Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, IBurla

Department of Electrical Engineering

AIM-:
Measurement field & armature resistance of a D.C M/C by volt-amp
method.
Objective: To know about the resistance of field & armature
of D.C Machine
Machine Specification: (Note from the machine name plate)
Instrument Required:
SI. Apparatus Range Quantity Remark
No.
01 Ammeter(D.C)
02
Voltmeter(D.C)
03
04
Rheostat
Connecting Wire
Circuit Diagram:
DPST

O0- A (SH,) or(F.

220 V D.C SUPPLY

v
OO-
FUSE
ISH;) or (F:)

MEASUREMENT OF FIELD RESISTANCE BY POTENTIO DIVIDER METHOD(1)

10 KW, 230v

DPST MW

A
-O0-
wM
Ai
220 V D.C SUPPLY

-O0- A2

MEASUREMENT OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE BY REHOSTATIC METHOD(2)

 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

Procedure:
For field circuit (Figure-1)
1) The circuit is connected as per the field Resistance
Diagram. position
Potential divider is set in such a way that at a
2) across field circuit.
to apply zero voltage is observe
resistance or current
3) Rheostat position kept at maximum
rheostat.
magnitude is increased by varying
is increased gradually through
4) The voltage magnitude
potential divider.
are taken for different
Different instrument readings
5)
positionsS. set of reading.
6) Switch is made OFF after getting value for
resistance is calculated taking the avg.
7) The field
the above set of reading.
For Armature
Circuit (Fig.-2) circuit diagram of
connected as per the
1. The circuit is
fig.-2. set to switch
of the load box
are
switches
2. Initially all the
off position. switch (for
distribution
verification, DPST
3. After circuit
DPST switch (
tested panel) is
panal)is ON and then
taken for
ON & voltmeter readings are
ammeter the machine
4. The switches till the shaft of
different load box
rotates. set of reading.
made OFF after getting value
5. Switch is c a l c u l a t e d taking
the avg.
r e s i s t a n c e Is
armature
6. The
set of reading.
for the above
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

MEASUREMENT OF ARMATURERESISTANCE BY REHOSTATIC METHOD(2)

(0-30)A D.C

DPST
A
O-

220 V D.C SUPPLY 50 0,

Ai
10 A

OO-
Az
FUSE

MEASUREMENT OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE BY POTENTIO DIVIDER

METHOD(3)

DPST
wm
O0- (SH,) or (F
220 V D.C SUPPLY

O-

FUSE
(SH,)or (F)
MEASUREMENT OF FIELD RESISTANCE BY REHOSTATIC DIVIDER
METHOD(4)

Theory:
By Ohm's Law R=
Where, R=Resistance of Field or Armature Circuit in ohm
=Current through the field or Armature Circuit in
V=Voltage across the Field or Armature Circuit inamp.
volt.
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

For Armature circuit (Figure-3)

1) The circuit is connected as per the armature resistance
Diagram.
divider is set in such a way that at a position
2) Potential across armature
to apply zero voltage is observe

terminal. current
position kept at maximum resistance
or
3) Rheostat
rheostat.
magnitude is increased by varying
increased gradually through
4) The voltage magnitude is
potential divider.
instrument readings are taken for different
5) Different
positionS. set of reading.
6) Switch is made OFF after getting
calculated taking the avg. value
7) The armature resistance is
for the above set of reading.

For field circuit (figure-4)

1) The circuit is connected as per the diagram.
so that the current
The rheostat is set in such a position,
2)
will be at minimum value.
of the rheostat is varied for different
3) Gradually the position
ammeter & voltmeter reading.
set of reading.
4) Switch is made OFF after getting
the avg. value for the
5) The field resistance is calculated taking
above set of reading.
Observation/Tabulation:

Table 1(Resistance of field):

CurrentResistance Mean
SI.No. Voltage Resistance
in volts In Amp. In ohm
(VI) in Ohm
(V
01
02
03
04
05
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

Table 2 (Resistance of Armature)

SI. No. Voltage Current Resistance Mean
in volts In Amp. In ohm Resistance
(V)D.C (0)D.C (V) in Ohm
01
02
03
04
05
Precaution:
1. All connections should be
2. Do not switch on the
perfectly tight.
supply until and unless the connections are
checked by the teacher/ Instructor
3. Ensure the Rheostat stat at zero
in-charge
position before switch ON.
4. Ensure that the
needle of the instrument is set vertical to the
zero position to avoid
parallax error.
5. The current flowing
through the rheostat should not exceed their
ratings
Conclusion:
The conclusion will be drawn from the
theoretical & practical
point.
aty
Discussion:
1. Define Ohm's Law.
2. Which winding of the D.C machine is more cross
sectional
area and why?
3. What are the types of winding in D.C machine?
4. Classity different types of D.C machine.

5. Give the uses of different D.C machine (motor)

6. Draw the voltage Vs current curve.
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

AIM-:
Speed control of D.C shunt motor by armature voltage control&
Field flux control method.
Objective: and field flux at the rated
To show the relation between speed
and the relation between speed
voltage of the machines (field control)
constant excitation (armature voltage control)
and armature voltage at

from the machine name plate

Machine specification: (Note

Instrument required:
Range QuantityFRemark
SI. Apparatus
No.
01 Ammeter(D.C)
02 Voltmeter(D.C)
03 Rheostat

04 Tachometer
Connecting Wires
05

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LFA

DPST

O0- SH1 A1
11

220 V D.C SUPPLY

R R2
Az
SH2
FUSE

SPEED CONTROL OF DCSHUNT MOTOR

 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

Theory:
Speed of the D.C motor is given by
N--R,
Ko
Where
Shunt motor speed can be controlled by two ways
(a) Flux control method
(b)Armature resistance control method
Field Control method or flux control method
In this method the magnetic field or flux of the motor was varied. The
field current was varied by the field circuit rheostat. Field rheostat
control is best suited to drives requiring increased torque at low

speeds.

Armature control method

Armature circuit resistance control results in obtaining reduced
speeds by inserting external series resistance in the armature circuit.
This method is suitable for constant torque drives.

Procedure:
1. All the connection are done as per the Circuit Diagram keeping both the
rheostats at their minimum resistance position.
2. The DPST of distribution panel is switched ON and then one
DPST of Tested Panel is switched ON.
3. The DC shunt motor is started with the help of three point starter.
4. The resistance of the rheostat connected in the field circuit is
gradually increased keeping armature circuit field rheostat
constant. The reading on voltmeter, ammeter & speed of the motor
on no load is noted down at each step.
5. The field rheostat is then decrease to zero position and the motor
is brought to rated speed.
6 The armature circuit rheostat is then gradually increased keeping
unchanged the field circuit rheostat. The reading of voltmeter,
ammeter & speed of the machine is noted down.
7. The proced ure for various loading is repeated.
8 Switch is made OFF after getting set of reading.
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

Tabulation:
Flux control method
Armature Voltage (in Field Current(in Amp) Speed (In RPM)
SI.
No. volts)
01
02
03
Armature control method
SI. Armature Voltage (in Field Current(in Amp) Speed (In RPM)
No. volts)
01
02
03
04
05
Sample Calculation: (if any)

Precaution

connections should be perfectly tight.

1. All connections are
unless the
the supply until and
2. Do not switch
on

teacher / Instructor in-charge

checked by the
stat at zero position.
3. Ensure the Rheostat ON
before switching the supply
4. Resistance position
meters.
while reading the
Avoid error due to parallel
5. not exceed their
rheostat should
6. The current flowing through the
ratings. leather shoe &
terminals & Rotating M/C,
were
7.Don't touch live
Girls only).
also were apron (For

Conclusion:
theoretical & practical
be drawn from the
The conclusion will
point
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

Discussion / Reports:
1. Draw Curves
(a)Speed Vs field Current at
constant armature voltage.
(b)Speed Vs Armature Voltage at constant excitation.
2. Discuss the merits and demerits of the different methods of
speed
control ofD.C motor.
3. Which method
gives the speed above the rated speed? Explain
why.
4. Which method gives the speed below the rated speed?
Explain
why.
5. What will
happen if the field winding gets open circuited while the
motor is running? Explain why?
6. Why is a starter necessary for starting of a DC motor? Explain the
symbols L, F, A as have been used in the three point starter.
7. Why are the rheostats kept at minimum during starting the
experiment?
8. Can the d.c stater be used for
9. What is the difference
speed control?
between speed control and speed
regulation of a motor.
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

AIM characteristics (O.C.C) of D.C shunt generator

1. To obtain the open circuit
when separately excited
3 h

2. To determine the OCC atspeed.

at rated
determine the critical speed
and critical field resistance
3 To
speed. excited
characteristics of DC Separately
Know the no-load
Objective critical field resistance of generator
and find critical speed and
generator
Instruments Required: Quantity Remark
SI. Apparatuus Range
No.
01 Voltmeter
02 Ammeter
03 Rheostat
04 Tachometer
Connecting Wire
05
from the machine name plate)
Machine Specification: (Note

Circuit diagram: A
LF A

Sh1

DPST R1
wm SH A1
R2 220 V D.C
L1
00-

A2
220 V D.C
Sh2
SH2
-O0-

2 FUSE
D.C SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR
D.CMOTOR

SHUNT GENERATORWHEN SEPARATELY EXCITED

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS (0.C.C) OF D.C
 Veer Surendra Sai
University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

Theory
Open circuit characteristic curve shows the relation between the
generator E.m.f at no-load (Eo) & the field current (1) at constant
IS also known as
speed. It
magnetic characteristics or no-load saturation curve. It s
shape is practically the same for all generators whether separately or self
excited.
The data for O.C.C curve are
obtained experimentally by
operating the generator at no load and constant
speed and recording the change in terminal voltage as the field current is
varied.
Generated E.m.f = 202N = x ON
50A 604

For a given generator the quantities ( are constant

s0A
Generated E.m.fa oN
Thus the generated E.m.f in a generator is directly proportional to the flux
/pole and to the speed.

Mathematical formula:
Tabulation:
For constant speed:
SI.No. Field Current(lf)
01
Voltage(V) Rated Speed
02 1
03
04

For different speed:

SI.No. Field Current(1f) Voltage(V) Rated Speed
01
02
03
04
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

Procedure:
1. Connections were made as per the circuit diagram.
field rheostat, minimum position
2. After checks minimum position of motor
of separately excited generator field
potentiodevider. DPST Switch is
closed to given supply to motor.
the help of three point starter.
3. Then start the D.C shunt motor with field
of D.C generator by adjust motor
4. Run the motor at rated speed
rheostat gradually. the
the Ammeter & Voltmeter reading by gradually increasing
5. Note
of rated
maximum position (120% value)
generator rheostat zero to
field current to zero.
6. Reduce gradually the generator
voltmeter reading at 3/4 of rated speed
7. Again note ammeter &
switch off the supply.
8 After finish the experiment
Precaution:
1. All connections should be perfectlytight.
connections are checked
2. Do not switch on the supply until and unless the
by the teacher / Instructor in-charge
3. Ensure the Rheostat stat at position.
zero

Resistance position before switching

the supply ON
4.
the meters.
5. Avoid error due to parallel while reading
rheostat should not exceed their ratings.
6. The current flowing through the
were leather shoe & also
were
7. Don't touch live terminals & Rotating M/C,
apron (For Girls only).
Conclusion:
Reports: different
for both cases and explain why
1. Plot the no-load saturation
excitation.
values of voltages and obtained particular
line corresponding to the rated speed
2. Draw the critical field resistance
and determine its value
Vs Speed or constant excitation.
3. Plot the graph of open ckt. Voltage
4. What is meant by 'residual magnetism
coincide?
5. Why does the curve for ascending value
6. Determine approximately what proportional of total field mmf is require
for the gap
7. Why can a generator not operated at greatly reduced speed if normally
voltage is required.
8. What is critical speed and critical resistance
9. State the condition for voltage buildup in a dc shunt generato.
 Veer Surendra Sai
University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

AIM-
To study the B-H curve
Objective:
Instruments
SI
Reguired:
Apparatus Range Quantity Remark
No.
01 Voltmeter
02 Ammeter
03 Rheostat
04 C.R.O
05 C.R.O. chord
06
07
Capacitor
Connecting wire
Machine Specification: (Note the range the transformer &CRO Specfication)
Circuit Diagramn:

DPST FUSE

1 220 V 50 Hz TO CRO
A.C SUPPLY

LINK

TO
CRO

B-H CURVE
 Burla
Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology,
Department of Electrical Enginecring

Theory: one of the important

considerations in
Magnetic hysteresis is transformers & other
& designing the cores of
choosing
electric machines.

Magnetic Hysteresis magnetization

inductor flux density
It is defined as lagging of
behind the magnetic forces (H).
(B)
Permittivity of which the
virtue
property by
the
It is defined as material even after removal of
remains on the
magnetization
magnetic field.
residual
Coercivity: to wipe of the
force required
The value of magnetic
called coercivity.
magnetism is
Area of HysteresisS in the iron core through
the net energy spent
This represents
1cycle of magnetization.
cycle of magnetization
in a one complete
Total work done
W=Ald H dB
ctor
xaiueianXmultiplyingfa
out put voltage
Peak to peak reading of
Vrms = 22

Calculated current =-s t a n d a r d

Vrms
resistance

Calculated voltage -Actuai Votagex 100

=

% error in voltage Actual Voltage

Calculated current -Actua r r er x100
=
Current
error in
Actuat Current
%

Tabulation: Current
% error
SI. No. / Voltage
Reading Current
Voltages Reading
Voltmeter C.R.O
Ammeter C.R.O Voltage
ReadingReadingReading
ReadingReading Reading

01
02
03
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engineering

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2) Increase supply voltage gradually by changing Variac
3) Take the reading of ammeter and voltmeter.
4) Increase supply voltage to suitable value at 180v and 200v.
5) Enter the reading in observation table shown.
6) Plot B-H curve and waveform of Voltage & current from CRO
7) Also Calculate the % of error of voltage & current
8) After finish the experiment switch off the supply.
Sample Calculation:
Precaution
1. All connections should be perfectly tight.
2. Do not switch on the supply until and unless the connections are
checked by the teacher / Instructor in-charge
3. Ensure the Rheostat stat at zero
position.
4. Resistance position before switching the supply ON.
5. Avoid error due to parallel while reading the
meters.
6. The current flowing through the rheostat should not exceed their
ratings.
7.Don't touch live terminals & were leather shoe & also were apron
(For Girls only).
Conclusion:
Reports:
1. What are the different types of materials ?

2 What are the different types of magnetic materials ?

3. Draw B-H curve of non magnetic material, Explain ?
4. Why Current waveform is non-sinusoidal1?
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Engincering

AIM:
To measure the power & power factor of flourescent tube.

Objective
To know the internal connection of a flourescent tube & calculate the power
& power factor.
Instruments Regquired:
Range Quantity Remark
SI. Apparatus
No.
01 Voltmeter(A.C)
02 Ammeter(A.C)
03 Wattmeter (LPF)
04 Connecting wire
Machine Specification: (Note the flourecent lamp specification)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
STARTER

M, FLOURESENT LAMP

DPST FUSE

OO-

10 220 V 50 Hz Variac
A.C SUPPLY

LINK

MEASUREMENT THE POWER &POWER FACTOR OF FLOURESCENT LAMP

 of Technology, Burla Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Veer Surendra Sai University
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering

Theory: Reports:
Power = VI c o s
1. What is the necessity of a choke?
Cos = Power/VI
2. What is the necessity of a starter?
Circuit diagram: 3. What will happen if the starter is removed while the tube is glowing?
Mathematical formula: 4. What can you do in order to improve the power factor?
Tabulation: up while the tube is glowing ?
Power factor 5. Why does the choke get heated
SI.No Line Current Line Voltage Powerin watt
01
02
03
04
05
06
Procedure: circuit diagram.
1. At first connections were made as per the given
variance till the lamp
2. The voltage is varied through the single phase
glows and the voltage is noted.
3. Then the voltage is increased and the current
values noted for different
voltage values.
of
The cut off voltage & cut-off current were noted & form the values
different instruments given the power factor is calculated.
After finish the experiment switch off the supply.

Serple Calc lation:

recaution:
All connections s
dbe perfectly tight.
Do not switch t supply until and unless the connections are
checked by thecher / Instructor in-charge
3. Ensure the vafiac stat at zero position.
4. Avoid error due to parallel while reading the meters.
5. Don't touch live terminals, were leather shoe & also were apron (For
Girls only)
Conclusion
 9

Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla

Department of Electrical Engincering

AIM-
Calibration of Single Phase energy meter
direct loading. by

Objective: To calibrate the 1 phase energy meter at variable loads

P.F by performing short run test & long period dial test
unity
Instruments Required:
SI. Apparatus Range Quantity Remark
No.
01 1 ø Voltmeter
02 1 o Ammeter
03 Wattmeter
04 Stop watch
05 Energy Meter
06 Connecting Wire
07 Load Box
Machine Specification: (Note from the machine name plate)
AKuoh 800n 250V,12S A, 50 C/s
Mode Made in
Theory: Czcho&lovokho
Short run test is for checking meter constant

Long period dial test is for checking registers mechanism

(indicated value - True value\
% Error True vaule
x 100

Circuit diagram:
Tabulation:
Short Run Test
SI. p p l y Current Wattmeter Power Time True No. Indicated % error
ge In Amp Reading I n Kw In Energy Revolution Energy YX
sec.
(X) 100
0 (Y) X
02
03
04
05
06
 Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Department of Electrical Enginering

Long Period Dial Test

SI. Supply Current Load Wattmeter Initial Final Time
No
Voltage In Amp (K watt) Reading in Reading Reading In sec. error
(Khw)
watt (Khw)
01
02
Procedure:
1. The circuit was connected as per the circuit diagram shown in the
figure.
2. In short run test different load conditions the number of
revolutions

of the disc was counted during 60 seconds & then error in

meter

constant was calculated for Short run test.

meter were
3. In Long period dial test initial & final reading of energy
taken. The load was on and the meter was run for 15
minutes.
Then the energy was calculated and compared with actual reading
and error in resisters mechanism was calculated.

Sample Calculation:
Precaution
Conclusion:

Report
1. Calculate the meter constant in each case in short time test
calculate the error as 0% of given meter constant in each cases
and mention whether the meter runs fast or slow plot the error
curve against load.
2. Calculate the error from the dial test mention whether the meter
runs slow or fast compare this result obtained in the short time test
at full load.
3. If the observed meter constant is for to less than that given in the
meter then the consumer gains or loss
4. State whether the meter reading is effect by a fluctuation to the
supply.
5. What is meant by calibration of the energy meter?
6. What is the standard used for calibration of energy meter.
7. How does an induction type energy meter work
8.,What is the disadvantage of direct load method?