2 Introduction to Energy Loss in Pipe Flows
5.3 Energy Loss in Laminar Flows and Application of Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
5.4 Energy Loss in Turbulent Flows and Application of Darcy-Weisbach Equation
M
5.5 Various Equations for Friction Factor and Reynold's Number for Laminar and Turbulent
Flows. The use of Moody Chart to Obtain the Relationship between Friction Factor,
Reynold's Number and Relative Roughness.
E Design of Pipeline Diameter and Flow rate
C CO4 6 6 Steady Flow in Pipeline System (CO4)

6.1 Minor Losses Due to Disruptions in Normal Flow (e.g.: sudden enlargement and
H Analyze the pipeline systems as constriction of diameters, pipe inlet and outlet, bends and connections)
related to civil engineering and its 6.2 Derivation of Hydraulic Grade Line and Total Energy Line
6.3 Use of Total Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line for Flows to the Atmosphere,
A application for water distribution
through a Pipeline connecting two reservoirs
6.4 Flow through a Pipeline: pipeline in Series and Parallel
N 7 7. Water Distribution in Pipelines (CO4)
I
7.1 Hardy Cross (Loop) Method using Darcy Weisbach and Hazen William
7.2 Node (Branching Pipes) Method using Darcy Weisbach and Hazen William
7.3 Software application (Epanet)
2 CHAPTER 2 : FLUID STATICS (CO2)
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

3 LEARNING OUTCOME
▪ Differentiate the relationship among atmospheric

pressure, gage pressure and absolute pressure
▪ Conversion of pressure to pressure head and vice
versa
▪ Determine the measurement of pressure

4 Introduction
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
pressure, P = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
Unit : N /m2 = Pa (SI unit)
1 bar = 105 Pa = 100kN/m2 = 1.325 kN/m2 (at sea level)
1 atm = 1.325 kN/m2 (at 20° C)

5 2.1 Absolute Pressure & Gauge Pressure

6
Absolute pressure Pabs
▪ The actual pressure at a given position.
▪ Measured with respect to vacuum (absolute zero)
Gage pressure Pg:

▪ The difference between the absolute pressure and the local
atmospheric pressure.
▪ Measured with respect to atmospheric pressure.
▪ Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in
the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure.
Vacuum pressures Pvac:

▪ Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
▪ normally measured in terms of head of mercury such as mm of
Hg or cm of Hg.

7

8

9 2.2 Relationship between Pressure &
Elevation

10 Pascal’s law of Fluid Pressure
• when the fluid is at rest, pressure is same in all direction.
• The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount.
Prove B
PzSinq
Px = Py = Pz q ds
Pz
dy
q
PzCosq
Px
Thickness
A C
dx
Py

11 Pressure at a Point

12 Hydrostatic Law
the rate of increase in pressure in a fluid in vertically
downward direction is equal to the specific weight of
the fluid.
Prove
h
A B
dh
D C

13

14

15 Variation of Pressure with Depth
The pressure of a fluid at rest increases with depth (as a result of

added weight).

16
When the variation of density

with elevation is known
Free-body diagram of a rectangular

fluid element in equilibrium.

17 Pressure variation of different fluids
In stacked-up fluids layers at rest, the pressure change
across a fluid layer in accordance to their density and
height h.
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌3 𝑔ℎ3

18
In a room filled with a

gas, the variation of
pressure with height is
negligible.

19
Pressure in a liquid at
rest increases linearly
with distance from the
free surface.

20
The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane
in a given fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the
points are interconnected by the same fluid.

21 Variation of Pressure with Depth
▪ The change in pressure in a homogeneous liquid at rest due to
a change in elevation can be calculated from :
∆𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉 = ρ𝒈𝒉
▪ Points on the same horizontal level have the same pressure.
▪ Pressure varies linearly with the change in elevation and

depth.
▪ Decrease in elevation causes increase in pressure; Increase in

elevation causes decrease in pressure.
▪ Equation does not apply to gases because its specific weight

changes with pressure, unless there is a large change in
elevation which produce significant change in pressure.

22 PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
1. READ THE QUESTION AND DO NOT ASSUME.
ENGINEERS ARE EXPECTED TO READ CAREFULLY.
2. WRITE DOWN WHAT IS/ARE GIVEN
3. SKETCH THE DIAGRAM.
4. WRITE DOWN WHAT IS/ ARE NEEDED.
5. THINK CAREFULLY AND LIST YOUR ASSUMPTIONS.
6. BASED ON STEPS 1 TO 5 ABOVE,
WRITE OUT -THE APPROPRIATE EQUATIONS AND THE VALUES
- DATA CORRELATIONS,
- FLUID STATE RELATIONS FOR YOUR PROBLEM
7. SOLVE THE PROBLEM- REASONING, VERIFICATION, AND
DISCUSSION
REPORT YOUR SOLUTION - CLEARLY,
- WITH PROPER UNITS LISTED
- 3 DECIMAL PLACES

23 Example 2.2a
Quote a pressure of 500kN/m2 in terms of
a. height of a column of water of density,= 1000kg/m3
b. Mercury with density, = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3
c. head of a fluid with relative density  = 8.7.
p= gh,
p 500 x 103
h= = = 50.968 m of water
ρg 1000 x 9.81
p 500 x 103
h= = = 3.748 m mercury
ρg 13.6 103 x 9.81
p 500 x 103
h= = = 5.858 m of fluid  = 8.7
ρg 8.7 x 1000 x 9.81

24 2.3 Pressure Measurement:
Barometer and Manometer
(Computation of Pressure Using Simple
Manometer, U-Tube Manometer and
Incline Manometer

25
• A device that measures the atmospheric pressure

• A frequently used pressure unit is the standard
atmosphere, which is defined as the pressure
produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height
at 0°C (Hg = 13,595 kg/m3) under standard
gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).

26

27

28
The length or the cross-sectional area of

the tube has no effect on the height of
the fluid column of a barometer,
provided that the tube diameter is large
enough to avoid surface tension
(capillary) effects.

Example 2.3a*
*example 3-2 Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
30
Example 2.3b*

Solution Example 2.3b*
31
32
• Use to measure the absolute

pressure (Pabs) of atmosphere.
• Liquid will rise in tube
- when we immerse the mouth of
tube in a liquid that is open to the
atmosphere.
Po= Pa = Patm
- When we exhaust air from tube.
• If the tube is long enough and if all Po =ρgy + Pvapor;
the air have been removed, the Patm = ρgy + Pvapor ;
only P on the surface of liquid in the
tube will be its own vapor pressure,
therefore the liquid will achieved it
maximum height.

33
• It measures the difference in P

between the atmosphere and an
evacuated cylinder by means of a
sensitive elastic diaphragm and linkage
system as shown in Figure b.
• It can be express standard sea level
Patm by using this equation, h=P/ρg in
the different way as below:-
14.696 psia (2116.2psfa) or 101.3kPa abs
29.92 inHg or 760mmHg
33.91 ft of water or 10.34m of water

34

35
• It is commonly used to measure small

and moderate pressure differences.
• A manometer contains one or more
fluids such as mercury, water, alcohol,
or oil.
The basic manometer

A simple U-tube manometer, with
high pressure applied to the right
side.
36
Use vertical or inclined liquid columns to measure the pressure
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉
𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆𝟏 𝒈 𝒂 + 𝒉 − 𝝆𝟐 𝒈𝒉 − 𝝆𝟏 𝒈𝒂 = 𝑷𝟐
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = 𝝆𝟐 − 𝝆𝟏 𝒈𝒉

37 Type of Manometer
a. Piezometer Column
▪ Use to measure moderate pressure of
liquids.
▪ Liquid can freely rise without overflowing
since it consists of a sufficiently long tube.
▪ Height of liquid = value of pressure head ;
h= p/
▪ The tube diameter should be at least
0.5in(12mm) in order to reduce capillary
error.

38 b. Piezometer Tube
Pressure at A = pressure due to column of
liquid above A
PA = ρgh1
Pressure at B = pressure due to column of
liquid above B
PB = ρgh2
Applicable if
• liquids are used (i.e. not for gases)
• only when the liquid height is
convenient to measure (not too small or
too large and pressure changes must be
detectable)

39 c. U- Tube Manometer
Pressure in a continuous static
fluid is the same at any
horizontal level, so
pressure at B = pressure at C
𝑷𝑩 = 𝑷𝑪
For the left hand arm:

pressure at B = pressure at A + pressure due to height h1 of fluid being measured
𝑷𝑩 = 𝑷𝑨 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝟏
For the right hand arm:
pressure at C = pressure at D + pressure due to height h2 of manometric fluid
𝑷𝑪 = 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒉𝟐
As we are measuring gauge pressure, we can subtract Patm
𝑷𝑩 = 𝑷𝑪
𝑷𝑨 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒉𝟐 − 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝟏
40 Measurement Of Pressure Difference
Using a "U"- Tube Manometer
If the manometer is arranged as shown, then;
pressure at C = pressure at D
𝑷𝑪 = 𝑷𝑫
𝑷𝑨 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝒂 = 𝑷𝑩 + 𝝆𝒈 𝒉𝒃 − 𝒉 + 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒉
𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒉𝒃 − 𝒉𝒂 + 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒏 − 𝝆 gh
Again, if the fluid whose pressure

difference is being measured is
a gas and ρman>>ρ, then the
terms involving ρ can be
neglected, so
𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒉

41 Example 2.3c
Determine the pressure

difference between points
A and B, for the set up as
shown.

42 Example 2.3d
For the manometer

shown, calculate the
pressure difference
between points M and
N

43 Example 2.3e
A pipe is carrying a fluid of

specific gravity 0.876. A U-
15 cm tube manometer connected
22 cm
P to the pipe shows level of
+ mercury 15 cm above the
centre of the pipe. The
difference in the level of
A A mercury in the two limbs is 22
SG 0.876
cm. Find the pressure of the
fluid in the pipe.

44 Example 2.3f
A simple U-tube is connected P

to a pipe carrying kerosene
(sp.gr. 0.823). The left limb
+
12
shows the level of mercury 12 cm
cm below the centre of the sp.gr 42 cm
pipe and in the right limb 42 0.823
cm below the centre of the A A
pipe. What is the pressure in Hg
the pipe? p = 13600

45 Example 2.3g
1.50
cm
PA = 1.20 PB = 1.75
kgf/cm2 1.60
cm kgf/cm2
A differential manometer is connected at points A and B

of two different pipes as shown. The pipe A contains
acetone (SG = 0.787) and pipe B contains propyl alcohol
(SG = 0.802). The pressure at A and B are 1.2 kgf/cm² and
1.75 kgf/cm² respectively. What will be the difference in
mercury level?
46 Exercise 2.3a
Q3-43 pg115*
The gage pressure of

the air in the tank
shown is measured to
be 65KPa. Determine
the differential height h
of the mercury column
* Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
47 Exercise 2.3b
Q3-52 pg117*
Two water tanks are connected to each other through a

mercury manometer with inclined tubes as shown. If the
pressure difference between the two tanks is 20kPa,
calculate a and θ.
48 Exercise 2.3c
Q3-45 pg115*
49 Exercise 2.3d
Q3-48 pg116*
50
2.4 Hydrostatic force on Horizontal
Flat Surfaces, Rectangular Wall
(vertical and inclined wall)
2.5 Determination the Centre of

Pressure on the Surfaces

51
Hydrostatic
▪ the study of pressure exerted by liquid to a surface at rest.
▪ Direction of pressure is perpendicular/normal to the surface in
contact.
Hydrostatic Law
Rate of increase of pressure in vertical direction is equal to weight
density.
𝑑𝑃
= 𝜌𝑔
𝑑ℎ
න 𝑑𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔 න 𝑑ℎ
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

52
Resultant Force FR
the force due to the total pressure exerted by a fluid at rest onto
a surface.
Centre of Pressure hp
the point of application of the resultant force on the surface.
Total pressure
the force exerted by a liquid on a surface which may be plane or
curved surface.
The submerged surfaces on which pressure is to be determined may

be
1. Vertical plane surface
2. Horizontal plane surface
3. Inclined plane surface and
4. Curved surface

53 Centre of Pressure
The centre of pressure is calculated on the basis of
“Principles of Moments”.
Principles of Moments
The moment of the resultant force about an axis is equal to
the sum of moments of the components about the same
axis.

54 Rectangular Wall

55 Vertical Wall
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑭𝑹 = 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 × 𝑨
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒉/𝟐 = 𝜸 𝒉/𝟐
𝑭𝑹 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒉/𝟐 𝑨 = 𝜸 𝒉/𝟐 𝑨

56 Example 2.4a*
The fluid is gasoline (sg=0.68) and the total depth is 3.7m. The
wall is 12.2m long. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant
force on the wall and the location of the center of pressure.

57 Solution Example 2.4a*
SOLUTION
Step 1: 𝐹𝑅 = 𝛾 ℎ/2 𝐴
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 = 0.680 9.810 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 = 6.671𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝐴 = 3.700 𝑚 12.200𝑚 = 45.140 𝑚2
ℎ 6.671 𝑘𝑁 3.700 𝑚
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔 𝐴= × × 45.140 𝑚2 = 557.089 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑚3 2
Step 2: The centre of pressure is at a distance of
ℎΤ3 = 3.700 𝑚Τ3 = 1.230 𝑚 from the bottom of the wall.

58 Inclined Wall
Two centre of pressure: vertical and inclined distance from the bottom
θ 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠:

h ℎ
L 𝐿=
sin 𝜃

59 Example 2.4b*
The above figure shows a dam 30.5 m long that retains 8 m of fresh
water and is inclined at an angle of 60°. Calculate the magnitude of
the resultant force on the dam and the location of the center of
pressure.

60 Solution Example 2.4b*
SOLUTION
Step 1 To calculate the inclined length L, and contact area of dam A
𝐿 = ℎΤ𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ = 8 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° = 9.238𝑚
𝐴 = 9.238 𝑚 30.5 𝑚 = 281.759 𝑚2
To calculate the resultant force
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔 ℎ/2 𝐴 = 𝛾 ℎ/2 𝐴
9.81 𝑘𝑁 8𝑚
𝐹𝑅 = × × 281. 759𝑚2 = 11.056 𝑀𝑁
𝑚3 2
Step 2: The vertical and inclined centre of pressure from the bottom
ℎΤ3 = 8 𝑚Τ3 = 2.667 𝑚 and 𝐿Τ3 = 9.238 𝑚Τ3 = 3.079 𝑚

61 Centre of Pressure
Shape A C. from base IC
D
C πD2 D πD4
Circle
4 2 64
C πr2 4r
Semi-Circle 0.1102r4
2 3π
r 4r/3π
C H (a+B)H (B+2a) . H 𝑎2 + 𝐵2 + 4𝑎𝐵 𝐻3

Trapezium ∙
2 (B+a) 3 𝑎+𝐵 36
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics
B
62 Centre of Pressure (cont.)
Shape A C. from base IC
B
C B B4
Square B2
B/2 2 12
C H BH3
Rectangle BH
2 12
H/2
BH H BH3
Triangle C 2 3 36
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics H/3
B
63 Submerged Vertical Plane Area
Free surface of liquid
Pressure distribution
h
b
hc hp
dF dh
FR C
profile
p
Resultant pressure FR
Pressure Force on small strip 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑃 × 𝑑𝐴 = γℎ ∙ 𝑏𝑑ℎ = 𝜌𝑔ℎ ∙ 𝑏𝑑ℎ
Total resultant force 𝐹𝑅 = න 𝑑𝐹 = න 𝛾 ℎ ∙ 𝑏𝑑ℎ = න 𝜌𝑔 ℎ ∙ 𝑏𝑑ℎ
𝐹𝑅 = 𝛾 ‫ ׬‬ℎ ∙ 𝑏𝑑ℎ = 𝛾 ‫ ׬‬ℎ ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜸 𝒉𝒄 𝑨 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒉𝒄 𝑨

64 Position of the centre of pressure from free
surface of liquid hp
Moment of Resultant Force from the surface MR = 𝐹𝑅 × ℎ𝑝
𝐹𝑅 × ℎ𝑝 = න 𝑑𝐹 × ℎ = න 𝛾 ℎ ∙ 𝑏𝑑ℎ × ℎ = 𝛾 න 𝑏ℎ2 𝑑ℎ = 𝜌𝑔 න 𝑏ℎ2 𝑑ℎ
Say moment of inertia of the surface of liquid = 𝐼0 = ‫𝑏 ׬‬ℎ2 𝑑ℎ

Free surface of liquid
𝐹 × ℎ𝑝 = 𝛾𝐼0
h b
𝛾𝐴ℎ𝑐 × ℎ𝑝 = 𝛾𝐼0 hc hp
distribution
dF dh
Pressure
FR
profile
𝐼 C
ℎ𝑝 = 𝐴ℎ0
𝑐 p
By parallel axis theorem, 𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐴ℎ𝑐2
𝐼𝑐 + 𝐴ℎ𝑐2 𝑰𝒄
ℎ𝑝 = = 𝒉𝒄 +
𝐴ℎ𝑐 𝑨𝒉𝒄
65 Example 2.4c
A rectangular place surface 4

m x 3 m lies in vertical plane in
2m water. The 3 m side is touching
4m the water surface as shown.
Calculate
1. Total pressure
2. Centre of pressure
3m

66 Example 2.4d
If the shown plane surface is

2.5 m 2.5 m below water surface
4.5 m and vertical, calculate
1. Total pressure
2m 2. Centre of pressure
4m
3m

67 Example 2.4e
Determine the total pressure

and centre of pressure on a
3m circular plate of diameter 2
m vertically below water
such that the centre of the
plate is 3 m below water
+ surface.
2m

68 Submerged Inclined Surface Free surface of liquid
θ
h F hc dF h
R
Lp
p
Lc
dA
p C y
dy
Resultant pressure FR
Pressure Force on small strip 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑃 × 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ. 𝑑𝐴 = γℎ ∙ 𝑑𝐴

Total pressure force on the whole area 𝐹𝑅 = න 𝑑𝐹 = න 𝛾 ℎ ∙ 𝑑𝐴
Depth of small strip from surface ℎ = 𝑦 sin 𝜃

𝐹𝑅 = 𝛾 න 𝑦 sin 𝜃 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 න 𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝐴
𝐹𝑅 = 𝛾𝐴 𝐿𝑐 sin 𝜃 = 𝜸𝒉𝒄 𝑨
69 Position of the centre of pressure
from free surface of liquid hp
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑴𝑹 = 𝑭 𝑹 × 𝑳 𝒑
Pressure force on small strip Moment on small strip

𝒅𝑭 = 𝒑 × 𝒅𝑨 = 𝜸𝒉 ∙ 𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝑴 = 𝒅𝑭 × 𝒚 = 𝜸𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ∙ 𝒅𝑨 ∙ 𝒚
= 𝜸 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ∙ 𝒅𝑨 = 𝜸𝒚𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ∙ 𝒅𝑨
Moment of resultant force, Total moment of force

𝑭𝑹 × 𝑳𝒑 = 𝜸 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ∙ 𝑰𝟎
= න 𝜸𝒚𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ∙ 𝒅𝑨 = 𝜸 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 න 𝒚𝟐 ∙ 𝒅𝑨 = 𝜸 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ∙ 𝑰𝟎
𝜸 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽∙𝑰𝟎
𝑳𝒑 = 𝑭𝑹
𝒉𝒑 𝜸 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽∙𝑰𝟎
= By parallel axis theorem
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝜸𝒉𝒄 𝑨
𝑰𝟎 = 𝑰𝒄 + 𝑨𝑳𝟐𝒄
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 ∙ 𝑰𝟎
𝒉𝒑 = 𝒉𝟐𝒄 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝑰𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒉𝒄 𝑨 𝒉𝒑 = 𝑰𝒄 + = 𝒉𝒄 +
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒉𝒄 𝑨 𝒉𝒄 𝑨
70 2.6 Hydrostatic force on Submerged
Plane Area and Submerged Curved
Surface

71 Submerged Curved Surfaces
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics

72 Submerged Curved Surfaces
System is separated into

two parts: Top (vertical) and
Bottom (curved)

73 Horizontal Component
Horizontal forces
F1, F2a, FH and F2b
Pressure force on the vertical wall top

𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐𝒂 at h/3 from bottom
Pressure force on the curved surface bot𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝐻

= 𝐹2𝑏 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑐 𝐴
𝑭𝑯 = 𝑭𝟐𝒃 = 𝝆𝒈𝒔𝒘 𝒉 + 𝒔/𝟐
Location of the centre pressure 𝐹2𝑏 is 𝐼𝑐

ℎ𝑝 = + ℎ𝑐
ℎ𝑐 𝐴
𝑤𝑠 3
ℎ𝑝 = + ℎ𝑐
12𝑤𝑠ℎ𝑐
𝒔𝟐
𝒉𝒑 = + 𝒉𝒄
𝟏𝟐𝒉𝒄 BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
74 Vertical Component
Vertical forces including weight of liquid acting
downward W and upward force FV.
Pressure force on the vertical component

𝐹𝑉 = 𝛾𝐴ℎ (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙)
𝑭𝑽 = 𝜸𝑽 (𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍)
Resultant Force
The resultant force 𝐹𝑅 is

𝑭𝑹 = 𝑭𝟐𝑯 + 𝑭𝟐𝑽
The resultant force act at an angle ∅ relative

to the horizontal axis
∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑭𝑽 Τ 𝑭𝑯

75 Hydrostatic Pressure on Curved Surface
𝑭𝒙 = න 𝒅𝑭𝒙 = න 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝒅𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ dF

dA
A
𝑭𝒚 = න 𝒅𝑭𝒚 = න 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝒅𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅ dFy
dF q
𝑭𝑹 = 𝑭𝟐𝒙 + 𝑭𝟐𝒚 q
dFx

76 Example 2.6a
D C There is water on a
quardrant of a circle surface
2m AB having radius 3m.
A Calculate the horizontal and
O
vertical force per metre
width (run). Assume width as
3m Fx 1 m.
B

77 Exercise 2.6
Q3-150*
A-3-m high, 6-m—wide rectangular

gate is hinged at the top edge at A
and is restrained by a fixed ridge at
B. Determine the hydrostatic force
exerted on the gate by the 5-m high
water and the location of the
pressure center.
78 2.7 Buoyancy and Stability

79
Buoyancy
A body in a fluid, whether floating or submerged, is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Buoyant force:
The upward force a fluid exerts on a body immersed in it. The
buoyant force is caused by the increase of pressure with depth in
a fluid.
𝑭𝒃=𝜸𝒇𝑽𝒅=𝑾𝒊𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒅𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚
Where: Fb=Buoyant force

γf=Specific weight of the fluid
Vd=Displaced volume of the fluid
W=weight of immersed body

80

81
Example of buoyancy force

▪ A flat plate of uniform thickness h
submerged in a liquid parallel to the free
surface.
▪ The buoyant force acting on the plate is equal to the weight of the
liquid displaced by the plate.
▪ For a fluid with constant density, the buoyant force is independent

of the distance of the body from the free surface. It is also
independent of the density of the solid body.

82 Archimedes’ principle
▪ The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a fluid is equal

to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts
upward through the centroid of the displaced volume.
▪ The buoyant force FB acts upward through the centroid C of the

displaced volume and is equal in magnitude to the weight W of
the displaced fluid, but is opposite in direction.
▪ For a solid of uniform density, its weight Ws also acts through the
centroid, but its magnitude is not necessarily equal to that of the
fluid it displaces. (Here Ws > W and thus Ws > FB; this solid body
would sink.)

83 Stability of Immersed and Floating Body
Stability
For floating bodies such as ships, stability is an important
consideration for safety.
Stability is easily understood by analyzing a ball on the floor

84 Floating Body
A floating body possesses vertical

stability, while an immersed
neutrally buoyant body is neutrally
stable since it does not return to its
original position after a disturbance.
An immersed neutrally buoyant

body is (a) stable if the center of
gravity G is directly below the center
of buoyancy B of the body, (b)
neutrally stable if G and B are
coincident, and (c) unstable if G is
directly above B.

85 Floating Body
When the center of gravity G of an

immersed neutrally buoyant body
is not vertically aligned with the
center of buoyancy B of the body,
it is not in an equilibrium state and
would rotate to its stable state,
even without any disturbance.
A ball in a trough between two

hills is stable for small
disturbances, but unstable for
large disturbances.
86 Metacentre & Metacentric height, GM
Metacentre (M)
The point about which a body starts oscillating when the body
floating in a liquid is tilted by a small angle
Metacentric Height (GM)

The distance between the metacentre(M) of a floating body and
the centre of gravity (G)
Example of normal values for different type of ship

Merchant ship : 0.3m to 1.0m
Sailing ship : 0.45m to 1.50m
Battle ship : 1.0m to 2.0m
River craft : 2.0m to 3.50m

87 Metacentric height, GM
▪ The distance between the center of gravity G and the
metacenter M—the intersection point of the lines of action of
the buoyant force through the body before and after rotation.
▪ The length of the metacentric height GM above G is a measure

of the stability: the larger it is, the more stable is the floating
body.
A floating body is stable if the

body is bottom-heavy and
thus the center of gravity G is
below the centroid B of the
body, or if the metacenter M
is above point G. However,
the body is unstable if point M
is below point G.

Tilted position due to small angular

G and B Fixed
displacement (clockwise)
- Centre of buoyancy moves from B to B1
- No change in total weight of body &
volume immersed
- Volume of AOA1 = Volume of DOD1
AOA1 -ve buoyancy , -FB
DOD1 +ve buoyancy, +FB
Moment of couple due to the shift B to B1
= FB x BB1 = FB x BM x θ
= W x BM x θ (tanθ = sin θ = θ when θ is small (1)
Couple formed due to positive & negative buoyancy
Consider small strip thickness dx at a distance x from O for the

wedge shaped DOD1
Height of strip = x . θ
Area of small strip = thickness . height

A = dx . x . Θ
Volume of stip = area . length of floating body
V= dx . x . Θ L
Weight of strip = w. xθLdx
Moments of couple = weight of strip x distance the two strip weights

= w. xθLdx . 2x
= 2wx2 θLdx
Moments of couple for entire wedge
= ‫𝒙𝒅𝑳𝜽 𝟐𝒙𝒘𝟐 ׬‬ (2)
90 Metacentric height, GM (cont.)
Moment of couple due to the shift B to B1 =Moments of couple for entire wedge
(1) = (2)
Wx BM x θ = ‫ ׬‬2𝑤𝑥 2 𝜃𝐿𝑑𝑥
W x BM = 2w‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝐿𝑑𝑥
Ldx represent the area of small strip at the water surface
Ldx = dA
W x BM = 2w‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴
Moment of inertia of a body at the water surface about y-y axis, I
=2‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴
2‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 = I
W x BM = I
𝑤𝐼
𝐵𝑀 = 𝑊
𝑤𝐼 𝐼
𝐵𝑀 = =
𝑤𝑉 𝑉
𝑰 GM +ve stable equilibrium
𝑮𝑴 = 𝑩𝑴 − 𝑩𝑮 = − 𝑩𝑮 GM –ve unstable equilibrium
𝑽
GM 0 neutral equilibrium
91 Example 2.7a
A wooden block 5m long, 2.4 m wide and 1.5m deep

floats in water. The density of the block is 680kg/m3..
a. Calculate the weight of water displaced.
b. Calculate the depth onto which the wooden block

will be under water
c. If the whole block is under water, what is the minimum

force required to place over the block.
d. Determine the additional weight to be put over the
block so as to make sure the upper surface of the
block coincide with the water surface

92 Example 2.7b
A wooden block in the form of a rectangular prism

floats with its shortest axis vertical. The block is 40 cm
long, 20 cm wide and 15 cm deep with a depth of
immersion of 12 cm. Calculate the position of the
metacenter and comment of the stability of the block.

93 Self –Exercise*
1. 3-2C 1. 3-3C 1. 3-2C

2. 3-5C 2. 3-6C 2. 3-5C
3. 3-9 3. 3-17 3. 3-13
4. 3-43 4. 3-44 4. 3-40
5. 3-60C 5. 3-65C 5. 3-6IC
6. 3-64 6. 3-70 6. 3-66
7. 3.65 7. 3.71 7. 3.67
8. 3-88C 8. 3-96C 8. 3-91C
9. 3-101C 9. 3-105C 9. 3-100C
10. 3-154 10. 3-159 10. 3-151
Note: 3rd edition (SI) Note: 4thedition Note: 4th edition (SI)
*Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, Mc Graw Hill

94 COURSE OUTCOME (CO2)
Analyze fluid mechanics system &
pressure measurement devices.

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

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Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

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B COURSE OUTCOME (CO) CHAPTER

1. Fluid Properties (CO1)

2 2. Fluid Statics (CO2)

3. Fluid Kinematics (CO3)

U Equation and Reynold’s Number

5. Analysis of Flow Pipelines (CO4)

C CO4 6 6 Steady Flow in Pipeline System (CO4)

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

▪ Differentiate the relationship among atmospheric

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area

Unit : N /m2 = Pa (SI unit)

1 bar = 105 Pa = 100kN/m2 = 1.325 kN/m2 (at sea level)

1 atm = 1.325 kN/m2 (at 20° C)

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

Gage pressure Pg:

Vacuum pressures Pvac:

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

The pressure of a fluid at rest increases with depth (as a result of

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

When the variation of density

Free-body diagram of a rectangular

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌3 𝑔ℎ3

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

In a room filled with a

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

▪ Points on the same horizontal level have the same pressure.

▪ Pressure varies linearly with the change in elevation and

▪ Decrease in elevation causes increase in pressure; Increase in

▪ Equation does not apply to gases because its specific weight

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

• A device that measures the atmospheric pressure

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

The length or the cross-sectional area of

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

• Use to measure the absolute

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

• It measures the difference in P

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war

• It is commonly used to measure small

The basic manometer

Use vertical or inclined liquid columns to measure the pressure

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war