FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION [ARTICLE 19(1) (a)]

In Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras [AIR 1950 SC 124], Patanjali Shastri, Justice observed:
“Freedom of speech and of the press lay at the foundation of all democratic organisations, for
without free political discussion no public education, so essential for the proper functioning
of the process of popular government, is possible.”

Territorial extent of freedom- In a landmark judgement of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India

[AIR 1978 SC 597], the Supreme Court held that the freedom of speech and expression has
no geographical limitation and it carries with it the right of a citizen to gather information and
to exchange thought with others not only in India but abroad also.

RIGHT TO VOTE The Supreme Court observed in Union of India v. Association for
Democratic Reforms- “One sided information, disinformation, misinformation and non-
information, all equally create an uninformed citizenry which makes democracy a farce.
Freedom of speech and expression includes right to impart and receive information which
includes that voters have a right to know about their candidates and also freedom to hold
opinions”.

Bijoe Emmaneul v. State of Kerala [(1986)3 SCC 615] The Supreme Court held that no
person can be compelled to sing National Anthem, “if he has genuine conscientious
objections based on religious faith”. Standing up respectfully while the National Anthem is
being sung is good enough as freedom under Art. 19 (1) (a) also includes freedom of silence.

Secretary, Minister of I & B v. Cricket Association of Bengal [(1995)2 SCC 161]

Government has no monopoly on the electronic media and a citizen has under Article 19(1), a
right to telecast and broadcast to the viewers/listeners through electronic media any important
event.

The Government can impose restrictions on such a right only on grounds specified in Clause
(2) of Article 19 and not on any other ground. Tata Press Ltd. v. Mahanagar Telephone
Nigam Ltd. [(1995) 5 SCC 139] & Hamdard Dawakhana v. Union of India [AIR 1960 SC
554] Commercial advertisement also forms a part of freedom of speech and expression.
Commercial speech cannot be denied the protection of Article 19(1) (a) merely because the
same are issued by businessmen. People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India [AIR
1997 SC 568] Telephone tapping is an invasion on right to privacy.
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS

The phrase, “freedom of press” has not been used in Article 19, but freedom of expression
includes freedom of press. Freedom of press is implied from Article 19(1)(a) of the
Constitution. Thus the press is subject to the restrictions that are provided under the Article
19(2) of the Constitution.

Before Independence, there was no Constitutional or statutory provision to protect the

freedom of press. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution ensures to all its citizens the
liberty of expression.

Freedom of the press has been included as part of freedom of speech and expression under
the Article 19 of the Universal Declarations of Human Rights. The heart of Article 19 says:
“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, this right includes freedom to
hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers.”

Indian Express Newspapers v. Union of India [(1985) 1 SCC 641] It has been held that the
press plays a very significant role in the democratic machinery. The courts have duty to
uphold the freedom of press and invalidate all laws and administrative actions that abridge
that freedom. Freedom of press has three essential elements.

1. Freedom of access to all sources of information,

2. Freedom of publication, and

3. Freedom of circulation.

There are instances when the freedom of press has been suppressed by the legislature. The
authority of the government, in such circumstances, has been under the scanner of judiciary.
In the case of Brij Bhushan v. State of Delhi (AIR 1950 SC 129), the validity of censorship
previous to the publication (pre-censorship) of an English Weekly of Delhi, the Organiser
was questioned. The court struck down the Section 7 of the East Punjab Safety Act, 1949,
which directed the editor and publisher of a newspaper “to submit for scrutiny, in duplicate,
before the publication, till the further orders, all communal matters all the matters and news
and views about Pakistan, including photographs, and cartoons”, on the ground that it was a
restriction on the liberty of the press. Similarly, prohibiting newspaper from publishing its
own views or views of correspondents about a topic has been held to be a serious
encroachment on the freedom of speech and expression.

Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras [AIR 1950 SC 124]

Entry and circulation of the English journal "Cross Road", printed and published in Bombay,
was banned by the Government of Madras. The same was held to be violative of the freedom
of speech and expression, as “without liberty of circulation, publication would be of little
value”.

Prabha Dutt v. Union of India [AIR 1982 SC 6]

The Supreme Court directed the Superintendent of Tihar Jail to allow representatives of a few
newspapers to interview Ranga and Billa, the death sentence convicts, as they wanted to be
interviewed.

Bennett Coleman and Company v. Union of India [AIR 1973 SC 106]

The validity of the Newsprint Control Order, which fixed the maximum number of pages,
was struck down by the Supreme Court of India holding it to be violative of provision of
Article 19(1)(a) and not to be reasonable restriction under Article 19(2). The Court struck
down the rebuttal of the Government that it would help small newspapers to grow.

R. Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu (Known as ‘Auto Shankar Case’) [(1994) 6 SCC 632]
Supreme Court held that Government has no authority in law to impose a prior-restraint upon
publication of defamatory material against its officials. It was held that no action could be
initiated against the press if the publication was based on public records including Court
records.

K.A. Abbas v. Union of India [AIR 1971 SC 481].

This is the first case where the question whether prior censorship of films under
Cinematograph Act, 1952 is included in Article 19(2) came for the consideration of the
Supreme Court. Court held that the censorship and categorisation of films into ‘U’ and ‘A’
category was reasonable and justified.