OFFGRID HOMESTEAD DESIGN

Cyril S. Cabaluna
Richard A. De Los Santos Jr.
Nethanea Xznarelle S. Ganza
Joel Reyner Guay
James Cyrose Hernalin
Billy P. Magalona
Jonathan T. Sabla-on Jr.
BSCS1-A

University of St. La Salle

Bacolod City

Offgrid Homestead Design

I. Introduction

“Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development. They are

entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.” The idea of sustainable

development is a pragmatic and anthropocentric one. It primarily focuses on people and their

wellbeing. At the base of sustainability are our needs. Human life should be “healthy, productive

and in harmony with nature.” Human life is neither independent nor isolated; it is part of a

complex web of natural and social phenomena and depends on a myriad of relationships and

interdependencies. In particular, the necessary “harmony with nature”, which addresses the

environmental pillar, is stressed. Another essential feature of sustainability is dynamic and long-

term nature. The formulation takes into account “present and future generations", and

simultaneously points out the changing situation and emphasizes concerns for the future without

any explicit time limit or target. The time dimension is tied to the average human life and

emphasizes a necessary extension – possibly a very long extension – above and beyond it

(Article 1 of the Rio Declaration UNCED, 1992; Brundtland Report WCED, 1987). The rather

broadly defined notion of sustainability was historically understood as mostly environmental

sustainability, as evinced by the already quoted World Conservation Strategy (IUCN, UNEP and

WWF, 1980). The strategy believed that humans must recognize the world’s natural resources as

finite, with limited capacities to support life. The objective, then, is to conserve natural resources

to ensure continued development and to support all life (Moldan et al., 2012). Based on

Australian agricultural scientist Gordon McClymont, sustainability includes “practices having a

site-specific application that will last over the long term". While sustainability is an essential

concept to ensure the future of humanity and the integrity of the resources and ecosystems on

which we depend, identifying a comprehensive yet realistic way to assess and enhance

sustainability may be one of the most difficult challenges of our time (Little et al., 2016).
 Planning guidelines are important tools in controlling the development of housing

projects in urban and rural areas to ensure uniformity, comfort and safety in land use activities to

achieve effective housing development projects which meet the needs of the communities and

create a comfortable living environment (Rahman et al., 2018). There is a need to conserve

resources, especially non-renewable ones, and to reduce residence-related environmental

impacts, while stimulating a sustainable pathway to growth (Ioppolo et al., 2019). The presence

of water elements (lakes, fountains) and the abundance of green spaces are fundamental to

increasing satisfaction through refreshing and purifying the environment and, thus, providing

significant health benefits to residents (Saiedlue et al., 2015). Thus, to study the impact of

various aspects on the residency comfort is necessary for a better understanding of what

initiatives to be taken to improve the sustainability parameters in residential models. Building

houses is a complex design process that results from layer-by-layer information on building

components. Each building component must be designed with the future in mind and an

understanding of its relationship with other building components (Alencastroet al., 2018).

Sustainable house design has been brought to the attention of professionals and the

community as the way of building for the future. This design process uses environmentally

friendly products and takes into consideration the natural environment of the site in order to

maximize energy efficiency and keep embodied energy to a minimum. In order to get a clear

understanding of sustainability and how it can be implemented in house design much research

and data has been collected from different sources. For civilization to tackle global warming

they have to do something about the way they live which means turning to an environmentally

sustainable way of living within their homes. There are many design aspects, which need to be

carefully implemented into a house so it works well with the climate where the house will be

built upon (Harry & Patnaikuni, 2014). This homestead plan will make use of 2 hectares of raw
land, currently overgrown with cogongrass, 80% on a plateau, 20% with slope that meets a year-

round stream along the north-side boundary; the stream is 30 meters lower in elevation than the

larger portion of the land, with bamboos along both stream banks. It will be modeled as follows:

1. Farmhouse:

The recognition of the landscape values of the rural space, the importance of

protecting them, and the need for renewed and innovative planning of the countryside are

important.

Figure 1. Farmhouse Design Concept

The area has an abundance of bamboo along both streamlines. Bamboo is a

sustainable, renewable and versatile resource, characterized by high strength and low

weight, and is easily worked using the available basic manual tools, basic power tools

including a small chain saw, ideal for the concept of a Farmhouse (Nurdiah, 2022;

Sharma, 2015) .
 The farmhouse will be elevated with a 20x20ft measurement. The reason why it is

elevated is that the land has a wide area. The farmhouse should overlook the property for

a better security of the home. Not just security but also how it can be a great substitution

of an air-conditioner device, how it gathers more breeze of air that will have a continuous

flow of air inside that cools everything inside.

It can welcome light but at the same time deflect the heat. In the daytime we can

save electricity since we do not need to turn on any lightbulb to help us scan the house,

sunlight passes all over in the gap of each bamboo.

Figure 2. Cogon Roof

From the cogon grass that is abundant in our land, we will cut, dry them, and then

weave them into a roofing for our house. It is also maintenance-free, easier to repair and

more cost-effective, especially in the long run. It would really compliment the bamboo as

a foundation and the wall of the farmhouse.

Concept of a farmhouse.

Environment-friendly

As it is known, bamboo is an extremely eco-friendly and sustainable

building material that poses zero threat to the environment. Bamboo can easily

absorb pollutants and a high amount of carbon dioxide as compared to other

plants. It can give out 30% more oxygen than wood. Bamboo house design is

suitable for coastal areas as they prevent soil erosion. “Bamboo holds the

Guinness World Record for fastest growing plant.” Bamboo grows three times

faster than most other species. It is viable, can propagate fast and easily (M. et al.,

2022).

Lightweight

One of the major benefits of using bamboo as a raw material is that it is

extremely lightweight. It does not require a massive base. Wall panels can be used

to make the interiors and exterior walls and then plastered with cement mortar.

The cost of building a bamboo house design can be quite cost-effective.

Flexibile

You can use bamboo material to make your modern bamboo house design

without worrying about breakage or bending. Because of its versatile nature and

no splintering, bamboo is a common choice to make roofs, walls, floors and

piping.
 Durability

If your bamboo house design is designed to ensure durability, your house

will thrive well. With proper treatment and pest management, bamboo house

design can be made resistant to pests, insects and termites. These regular

treatments can increase the durability of your house, thus ensuring that your

structure remains strong and lasts for years to come.

2. Electricity

We will make use of the stream and its current availability, we will make an

extraction of electricity through a micro hydro power generator which is renewable

energy. How can we make it possible?

Microhydropower system, a run-of-river micro-hydropower generating system,

can generate electricity extremely well in ultra-low-head situations. Because it is so

compact and easy to install, it is a good match for areas of decentralized power

generation. Common installations for its use include; agricultural irrigation canals,

waterways with regulated water discharge, water treatment plants, and power plants.

Figure 3. Microhydropower System

 For a much stable supply we will also add a Micro-wind power generator, which

uses the flow of wind energy to produce electricity for the whole property. Since our

property is very open and would no doubt have strong blows of winds.

The installation of a micro-wind turbine usually consists of the turbine and an

inverter. Wind causes the blades of the wind turbine to rotate, generating mechanical

energy. The mechanical energy from the rotation is converted to direct current (DC) in

the turbine and using the inverter, is converted to alternating current (AC). The inverter

output is connected to a breaker panel where the electricity can be shared among the

electrical equipment in the home. Excess electricity can be exported from the home to the

electrical grid using a bidirectional meter and credits will be provided accordingly by the

retailer based on the electric current tariff for electricity.

Figure 4. Grid-connected Systems

This power plant can produce enough watts of energy to light up our homestead,

since our home doesn’t have technologies that consume too much electricity, commonly

the lights are the ones that consume that much power.
 The reason why we choose the type of energy producing generator is due to its

benefits to the environment since it is a renewable energy. Unlike traditional energy

sources, renewable energy sources are limitless and adapt to natural cycles (coal, gas, oil

or nuclear energy). As a result, it is critical to developing a sustainable energy system that

promotes local growth without jeopardizing future generations' future. Renewable energy

is an important ally in mitigating society's environmental impact and so aiding in the

reduction of the consequences of climate change because it does not release greenhouse

gasses during its production.

Furthermore, renewable energy is excellent for the environment as well as our

wallets. For starters, renewable energy facilities require less upkeep. Second, because

they use the sun, wind, steam, and biomass, they do not need to refuel. Third, we no

longer need to rely on foreign energy sources. We shall be self-sufficient if we employ

renewable energy sources.

3. Food

For our self sufficiency which involves animals we will raise Goats, Chicken, and

Pigs. Goats are one of the most practical and versatile creatures possible to raise. There is

also the advantage of their small size, as far as livestock goes and they’re pretty self-

reliant. As any experienced goat keeper will tell you, a strong fence is a must for keeping

goats. One dairy goat can create two to four quarts of milk every day. Besides milking

goats for their nutritious beverage, their milk is used in making goat soap, butter, and

cheese. Goats eat cogongrass which could be a best save for money instead of buying

pellets.
 Chickens will be raised for their meat and eggs. Chickens are the most common

bird raised for both meat and eggs. Chickens that are raised for their chicken meat are

called broilers. Chickens that are raised for eggs are called laying hens or layers. Some

breeds of poultry raised on hobby farms are raised for shows and competitions. Pigs, pigs

are a great option for a small homestead. An individual hog can supply an astonishing

amount of pork and doesn’t really need a lot of space. Pigs can eat leftovers.

As the name hints, these are plants to cover soils for certain reasons. Unlike

primary species, they support secondary farmer’s needs rather than are grown for trade or

human consumption. They improve soil health, boost yields, and feed the cattle.

However, it does not mean that these plants are some exclusive species. In alternative

situations, they serve as cash cultures, and you can find them on the plate as well (for

example, buckwheat or corn). The difference is that in the case of fall cover crops, these

species are used as grasses.

This practice is strongly welcomed in crop rotation, no-till, and organic farming.

Smart online tools assist in making knowledgeable decisions.

Planting cover crops is a common and rewarding farming practice that was

applied as far back as in the Roman Empire. Since then, the method has been widely used

in agriculture, bringing a lot of good. Farmers reap a plethora of cover crop benefits that

fit versatile objectives, both in the short-term and long-term perspective.

Cover crops help prevent soil erosion, regulate moisture, attract pollinators, assist

in weed and pest management, serve as mulch and the source of green manure and

organic matter, and are used for grazing or forage. Depending on the types of cover

crops, they add or uptake nitrogen.

 Having crops growing in a field will stimulate the microorganism production

within the soil, helps control weeds, regulates soil temperature and increases the soil

water holding capacity which reduces erosion in future weather events. It is therefore

advisable to plant a crop as soon as field conditions allow after a flooding event. Many

growers were too late to plant corn, soybeans or another cash crop this year due to

flooding during planting time; these prevent planting hectares can benefit enormously

from having a cover crop planted instead.

Nitrogen in shallow groundwater is becoming an important issue in many areas

and cover crops are a good tool in most rotations to take up nitrogen left in the topsoil

after harvest. Next to helping improve the quality of nearby bodies of water, cover crops

can also help save you on your inputs as small amounts of nitrogen do return back into

the soil when plants break down next spring.

Cover crops support a thriving soil microbial community, add to soil carbon and

improve nitrogen availability; nutrients will cycle over time and might make it possible

for you to reduce the amount of nitrogen you have to apply. It is important however to

accurately document your cropping strategy and input usage in a Decision Support

System that allows you to track these improvements over time and offers you metrics to

fine-tune your nitrogen applications and other inputs.

Neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts will be sprayed as a natural pesticide to

eradicate disease and insects when spreading and mechanical methods were utilized to

remove the weeds (Thepsilvsut et al., 2022).

4. Clothing

The different homestead clothes that can be bought at thrift store “ukay-ukay” shops will

be discussed in this section. This is a helpful article for all of you who are looking for the

perfect clothing to wear while on your homestead.

Figure 5. Thrifted Garments

Work Gloves

Gloves are not really something you’d think of when thinking of ‘essential

clothing, but they can be a crucial tool for a homesteader. You’ll probably have

multiple sets of gloves lying around for everything from keeping your hands

warm to gardening to working with power tools (i.e. grinders, welding machines).

The use of gardening gloves keeps your hands relatively safe from insect and

spider bites. They also prevent you from touching anything poisonous. Sparks

given off by certain power tools can burn your skin. A pair of thicker, heavier

gloves can keep your hands safe from being burned.

Jeans / Long Pants

Generally speaking, it’s a good idea to stick to long pants or jeans. Apart

from being good for keeping your legs warm in winter, long pants/jeans place a

barrier between the sun and your legs. Prolonged exposure to the sun can put you

at risk of skin cancer – which is obviously not good. Additionally, sunburn behind

your knees is really uncomfortable. Now, while I’m more of a jeans guy, you can

also use a pair of leggings or cargo pants – pick your poison – if they’re

comfortable and they cover your legs and keep them out of the sun you can use

them.

Thermal

Thermal wear is usually worn under your clothes and is meant to maintain

your core temperature by trapping body heat. If you’re working in colder weather,

then wearing thermals under your usual attire will help keep you warm.

Hats

This one should be pretty obvious; you don’t want to get a sunburn, so you

use a hat to keep the sun out of your eyes and off your face. You can use either a

baseball cap or a broad-brimmed cowboy-style hat.

Boots / Closed Shoes

Sandals might be more comfortable to wear in the summer, but it also puts

you at risk of snake and spider bites. Snake and spider bites aside, you’ve also got

thorns, and sharp rocks to worry about and when working with power tools you
should have some form of protection from things that may fall on your feet.

Additionally, your cows and horses’ habit of stepping on your feet won’t be as

painful. Something to keep in mind when it comes to your shoes is the variety of

weather conditions. Some types of boots are more waterproof than others and are

great for working in wet/rainy conditions. It’s probably a good idea to keep a few

pairs for rainy and snowy weather.

Jackets

Jackets are great for keeping the wind chill off you while you’re working

outdoors in the winter. Much like the boots and gloves, you’ll want to keep

multiples around so that you have a jacket for everything. You’ll want a thick,

heavy jacket for the colder months and a thinner, lighter one for the warmer,

rainier months.

Shirts, New and Old

A shirt keeps the sun and winds off your skin and ideally you should have

a mixture of new shirts – for family gatherings and such – and old shirts for the

days of hard labor where your clothes are likely to be torn up.

Socks

Socks are essential, the primary use for them is to keep your feet warm. A

second function would be to provide a certain amount of protection from

blistering – I don’t think I need to tell you that blisters under your feet are very

painful. With that said, you also want socks that will stay around your calves as
 much as possible – if they keep slipping down your leg it’ll drive you nuts.

Unfortunately, socks get worn through pretty quickly so you’ll have to keep

many, many pairs of socks in your closet/dresser.

Glasses

Okay, so this is more for when you’re working with power tools or when

working in a manner where something may get into your eyes. Tools like

grinders, jigsaws, and, to a point, hatchets can send up dust, sparks, and

woodchips which would damage your eyes if they came into contact with them.

5. Plants with medicinal uses

A medicinal plant is any plant that includes chemicals that can be utilized for

therapeutic reasons or that are precursors for the manufacture of valuable

pharmaceuticals in one or more of its organs. This description distinguishes between

medical plants whose therapeutic capabilities and ingredients have been scientifically

confirmed and plants recognized as medicinal but have not yet been submitted to a full

scientific examination.

The utilization of medicinal plants has regained popularity in industrialized

nations and is the primary treatment technique for 80% of underdeveloped countries.

Traditional herbal therapy is used to address health problems by the vast majority of the

world's population (87.5%).Furthermore, the growth in systematic reviews and

prevalence studies on herbal medicines over the last 15 years demonstrates the rising

interest in the use of medicinal plants. Wild-collected and purchased from herbalists,

supermarkets, and pharmacies are both re-emerging throughout Europe and around the
Mediterranean region. This increasing interest in traditional herbal therapy in more

developed nations must be understood in the light of lifestyle changes that promote the

notion of genuine and natural goods. As a result, people regard herbal medication as a

gentler choice for health difficulties.

Tawa-tawa

Euphorbia hirta (Tawa-tawa) is also called Gatas-gatas because of the

healing properties of its milky juice. It contains triterpenes, phytosterols, tannins,

polyphenols, and flavonoids. This herb has gained widespread attention because

of its ability to help patients recover from dengue. Folk wisdom regards it as a

hemostatic, which may help explain why blood platelets increase after ingestion

of a boiled decoction of the plant.

Figure 6. Tawa-tawa Plant

Ginger

Zingiber officinale (Ginger) rhizome extracts consist of

phenylalkylketones or vanillyl ketones which include gingerol, shogaol, paradol,

dehydrogingerdione, and gingerdione. However, gingerol and shogaol are the

primary phytoconstituents providing the greatest bioactivity. They are reported to

demonstrate antiemetic, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory,

and anti-inflammatory activities.

Studies show that ginger possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,

antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-platelet aggregation, cholesterol lowering,

and cancer preventive properties. Ginger is used to help treat osteoarthritis of

rheumatoid arthritis, other skeletomuscular problems, coughs, colds, stomach

upset, asthma, diabetes, and menstrual irregularities in various parts of the globe.

It is also a useful treatment option for patients experiencing nausea, vomiting,

motion sickness, and for women suffering from morning sickness.

Figure 7. Ginger

Lemongrass/Tanglad

Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) is good for digestion and is popularly

used to treat digestive problems or stomachache due to constipation, bloating, or

indigestion. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and phytoconstituents such as

flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which consist of luteolin, isoorientin 2’-O-

rhamnoside, quercetin, kaempferol, and apiginin. The phytoconstituents identified

in lemongrass essential oils that contain Citral α, Citral β, Nerol Geraniol,

Citronellal, Terpinolene, Geranyl acetate, Myrecene, and Terpinol

Methylheptenone. The essential oil has antimicrobial, antinociceptive/analgesic,

insect repellent, and digestion-improving properties. Studies show that citral

which is present in lemongrass inhibits the growth of cancer cells.

Figure 8. Lemongrass

Philippine Oregano

Origanum amboinicus (Philippine Oregano) contains rosmarinic acid,

ursolic acid, thymol, and carvacrol that have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial,

antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral properties. Oregano also consists of

flavonoids, triterpenoids, vitamins, and minerals. One of its constituents called

origanoside was found to have tyrosinase inhibiting activity which suggests that it

helps decrease melanin production and may be used for skin whitening purposes.

Oregano oil and tea are particularly used for antibacterial and immune system

enhancing effects. Oregano has been traditionally used to treat respiratory,

gastrointestinal, menstrual, and urinary tract disorders. Topical application has

been employed for dandruff and acne.

Figure 9. Philippine Oregano

Blue Ternate

The blue tea plant, Clitoria Ternatea, is packed with health-boosting

antioxidants. One such antioxidant is proanthocyanidin, which is responsible for

increasing blood flow to the capillaries of the eyes. This makes blue tea effective

in treating retinal damage, glaucoma, or blurred vision

Figure 10. Philippine Oregano

6. Water

The area has a 30-meter stream, lower in elevation than the larger portion of the

land, with bamboo along both stream banks. Its water quality is great for irrigation but

needs treatment if it were to be used for domestic purposes.

When surface water is available but inaccessible, water pumps make a great

solution. Solar-powered pumps are an excellent option but can be expensive. Therefore,

the best choice that can provide livestock drinking water and irrigation in remote

locations is the hydraulic ram pump - especially because the area given has a 30-meter

stream with a 3-meter waterfall (Smith, 2019). A few meters before the waterfall, there is

a year-round spring with potable water, with a flow rate of about 40 liters per minute.

There will be two hydraulic ram pumps, one for drinking and one for domestic uses,

bathing, irrigation, and raising animals.

Hydraulic ram pumps operate by utilizing pressure developed by a “water

hammer” shock wave. Any object in motion has an inertial force. Energy is required to

place the object in motion, and energy will also be required to stop the motion, with more

energy being required if the motion is started or stopped quickly. A flow of water in a

pipe also has inertia (or momentum) that resists sudden changes in velocity. Slowly

closing a valve allows this inertia to dissipate over time, producing very little pressure

increase in the pipe. Closing a valve very rapidly will create a pressure surge or shock

wave as the flowing water stops, which moves back up the pipe – much like a train

stopping, with individual train cars hitting the coupling in front of them in rapid

succession as the brakes are applied. The more quickly the valve is closed, the larger the

shock wave produced. A faster water flow will also produce a larger shock wave when a

valve is closed, since more inertia or momentum is involved. A longer pipe will also
produce a larger shock wave for the same reason. A hydraulic ram relies on a non-

pressurized flow of water in a pipe placed from the water source to the pump (called a

“drive” pipe). This flow is produced by placing the hydraulic ram some distance below a

water source and running the drive pipe from the water source to the pump. The hydraulic

ram employs two check valves, which are the only moving parts in the pump (Smith,

2019).

Figure 11. Hydraulic Ram Pump

 Figure 12. Granular Bed Filtration Media

Having a year-round spring with drinkable water is an advantage, it makes the

filtration and disinfection process easier. For the drinking water hydraulic ram pump,

there will be a filtration device to have a multi-barrier that removes unwanted particles.

The presence of suspended solids and other particulate matter in water increases the

resistance of most microbes to disinfection. Granular filtration has a high performance in

the removal of particles, therefore increasing the disinfection efficiency. Disinfection is

required for the remaining destruction of vegetative pathogens such as bacteria and

viruses (Cescon & Jiang, 2020; Hoslett et al., 2018).

7. Care of soil

When it comes to taking proper care of the soil, there are several aspects to

consider, including soil moisture, soil fertility, and soil quality. This section will

demonstrate how we may properly care for the soil by utilizing technology and sound

decision-making.
 First is taking good consideration of the soil moisture. One of what comes to our

mind when talking about taking good care of soil moisture to avoid drought or dry soil is

an automatic scanner for soil moisture.

Figure 14. Automatic Soil Scanner Prototype

Figure15. Wiring of Automatic Soil Scanner Prototype

 This is a mini project that was proposed in Robotics Project Proposal Presented to

the Faculty of the Integrated School – Junior High School Department University of

Negros Occidental – Recoletos. It is constructed of an Arduino Uno Board to accept the

coding that we accomplished in the Arduino IDE program. It also includes a soil moisture

sensor that can be placed above or in the soil to detect moisture. Switch caps and a 5V 1

Channel Relay Module are used to turn the switch on or off. Finally, a water pump is

used to move water from the source to the soil.

However, the project shown in the photo above is merely a little gadget ideal for

one plant or a small amount of soil. As a result, our objective is to make it bigger by

employing a larger battery that can be charged using solar or hydroelectric power.

Furthermore, we want to use larger or more soil moisture sensors to cover a broader

region of the farm. This will save us a lot of time from having to water every available

place. When building or establishing a bigger scale for this gadget, we will also consider

the supply of water. The water in the waterfall will be utilized to give a limitless amount

of water to avoid drying up our soil. This gadget can even be useful when no one is

currently living or staying in the area because it can automatically identify whether or not

the soil requires water.

The second is soil fertility. One of the crucial elements that directly affect crop

yield and quality is the management of nutrients in the soil and its fertility. It is because

the secret to good vegetable production is providing plants with the appropriate amount

of nutrients at the appropriate time. For instance, for the majority of crop rotations that

contain vegetable crops, keeping the soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0 is advised. Since the

majority of the nutrients are readily available, a large variety of vegetables thrive in that

area. Crops that require pH maintenance above 6.5 include asparagus, brassicas, garlic,
onions, and spinach. These crops are sensitive to low pH. Thus, knowing how fertile the

soils give impacts the result of the crops.

Lastly, it is important to give emphasis on having and maintaining high-quality

soil. Soil quality refers to the ability of a certain type of soil to work within a natural or

controlled ecosystem in order to conserve plants and animals, maintain or improve the

quality of the climate, and support human health and the urban environment. We have

clean air and water, abundant crops and forests, profitable grazing pastures, a variety of

species, and stunning vistas because of quality soil. Specifically, good soil provides vital

nutrients to plants and grass and the right amount of moisture. For instance, Your grass

and plants will get the oxygen they need to flourish correctly if the soil surrounding your

property stays damp. However, it might have negative consequences if your soil is very

moist or humid. Moreover, you can simply provide your plants and grass essential

nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium if you have a soil of excellent quality.

Hence, it is significant to take specific measurements to ensure good quality.

8. Farm security

Sometimes, keeping stray animals from a farm is an arduous task considering

there are many animals who like the scent of the crops or the plants on a farm. Some may

eat the plants and even step on other plants which will result in greater damage.

However, there are countless ways we can do to avoid such a predicament. In this

section, we will be discussing ways to greatly reduce the chance of wild animals

intruding on the farm. Not all approaches are effective against animals, but utilizing

many methods on the farm will gradually increase the chance of succeeding.
 The first method and most common method is fencing. There are many types or

styles available to use for the fence, but the type of fence we are going to use is the Wire

fence with just a little gap beside each other. Metal wires are braided together to form a

physical barrier in the construction of wire fences. The fences are reliable, durable, and

require only minimal upkeep. This fence will help us to keep stray animals from entering

by blocking them from entering. Animals that will be kept off using this method are

rabbits, foxes, deer, wild pigs, and animals of the same or bigger sizes. It can only fit a

few small animals, but not all. However, to solve this we have another method to put in

the farm.

The second method is planting agriculture-specific plants or substances. First is

the chili peppers. As a great deterrent to squirrels, and animals that are not bothered by

the first method, it will keep us off them. Due to the chemical Capsaicin, chili peppers are

extremely hot thus many animals don't like its characteristics. In addition to this, we can

also use these chili peppers when in need of spice or for making food. The second is

agriculture honey. This is also a great strategy or method to keep off some wild animals

because some animals can be repelled just by the sound of honey bees like elephants.

Thus, honey is also a healthy product with countless uses. In addition to bees, we can also

have pet dogs or guard dogs to also prevent human intruders.

Lastly, the utilization of Electronic repellents for keeping off animals. It is an

efficient, long-lasting, and environmentally beneficial crop security technique that keeps

animals away without endangering them. First is the Ultrasonic repellents. These are

tools that irritate pests and insects and deter them from constructing nests or dwellings by

irritating them with ultrasonic sound waves. The frequency used by ultrasonic waves is

inaudible to human ears yet annoying to pests. These gadgets are easy to use; all we have
to do is connect them to an electrical outlet to start emitting sound waves. The

effectiveness of these devices was proven since this is not a new approach. According to

our research, its usage dates back to the ancient Chinese period because ancient Chinese

used sound waves to deter insects from entering their structures. This strategy did not

become popular until the 1960s (the first device came from Philips in 1962). Second, we

can also use ultrasonic mouse repellent to protect our plants from underground intruders.

Electrical devices called sonic or ultrasonic mouse repellents are made to emit a high

frequency or ultrahigh frequency that mice can hear but humans cannot.

To conclude, attacks or intruders can come in a lot of ways. However, being

prepared is preparing for all the possible ways an animal can trespass and making safety

measures or precautions to fend off or counter their strategies. With this, they will have a

hard time interfering with the plant's growth, and will just find another place to find food.

9. Communication

Imagine you are at your homestead and have an emergency at the house. One of

you family members is out in the field or over at a neighbor’s home, how do you alert

him and call for help. You can fire off a shot or two, but this can be a waste of

ammunition. A better solution might be the use of farm bells, in the past this was pretty

common.

A sturdy metal farm bell was frequently hung on a pole outside the kitchen

entrance. It might be rung during meals to broadcast a pre-recorded message to the fields

or to converse with neighbors.

The sound of a properly installed farm bell may travel for up to 7 kilometers.

Because sound travels in a straight path, towering trees, buildings, and other structures
will reflect the sound. As sound travels through moving air, a strong downwind can

transport it much further than seven miles. However, a strong upwind may restrict its

range.

Figure 16. Farm bell

A farm bell can be used to fetch people from the fields or to notify them to for

their presence in the event of an emergency. You only need to determine a bell code,

which is often a specified number or pattern of rings. With numerous bells, you may

warn a large region.

 For instance, 1 bell for bedtime, 2 bells for eating, 3 bells for just a small

inconvenience, and 4 bells for a serious predicament. Farm bells may once again be a

helpful way of communication if modern communication fails.

10. Fertilizers

Compost will be used as a fertilizer but will be elaborated on section 12. In this

part, chicken manure and chicken egg shells will be discussed.

The extensive use of chemical fertilizers poses serious collateral problems such as

environmental pollution, pest resistance development and food safety decline. Researches

focused on applying plant-beneficial microorganisms in place of chemical fertilizer use is

increasing due to the requirement of sustainable agriculture development (Ye et

al.,2020).

Figure 17. Comparison of Organic Fertilizer and Synthetic Fertilizer

Organic fertilizers have been proposed as one solution to relieve environmental

pressure and be a carbon-neutral alternative to liquid fossil fertilizers. Organic matter

improves soil structure, increases the water holding capacity and promotes biological

transformations such as N-mineralization (Evanylo et al., 2008; Hassink et al., 1997).

 Organic fertilizer refers to materials used as fertilizer that occur regularly in

nature, usually as a by-product or end product of a naturally occurring process. Organic

fertilizers such as manure have been used in agriculture for thousands of years; ancient

farmers did not understand the chemistry involved, but they did recognize the benefit of

providing their crops with organic material. Interest in organic farming is growing

worldwide as a sustainable agricultural practice nowadays. Organic fertilizers are

sustained sources of nutrients due to slow release during decomposition. By increasing

soil organic matter, organic farming can reinstate the natural fertility of the damaged soil,

which will improve the crop productivity to feed the growing population. Organic

fertilizers enhance the natural soil processes, which have long-term effects on soil

fertility (Singh, 2012). They gradually release nutrients into the soil solution and maintain

nutrient balance for healthy growth of crop plants. They also act as an effective energy

source of soil microbes which in turn improve soil structure and crop growth (Shaji et al.,

2021).

The utilization of chicken manure as an organic fertilizer is essential in improving

soil productivity and crop production (Dikinya & Mufwanzala, 2010).

Figure 18. Chicken Manure

 Thepsilvsut and co authors (2022) did research about the efficacy of chicken

manure as organic fertilizer. The researchers concluded that application of chicken

manure tended to increase soil organic matter after harvesting, while chemical fertilizers

did not show the same effect. The fresh weight of white mugwort increased with the rise

in both fertilizer levels. Chicken manure application produced the highest fresh weight at

all times. The level of accumulated nitrate was significantly greater when fertilizer rates

increased. In addition, the total phenolic content of the white mugwort fertilized with

chicken manure was higher than that fertilized with chemical fertilizer (Thepsilvsut et al.,

2022).

Figure 19. Crushed Egg Shells on top of soil

Egg shells are only waste that has no economic value, meaning that after the

inside of the eggs is removed, the eggshells are usually thrown away. In fact, more than

that, according to Butcher & Miles (2015), eggshells contain about 2.2 grams of calcium

in the form of calcium carbonate. The average egg shell contains about 0.3% phosphorus

and 0.3% magnesium and a small amount of sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron
and copper. The high calcium content has the potential to be used as organic fertilizer for

plants.The high calcium content in egg shells can function to activate the formation of

root and seed hairs and strengthen the stems. Calcium can also be used to neutralize

adverse soil conditions and compounds . As explained by Rahmadina (2017), fertilizers

from eggshell waste that have complete nutrients can have high selling value and can

compete in the international market.

Chicken manure will be collected from the chicken house and will be spread as

evenly as possible on the surface of the farm soil where the crops are planted. This will

be done every six weeks. Egg shells will be applied along with the application of chicken

manure.

11. Draft power for farm work

Using animals as a source of force or leverage to move objects or complete

activities is known as "draft power." Many animal species have provided this kind of

force for human usage over the years, including cattle, horses, mules, donkeys, camels,

and elephants as well as smaller animals like dogs and goats. Today, this technique is still

widely used throughout the world, especially in many less developed countries.

Agriculture can benefit greatly from the usage of draft animals, depending on their

physical capabilities. They will be providing power to carry, haul, or pull weights, as well

as pulling equipment like hay rakes and plows, or helping to lift or move large objects

that are beyond a specific weight, so it relies on their physical capabilities. With the use

forecarts or any other sort of equipment having an animal such as a horse, cows, buffalo,

etc.
 Figure 20. Forecarts

Without the access of other vehicles such as tractors for plowing, hauling and

cultivating the farm, as mentioned before with the use of animals we can get by just fine

by using horses or cows to plow the fields by attaching them to the forecarts.

Aside from utilizing animals we also have tools that can also help us cultivate our

farm by the use of tools such as hoes, shovels, spades, and trowels. Shovels are among

the most basic and essential gardening tools. Round - and flat-nose shovels are used for a

range of tasks, including digging through dirt and moving garbage into bags or cans. The

round-nose shovel is preferred by landscapers for digging because its curved edge

quickly penetrates the dirt. A flat-nose shovel's broad, straight edge makes it suitable for

scooping enormous amounts of dirt off the ground. Shovels are also used by landscapers

to dig holes for planting and transplanting, as well as to create trenches for irrigation

installation and repair. The following are tools used for cultivating.
 Figure 21. Basic Gardening Tools

The classic garden hoe is used for soil cultivation as well as weeding. The normal

hoe has a straight handle that is 4 to 5 feet long. The flat, sharp-edged blade of the hoe is

attached to the handle and protrudes perpendicularly. A gardener uses a hoe by inserting

the blade into the ground and pulling it toward his body. Landscapers also use a hoe's

pulling motion to loosen soil, eradicate weeds, and mix fertilizer or mulch with soil.

Figure 22. Garden Hoe

 Garden rakes are classified into two types: bow rakes and leaf rakes. The stiffness

of the tines on these rakes is its distinctive feature. The leaf rake features thin, flexible

tines as opposed to the bow rake's set, stiff tines. The tines of the bow rake protrude

straight from its broad, straight head. The tines of the leaf rake fan outward to form a

sweeping curving head. Bow rakes are used by landscapers to drag big loads and

enormous amounts of soil. Leaf rakes are used to collect light trash such as leaves and

soft plant stuff.

Figure 23. Garden Rake

12. Fuel/energy for cooking stoves/ovens

When camping, overlanding or on an extended expedition a great way to cook

efficiently using less fuel and reducing smoke in a free and sustainable, low-impact way

is to build a mud stove. We're doing this in a nearby stream so we have plenty of clay soil

that makes a good stove. We first set to mixing some soil with water. You can do this by

hand or have someone trample the mud with their feet. In locations that have termite

mounds the clay that the termites build is especially good for mud stove construction.

Some places may require mining of clay to add to the mix.

 Figure 24. Mud Stove

We're using a found piece of wood sticks as a griddle. mud it in to place These

will be the structure around which we'll build a chimney, It's not 100%vital that you

protect all the sticks from fire but you do want them to hold the structure long enough so

it has time to dry.

At this point you can start smoothing the outside of the stove. After the sticks

burn off the top of the stove can be molded to hold a pot for higher heat. Upon

completion the stove can immediately be cooked over.

We used some sustainably and legally harvested bamboo this time but any sticks

will work. Using green sticks is best as they don't burn off as easily the first time you

cook. Cogon will also be an alternative source of gasoline, they are flammable and are

easy to find considering the location of our homestead. Thus, it will not cost us a single

penny for its usage.

13. Off-grid Firestarter

The flint and steel method of fire starting that requires the use of steel in some

form, is a sustainable way to start a fire. In this homestead, we will be following the

methods of Randy Gerke (2010) in his book “Outdoor Survival Guide”. The principle of
this method is based on the interaction of two different materials by friction. Steel is

struck against the sharp edge of a hard stone, and sparks form as the rock peels away tiny

pieces of heated steel. The sparks are directed to the tinder bundle that has been prepared

to accept them when they fall. The spark is then blown into flame. The disadvantage of

this method is that steel is difficult to find in the wild.

As indicated by the name, you need two items to start this type of fire: flint and a

piece of steel. With some searching, you can find an appropriate piece of flint. Flint

rocks, such as quartz, agate, chert, and jasper, which are high in silica content, are needed

for striking fires. These stones have a smooth, glassy appearance. Stones that are easy to

grasp in one hand are the ideal size. Smaller stones, which you can hold with your

fingers, will also work, but they may be more difficult to use because you will need to

hold the stone in a stationary position when creating a spark. You can strike a flint rock

against another stone or other hard object to create sharp edges, which will enhance your

ability to make good sparks with the stone.

To strike a spark with flint and steel, follow these steps:

1. Kneel on the ground, place a tinder bundle in front of you, and crouch over the

bundle. If you are using charred cloth, place a piece into the depression of the

tinder bundle before you begin.

2. Hold the steel in one hand between your thumb and index finger. If you are

using a pocketknife, hold the closed knife in the same fashion with the back of the

knife blade facing the rock (see figure 3.1).

3. Grasp the flint in the opposite hand with the sharpest edge toward the steel.

4. To generate sparks, strike the steel against the sharp edge of the rock with a

quick downward motion. Use deliberate, powerful strokes, directing the sparks

toward the tinder bundle. Besides having the charred cloth in the tinder bundle,

try holding a small piece under your thumb against the flint near the striking edge.

Many times sparks will deflect upward away from the steel as it strikes the flint,

and the cloth may catch them. Incorporating this technique can greatly increase

your chances of catching a viable spark.

5. When you see a spark fall into the tinder, immediately give a light puff of air

onto the tinder bundle. Alternatively, if you catch a good spark on the charred

cloth under your thumb, quickly transfer it to the tinder bundle and blow it into

flame. If the spark has begun to ignite the tinder, a small wisp of smoke will be

present, and you should see a tiny glow in the bundle. Continue to blow the tinder

into flame. If the tinder does not catch, continue striking sparks. In bright and

sunny conditions, place the tinder bundle in the shade or position yourself so that

you cast a shadow over the tinder. That way you can see where the sparks are

falling and whether the tinder is beginning to burn.

2. Plastic wrap

Create a liquid sphere by lining a bowl with plastic wrap and filling it with water.

Gather the corners of the plastic wrap together and twist to form the sphere.
 3. Picture frame & plastic wrap

Cover a picture frame with a layer of plastic wrap and suspend it off the ground.

Pour hot water on the plastic until it sags, forming a liquid lens.

4. Juice bottle

These bubble-shaped juice bottles work great as magnifiers when filled with

water.

5. Sodium and toilet paper roll

This method requires no sun. Using a small amount of sodium, a toilet paper roll,

and some kindling, a blazing fire can be created in seconds.

14. (CYROSE) All wastes must be recycled/reused/repurposed

Food and other organic wastes can be converted into natural fertilizer through

composting. Plastics can be sent to recycling centers, which essentially turns them into

repurposed supplies for future use. A process of mixing of ingredients for the purpose of

utilizing it as a plant fertilizer and to improve the soil’s quality, chemical and biological

properties. This method is known as composting. It is commonly prepared by

decomposing plant, food waste, recycling organic materials and manure. The mixture will

be rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as bacteria, protozoa, nematodes

and fungi. Compost improves soil fertility in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban

agriculture, and organic farming, reducing dependency on commercial chemical

fertilizers, acting as a soil conditioner, increasing the humic acid contents of the soil, and

provides a beneficial microbes of that and helps to suppress pathogens in the soil and
reduce soil-borne diseases. By utilizing composting we are able to minimize our expenses

in purchasing our farming essentials.

Figure 25. The Composting Process

There are countless ways you can utilize wastes for your homestead whether it be

manure, woods, garbage, thrown items, you can definitely find a way to utilize them for

your homestead. For example, plastic water bottles or plastic buckets can be utilized as a

plant pot or flower pot.

Figure 26. Repurposed Plastic Bottles

It is of course not only limited in just being utilized as a pot of some sorts and nor

is it only limited to plastic buckets or plastic water bottles. I mean everything you have
purchased before came in a container. Repurposing or reusing trash is definitely like

turning trash into a treasure however, it will just depend on how you will utilize that

waste or trash. Nonetheless, almost all forms of wastes can be repurposed, at the very

least, minimized to lower the overall impact. Pesticides, for example, are a necessary evil,

mainly to keep away certain pests. When it comes to managing agricultural waste, there

are three main principles we follow: reduce, reuse, and recycle.Agricultural wastes that

cannot be reused or recycled should ideally be turned into compost for use as fertilizer.

Another point to remember is that someone’s waste can be someone else’s raw material.

Sometimes, in vertically integrated farms waste from one agricultural process can be

input for another process.I think it is essential to know the consequences of not properly

disposing or utilizing wastes. Wastes can surely be useful in ways but improper handling

of it will result in some serious consequences to the environment. It will affect us humans

and animals alike. There are numerous outcomes if one does not dispose of waste

responsibly. For instance, it can raise the problem of landfills and the emission of toxic

gas from the area. So it is important to know how to properly handle wastes and utilize

them for our offgrid homestead.

15. Any other resource that you deem important that can be sourced or maintained

internally

One of the most critical requirements for homesteading is a constant, reliable

water source. Be it piped water, well water or water collected in rainwater tanks. Many

homesteaders catch and direct water using permaculture principles to create swathes and

other features. Gardening is a natural next step on your homestead journey. Growing your

own food is an essential homesteading skill. When you grow your own food, you have
 more control over the quality and safety of what you eat. You can also save money by

growing your own food. Storage Space if you are canning, you will need to get a pressure

canner and follow the canning instructions that come with your model. If you are drying

fruits and vegetables, you will need to make sure that the wind doesn’t blow them away

and that the temperature is consistent. You can also put them in an out-of-the-way spot to

minimize the chance of pests and rodents getting to them. Egg is one of our resources that

we can produce and maintain internally. Chicken eggs are an excellent source of high-

quality protein, as well as essential vitamins and minerals. Increased egg production and

consumption might greatly enhance adults' and children's nutritional needs. Eggs are also

a cheap source of nutrients for a healthy diet and life, and they play an important part in

human nutrition.

II. Synthesis

This design is based on the belief that humans must recognize the world’s natural

resources as finite, with limited capacities to support life. The objective, then, is to

conserve natural resources to ensure continued development and to support all life

(Moldan et al., 2012). Building houses is a complex design process that results from

layer-by-layer information on building components. Each building component must be

designed with the future in mind and an understanding of its relationship with other

building components (Alencastroet al., 2018). Sustainable house design has been brought

to the attention of professionals and the community as the way of building for the

future. For civilization to tackle global warming they have to do something about the way

they live which means turning to an environmentally sustainable way of living within

their homes. (Harry & Patnaikuni, 2014). This homestead plan will make use of 2
hectares of raw land, currently overgrown with cogongrass, 80% on a plateau, 20% with

slope that meets a year-round stream along the north-side boundary; the stream is 30

meters lower in elevation than the larger portion of the land, with bamboos along both

stream banks.

The recognition of the landscape values of the rural space, the importance of

protecting them, and the need for renewed and innovative planning of the countryside are

important. The area has an abundance of bamboo along both streamlines. Bamboo is a

sustainable, renewable and versatile resource, characterized by high strength and low

weight, and is easily worked using the available basic manual tools, basic power tools

including a small chain saw, ideal for the concept of a Farmhouse (Nurdiah, 2022) . The

farmhouse will be elevated with a 20x20ft measurement to overlook the property. A

bamboo farmhouse is environment-friendly, lightweight, flexible, and durable.We will

make use of the stream and its current availability, we will make an extraction of

electricity through microhydro power generator which is renewable energy. How can we

make it possible

Microhydropower system, a run-of-river micro-hydropower generating system,

can generate electricity extremely well in ultra-low-head situations.For a much stable

supply we will also add a Micro-wind power generator, which uses the flow of wind

energy to produce electricity for the whole property. Since our property is very open and

would no doubt have strong winds.

Proper clothing is important, and to make it environmentally friendly, we will

outsource thrift garments. Those garments include but is not limited to Work Gloves,

Jean/Long Pants, Thermal wear, and Hats.

 People regard herbal medication as a gentler choice for health difficulties. Some

examples are: the tawa-tawa that helps patients recover from dengue, ginger for

skeletomuscular problems and common cold, lemon grass for digestion-related issues,

Philippine oregano as an antibacterial, blue ternate for healthy eyes.

There will be two hydraulic ram pumps, one for drinking and one for domestic

uses, bathing, irrigation, and raising animals. Having a year-round spring with drinkable

water is an advantage, it makes the filtration and disinfection process easier. For the

drinking water hydraulic ram pump, there will be a filtration device to have a multi-

barrier that removes unwanted particles. The filtered water will go through an electric

purifier for disinfection.

This is a mini project that was proposed in Robotics Project Proposal Presented to

the Faculty of the Integrated School – Junior High School Department University of

Negros Occidental – Recoletos.It includes a soil moisture sensor that can be placed above

or in the soil to detect moisture. Switch caps and a 5V 1 Channel Relay Module are used

to turn the switch on or off. Finally, a water pump is used to move water from the source

to the soil.

The first method and most common method of securing the perimeter is fencing.

The type of fence we are going to use is the Wire fence with just a little gap beside each

other. The second method is planting agriculture-specific plants or substances. First is the

chili peppers. As a great deterrent to squirrels, and animals that are not bothered by the

first method, it will keep us off them. Lastly, the utilization of Electronic repellents for

keeping off animals. It is an efficient, long-lasting, and environmentally beneficial crop

security technique that keeps animals away without endangering them.

 A sturdy metal farm bell was frequently hung on a pole outside the kitchen

entrance. It might be rung during meals to broadcast a pre-recorded message to the fields

or to converse with neighbors.The sound of a properly installed farm bell may travel for

up to 7 kilometers. The number of times it is ringed indicate certain signals.

The utilization of chicken manure as an organic fertilizer is essential in

improving soil productivity and crop production (Dikinya & Mufwanzala, 2010). This

will be done every six weeks. Egg shells will be applied along with the application of

chicken manure.

Draft power for farm work will use forecarts or any other sort of equipment

having an animal such as a horse, cows, buffalo, etc. Aside from utilizing animals we

also have tools that can also help us cultivate our farm by the use of tools such as hoes,

shovels, spades, and trowels.

When camping, overlanding or on an extended expedition a great way to cook

efficiently using less fuel and reducing smoke in a free and sustainable, low-impact way

is to build a mud stove. Using green sticks is best as they don't burn off as easily the first

time you cook. Cogon will also be an alternative fuel.

The flint and steel method of fire starting that requires the use of steel in some

form, is a sustainable way to start a fire. In this homestead, we will be following the

methods of Randy Gerke (2010) in his book “Outdoor Survival Guide”.

All wastes must be recycled. Food and other organic wastes can be converted into

natural fertilizer through composting. Plastics can be sent to recycling centers, which

essentially turns them into repurposed supplies for future use. Pastic water bottles or

plastic buckets can be utilized as a plant pot or flower pot.

 One of the most critical requirements for homesteading is a constant, reliable

water source. Be it piped water, well water or water collected in rainwater tanks.

Gardening is a natural next step on your homestead journey. Growing your own food is

an essential homesteading skill. When you grow your own food, you have more control

over the quality and safety of what you eat. You can also save money by growing your

own food. Storage Space if you are canning, you will need to get a pressure canner and

follow the canning instructions that come with your model.

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