Laws of electricity and Magnetism

Ampere’s law
The line integral of ⃗
B around a closed path is equal to μ0 times the net current enclosed by
the closed path. Mathematically
∮ ⃗B . d l⃗ =μ 0 I
Application of Ampere’s law
Magnetic field of a current carrying wire: The line of magnetic induction for a long straight
wire carrying current I are concentric circles centred on the wire. The central dot in fig. 1
represents a current I in the wire. The angle between ⃗B∧d l⃗ is zero because ⃗
B∧d l⃗ are parallel
to each other. Hence
⃗ ⃗
B . d l=Bdl
Applying Ampere’s law we have ⃗
B at point P at a distance r

∮ ⃗B . d l⃗ =μ 0 I
∮ Bdl=μ0 I
B∮ dl=μ0 I Fig. 1.

B ( 2 πr )=μ0 I

μ0 I
∴ B=
2 πr
Solenoid: A solenoid is a long wire wound in a close-packed helix and carrying a current I.
For points near to a single turn, the behaviour of the wire is same as that of a straight wire.
The total field is the vector sum of the fields set up by all the turns. B is parallel to the
solenoid axis at the interior points.

Fig. 2.
The field at external point is zero. For points such as P shown in fig. 2. the field set up by the
upper part of the solenoid turns marked point to the left and tends to cancel the field set up
by the lower part of the solenoid turns mark , which points to the right as shown in fig. 2.
Magnetic field for long solenoid: A solenoid can be represented as shown in fig. 3.
 Laws of electricity and Magnetism

Fig. 3.
Let us apply Ampere’s law

∮ ⃗B . d l⃗ =μ 0 I
to the path abcd as shown in fig. 3.
The total integral for such closed path is the sum of four integrals, one for each path of
rectangle,
b c d a

∮ ⃗ ⃗ ∫⃗
B . d l= B . d ⃗l+∫ ⃗ ⃗ ∫⃗
B . d l+ ⃗ ∫⃗
B . d l+ B . d l⃗
abcd a b c d

B∧d l⃗ are perpendicular to each other. Therefore,

For bc and da, ⃗
c a

∫ ⃗B . d l=0∧
⃗ ∫ ⃗B . d l=0
⃗
b d

B . d l⃗ is zero because ⃗
The path cd is outside the solenoid and ⃗ B is zero outside the solenoid.
d

∫ ⃗B . d l=0
⃗
c

The only contribution to the field is due to the path ab. Thus for entire path,
b

∮ ⃗ ⃗ ∫⃗
B . d l= B . d ⃗l
abcd a
B∧d l⃗ are parallel inside, hence
⃗
b b b

∮ ⃗ ⃗ ∫⃗
B . d l= B . d ⃗l=∫ Bdl=B ∫ dl
abcd a a a

b
Since ∫ dl =h=length ab
a

∴∮ ⃗
B . d l⃗ =Bh
abcd

The net current I that passes through the area bounded by the path of integration is not the
same as the current I 0 in a single turn of the solenoid because path of integration encloses
more than one turn.
Let n is the number of turns per unit length, then
I =I 0 ( nh )
So,
Bh=μ0 I 0 nh

B=μ 0 I 0 n
 Laws of electricity and Magnetism

The relation is obtained for an infinitely long ideal solenoid. The relation does not depend on
the diameter or the length of the solenoid and B is constant over the solenoid cross-section.
If N is the total number of turns and l is the length of the wire of the solenoid, then
N
n=
l

μ0 I 0 N
B=
l
Magnetic field for toroidal coil of circular cross-section:

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.shows a toroid. A toroid may be visualized as a doughnut with wire wound uniformly
around the doughnut. The toroid may be considered as a solenoid that has been bent into a
circle with the ends joined. Since the axis of the resulting bent solenoid is circular, the lines
of ⃗
B are also circular.

Let us apply Ampere’s law to the circular path of integration of radius r.

∮ ⃗B . d l⃗ =μ 0 I
B.2 πr=μ0 I 0 N

Where I 0 is the current in the toroid windings and N are the total number of turns. Therefore

μ0 I 0 N
B=
2 πr
This is the expression for the magnetic field for toroidal coil of circular cross-section.
In contrast to the solenoid, B is not constant over the cross-section of a toroid.
For external (outside) point the field is zero in the case of solenoid. In the case of toroid, the
field is also zero because the toroid is a bent circular solenoid.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
An emf appears in a circuit when the magnetic flux through the circuit changes. Such an emf
is called an induced emf. From this observation Faraday enunciated two important laws.
These are:
 Laws of electricity and Magnetism

First law: Whenever the magnetic flux associated with any closed circuit changes, induced
current flows through the circuit which lasts only so long as the change lasts. An increase in
the magnetic flux produces inverse current, while a decrease of such flux a direct current.
Second law: The magnitude of the induced emf produced in a coil is equal to the negative
rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil.
Mathematically
−d φ B
ϵ=
dt
Where φ B is the magnetic flux through the circuit and is given by

φ B=∫ ⃗
B . d ⃗a=BA
S

The negative sign indicates the direction of the induced emf.

The induced emf in a coil of N turns is given by
d φB
ϵ=−N
dt
−d ( Nφ B )
ϵ=
dt
Lenz’s law
The induced current will appear in such a direction that it opposes the changes that produced
it. The minus sign in Faradays law suggests this opposition.

Mathematical Problems
Problem-1: A solenoid 1.0 meter long and 3.0 cm in mean diameter. It has 5 layers of
winding of 850 turns each and carries a current of 5.0 amps. What is B at its center? What is
magnetic fluxφ B for a cross section of the solenoid at its centre?
Here,
−7
μ0 =4 π ×1 0 Web/amp −m
I 0=5.0 amp
n=( 5 ×850 ) turns/meter
 Laws of electricity and Magnetism

Solution: We know, Strength of the magnetic field

B=μ 0 I 0 n

¿ B=4 π × 10−7 ×5 ×5 ×850

−2 2
∴ B=2.67 ×1 0 Web/m (Ans)
We know, Magnetic flux
φ B=BA
−2 −4
¿ φ B=2.67 × 10 × 7.07 ×1 0
−5
∴ φB =1.88 ×1 0 Weber ( Ans)

Problem-2: A solenoid 1.0 meter long and 2.0 cm in mean diameter. It has 5 layers of
winding of 800 turns each and carries a current of 3.0 amps. What is B at its centre? What is
magnetic fluxφ B for a cross section of the solenoid at its centre?
Solution: We know, Strength of the magnetic field Here,
−7
B=μ 0 I 0 n μ0 =4 π ×1 0 Web/ amp −m

−7
I 0=3.0 amp
¿ B=4 π × 10 ×3 ×5 ×800
n=( 5 ×800 ) turns/meter
∴ B=1.50 ×1 0−2 Web/ m 2( Ans)

( )
−2 2
2 ×1 0
We know, Magnetic flux A=π r 2 =3.1416 ×
2
φ B=BA ¿ 3.14 ×1 0−4 m2
−2
¿ φ B=1.50 ×1 0 ×3.14 ×1 0
−4
B=?
−6
φ B=?
∴ φB =4.71 ×1 0 Weber ( Ans)

Problem-3: A solenoid is 1.25 meter long and 3.50 cm in inner diameter. It has 5 layers of
winding of 850 turns each and carries a current of 5.57 amp. Calculate the strength of the
magnetic field at the center of the solenoid.
Here,
Solution: We know
−7
B=μ I n μ0 =4 π ×1 0 Web/ amp−m
0 0
I 0=5.57 amp
¿ B=4 π × 10−7 ×5.57 ×5 ×850
n=( 5 ×850 ) turns/meter
∴ B=2.97 ×1 0−7 Web/m2 ( Ans)
B=?

Problem-4: A solenoid 2.0 meter long and 5 cm in mean diameter. It has 10 layers of winding
of 100 turns each and carries a current of 5 amp. (i)What is B at its centre? (ii) What is
magnetic fluxφ B for a cross section of the solenoid at its centre?
Solution: We know, Strength of the magnetic field Here,
−7
μ0 =4 π ×1 0 Web/ amp −m
I 0=5.0 amp
n=( 10 ×100 ) turns/meter
−2 2
 ( 2 )
Laws of electricity and Magnetism

B=μ 0 I 0 n
−7
¿ B=4 π × 10 ×5 ×10 ×100

∴ B=6.28 ×1 0−3 Web/ m 2 (Ans)

We know, Magnetic flux
φ B=BA

¿ φ B=6.28 × 10−3 × 1.96 ×1 0−3

∴ φB =1.23 ×1 0−5 Weber ( Ans)

Problem-5: A toroidal solenoid has a current of 10 amps in the windings which have 10
turns/cm. Find the value of B within the toroid.
Solution: We know, Strength of the magnetic field Here,
−7
μ0 I 0 N μ0 =4 π ×1 0 Web/amp −m
B=
2 πr I 0=10 amp
4 π ×1 0−7 ×10 × 2 πr ×10 ×1 02 N= ( 2 πr ×10 ×1 02 ) turns/meter
¿ B=
2 πr
B=?
−2 2
∴ B=1.26 ×1 0 Web/m (Ans)