ETELT 2020 Prof. M.

Sajid Iqbal
CLAUSE & ITS VARIOUS
KINDS
Ans: Definition:
A group of words that forms part of a sentence and has a subject and predicate of its
own is called clause. (OR)
A clause is a group of words consisting of a Subject + finite verb+ )Complement or
Object)
‫رکھتا وہ‬predicate ‫اور‬subject ‫اافلظ اک ایک ااسی رگوہ وج ہک یسک رقفے اک ایک ہصح انبیا وہ اور اانپ‬
‫ رپ لمتشم وہیا ےہ۔‬subject+ finite verb + complement or Object ‫(یا) ہی اافلظ اک ایک ااسی رگوہ وہیا ےہ وج ہک‬
Subject:
A word or group of words that gives some information is called subject.
‫کہالیا ےہ۔‬subject ‫ظفل یا اافلظ اک ایک ااسی رگوہ وج ہک وکیئ ولعمامت فرامہ رکیا ےہ‬
It is normally a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It usually comes before the verb.
‫ےک دعب ا یاےہ۔‬verb ‫رپ لمتشم وہیا ےہ۔ اور ہی‬noun, pronoun or noun phrase ‫ہی اعم وطر رپ‬
 The verb must agree with the subject. So the subject dictates the form of verb. This
agreement between the subject and verb is often called Concord.
For example,
I wait. She waits.
Finite Verb:
Finite Verb is linked to the subject of the sentence. It changes with the change in
subject.
For example,
You Open the door.
He opens the door.
Complement:
What is required to complete the sentence is called Complement.
For example,
She is a student at the university.
In the above example, “student” is a complement as without it, the sentence remains
incomplete.
i. Subjective Complement:
If the complement refers to the subject in a sentence, it is called subjective
complement.
For example,
His brother grew happier gradually.
Subject subject Complement ( SCO)
a) Subjective Complement can be “Adjective”
Example:
Your face grows red.
He looks tired.
Her voice sounds pretty.
ETELT 2020 Prof. M. Sajid Iqbal
b) Subjective Complement can be “Noun or Pronoun”
Example:
He becomes a district governor.
The robber is you.
ii. Objective Complement:
If the complement refers to the object, it is called object complement.
It is used with verbs such as elect, choose, make, call, appoint or like. It refers directly
to the object. E.g.
They make him the chairman every year.
(object) (Objective complement) OC
Object:
An object normally is a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It usually goes after the verb in
the active voice.
For example,
They killed a snake.
There are two kinds of object.
1. Direct Object (Do)
2. Indirect Object ( Indro)
1. Direct Object:
An object that is directly affected by the action of verb is called Direct Object. It comes
immediately after a transitive verb. Usually non-living thing is an indirect object.
For example,
He threw me a ball.
In the above example, “ball” is a direct object.
2. Indirect Object:
It usually refers to the person who takes benefit from the action expressed in the verb.
OR
The person for whom the action is done is called indirect object. It is most often a living
thing.
In the above example, “me” is an indirect object as it’s a living being.
They make him the chairman every year.
Subject Predicate
“They” is called subject-group whereas “make him the chairman every year” is a verb-
group or Predicate.
Predicate:
Part of the sentence except the subject is called Predicate.
OR
Part of the sentence that gives some information about the subject is called
Predicate. OR
What is said about the subject is called Predicate.
In the above example, “Make him the chairman every year” is a predicate.
Here “Make is a verb”, “him is an object” , “the chairman is a complement” and “every
year” is an adverbial.
Adverbial:
ETELT 2020 Prof. M. Sajid Iqbal
An adverbial is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or an
adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or the verb. (The word
adverbial itself is also used as an adjective, meaning "having the same function as an adverb".)
Adverbials may perform different functions:
 Adding information: I walked quietly.
 Linking clauses:
The bus was full. However, Fareed found a seat.
 Adding a comment on what is expressed:
Quite frankly we disapprove of violence.
 Some verbs (like put) must have an adverbial to complete their meaning:
Please put the gun down.
Main Or Independent Or Principal Clause:
Part of the sentence that has the subject and predicate of its own and can give complete
sense and sustain alone is called independent or Principal clause.
Dependent clause OR Subordinate Clause:
It doesn’t have its own complete meaning. It depends on another sentence for its
complete meaning.
For example,
We rested when the sun set.
Principal Clause Dependent Clause
Coordinate Clause:
When different clauses are jointed with conjunctions like “and” “but” etc. such is called
coordinate clause.
Simple Sentence:
Sentence containing just one clause is called simple sentence.
OR) A sentence which has only one finite verb.
OR) A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate.
For example.
His courage won him honour.

Subject predicate
Compound Sentence:
A sentence that is made up of two or more co-ordinate clauses is called compound
sentence.
For example, The moon was bright and we could see our way.
Subject Predicate Subject Predicate
In the above sentence, each part has subject and predicate of its own an therefore can
stand by itself as a complete sentence. Each clause is therefore independent of the other and is
related to other is called co-ordinate clause.
For example.
Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.
Complex Sentence:
ETELT 2020 Prof. M. Sajid Iqbal
A sentence which has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses is called
complex sentence.
For example, They rested when evening came.

Main clause Sub-ordinate clause

Principal or Main clause: OR ( Independent clause)
The part of a sentence that makes good sense by itself is called principal or
independent clause.
In the above example, “They rested,” is a main clause.
Dependent or Sub-ordinate clause:
The part of the sentence that depends on the other part for its complete or good sense
is called Sub-ordinate or dependent clause.
For example,
In the above sentence “ when evening came” is sub-ordinate clause as it is dependent
on main clause to convey its meaning.
There are following kinds of sub-ordinate clauses.
Noun Clause:
A group of words which has the subject and predicate of its own and does the work of a
noun is called Noun clause.
OR) A noun clause is a subordinate (dependent) clause that is used as a noun.
I know Urdu. (Noun)
I know that Urdu is spoken as a nation language in Pakistan. ( Noun Clause…..
Direct Object of Know)
Noun clauses can begin with…….
i- Wh-question Clause is made from wh-question like who, when, what, where, why, how,
whoever, whatever, wherever
Subject + verb + object (subordinator + subject + verb + ...)
Example:
She wants to ask where I live.
I want to know how we can meet each other.
For example,
Where he lives is a new colony.
What one says can’t be believed.
How she survived appears strange.
In the above examples, all wh-clauses act as the subject of the verb. Hence they are
noun clauses working as subject.
She tells what has happened to her.
He will tell how you can do it.
In the above examples, all wh-clauses act as the object of the verbs. Hence, they are
noun clauses working as object.
ii. Yes / No question Clause is made from yes/no question. It is introduced by “Whether” or
“if”.
Subject + verb + object (subordinator + subject + verb + ...)
ETELT 2020 Prof. M. Sajid Iqbal
Example:
They ask whether I am happy or not.
He wonders if she loves him or not.
For example,
Whether she will stay or not it is her matter.
If she will stay she can become ill.
iii. “A Question Word + To Infinitive”.
For example,
What to say is unknown.
Where to meet is yet to be decided.
iv. “That” Clause is made from statement.
Subject + verb + that clause
Example:
She said that she missed me.
The problem is that no one answered the question.
Using Subjunctive in Noun Clause:
 A subjunctive verb is the simple form of a verb. Sentences with subjunctive verbs generally
stress the importance or urgency.
For example,
I suggest that she see a doctor.
I suggested that she saw a doctor.
I recommend that you not got to meet him.
Subjunctive In passive voice:
Simple form of BE + Past Participle
It is essential that children be told the truth.
Adverbial Clause:
Definition:
A group of words that has the subject and predicate of its own and does the work of an
adverb is called Adverbial clause. OR
Adverb clause is a subordinate clause which is used as an adverb. Like an adverb, it
tells when, where, how, why, with what goal/result, or under what condition something happens.
 They function as an adverb, and are not separated from the rest of the sentence with a
comma.
Adverb clause begins with common subordination conjunctions such as: after, before,
until, while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, if, unless, whether, though, although,
even though, where…
Types And Meanings Of Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause usually appears just before or just after the main clause. It shows
different meanings in sentence such as time, place, condition, etc. Below are some common
meanings it shows.
1. Adverb clause of time:
ETELT 2020 Prof. M. Sajid Iqbal
We use adverb clause of time to modify verb in main clause and to tell the time that an
action takes place. Adverb Clause of Time usually starts with when, whenever, anytime, before,
after, till, until, while, since, just as, as soon as, as often as, now that, as long as etc.
For examples,
Before you go, turn off the radio.
It is only six months since the bill was signed.
2- Adverb clause of place:
We use adverb clause of place to modify verb in main clause and to tell the place that an
action takes place. Adverb Clause of place usually starts with where, as far as, as near as,
wherever, anywhere etc.
For examples,
Put the gun where the children can’t find it.
I’ll go wherever he sends me to.
3- Adverb clause of Manner:
We use adverb clause of manner to modify verb in main clause and to tell how an action
takes place. Adverb Clause of manner usually starts with as, as if as though, etc.
For examples,
Everything worked out as he expected.
We must behave as if everything were normal.
4- Adverb clause of Condition:
We use adverb clause of condition to modify verb in main clause and to tell the
condition that an action takes place or someone does something. Adverb Clause of condition
usually starts with if, whether, if … not, unless, supposing that, provided that, in the condition
that, as long as that etc.
For examples,
I’ll drop in later if anything new comes up.
Unless the traffic is very bad, we should arrive by eight.
5- Adverb clause of Reason:
We use adverb clause of cause/reason to modify verb in main clause and to tell the
cause that an action takes place. Adverb Clause of reason usually starts with because, since, as,
etc.
For examples,
Because we couldn’t get the motor running, we had to row back to the dock.
Since no one else will volunteer, I’ll do the cooking.
6- Adverb clause of Purpose:
We use adverb clause of purpose to modify verb in main clause and to tell the aim that
someone does something or something happens. Adverb Clause of purpose usually starts
with so, so that, in order that, that, lest etc.
For examples,
Clear the doorway so that the others can enter.
She took a computer course in order that she could get a better job.
Pray to God that He might bless.
7- Adverb clause of Result:
ETELT 2020 Prof. M. Sajid Iqbal
We use adverb clause of result/consequence to modify verb in main clause and to tell
the result that someone does something or something happens. Adverb Clause of result usually
starts with so, so that, so ... that, etc.
Subordinating Conjunctions: “that” is used to recognize adverb clause of result
Subject + verb + so + adjective/adverb + that + subject + verb +
comp
Example:
She is so hungry that she has lunch early.
That she has lunch early, she is so hungry.
8- Adverb clause of Concession/Contrast:
We use adverb clause of concession/contrast to modify verb in main clause and it is
introduced by the below-written subordinating conjunctions: Adverb Clause of concession
usually starts with though, however, even though, even if, although, so, in spite of the fact
that, the fact that, despite that, whether or, granted that, whoever, whatever, whichever, no
matter what, whereas, while etc.
For examples,
While the large universities have many advantages, I still prefer a small college.
Although she uses only two fingers, she is a very fast typist.
9- Adverb clause of comparison:
We use adverb clause of comparison to modify verb in main clause. Clause of
comparison usually starts with as . . . as, so . . . as, than, etc.
For examples,
Your book isn’t as long as mine (is).
A turkey costs more than a chicken (does).
10- Adverbial Clause of Supposition:
Adverbial clause of supposition or concession is introduced by (though, although. Even
if).
For example,
Although, she is beautiful she is humble.
11. Adverb of Probability:
Adverb of probability is used to show how sure when someone does something.
Probably, perhaps, definitely, obviously, certainly, truly,
exactly....
Formula No. 1:
Adverb of Probability + Sentence
Example:
Perhaps she comes today.
Probably I have to get up early tomorrow.
Formula No. 2:
Subject + Modal Verb + Adverb of Probability + Main Verb
+ Complement
Example:
He will probably get married next year.
ETELT 2020 Prof. M. Sajid Iqbal
Many people can exactly speak English very well.
Adjective Clause:
Definition:
A group of words that has the subject and predicate of its own and does the work of an
adjective is called Adjective Clause. An adjective clause is usually introduced by a relative
pronoun. OR
Adjective clause is a dependent clause used as an adjective. It modifies a noun or pronoun in the
same way as adjective by telling “which one?” or “what kind of?”.
for example,
It is an interesting book. (“interesting” modifies “book”)
It is the book which is interesting. (The adjective clause “which is interesting” also modifies “book
”)
 Adjective clauses answer the questions which one, what kind, how much, how many.
 They are introduced by a relative pronoun (who, whom, that, whose, which).
 They function as an adjective, are sometimes separated from the rest of the sentence
with a comma, and should be placed next to the noun or pronoun they modify.
Example:
Sana, who grew impatient with every second, gave Saima three gifts in the party .
In this example, the dependent clause beginning with who modifies Sana.
 The adjective clause begins with relative pronouns, relative possessive adjective, and relative
adverbs.
1. Relative pronouns:
(who, whom, which, that)
 WHO replaces noun or pronoun referring to people in subject position. For examples,
For example,
I met a man. + He runs a successful business.
I met a man who runs a successful business.
 WHOM replaces noun or pronoun referring to people in object position.
For examples,
Saadia is my classmate. + You talked to her this morning.
Saadia, whom you talked to this morning, is my classmate.
 WHICH replaces noun or pronoun referring to animals and things.
For examples,
The product looked excellent. Many were interested in it.
The product which many were interested in looked excellent.
 THAT replaces noun or pronoun referring to people, animals or things.
For examples,
There was a problem with a freeware. + We have already removed it.
There was a problem with a freeware that we have already removed it.
2. Relative possessive adjectives: (whose
 WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns. It can refer to people, animals or
things.
For examples,
The man is happy. + I found the man’s wallet.
The man whose wallet I found is happy.
ETELT 2020 Prof. M. Sajid Iqbal
The girl is employed. + Her study performance was good.
The girl whose study performance was good is employed.
3. Relative adverbs: (when, where, why)
 WHEN replaces a noun or pronoun referring to a time. It replaces a time (in + year, in +
month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject.
For examples,
I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.
I will never forget the day when I graduated.
 WHERE replaces a noun or pronoun referring to a place. It replaces a place (in which +
location).
For examples,
That was the hotel. + I stayed there.
That was the hotel where I stayed.
 WHY replaces noun or pronoun referring to a reason or motive. It replaces reason (in which
+ reason).
For examples,
Money is the problem. She decides to apply for loan because of it.
Money is the problem why she decides to apply for loan.
Note: These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs. When they are objects
of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition. But they can’t be
deleted in non-defining clause.
Restrictive And Non-Restrictive Adjective Clauses:
The fact that an adjective clause defines or just adds information classifies the adjective clause into
two groups:
 Restrictive or defining clause:
Defining clause modify or describe the noun. The meaning of the noun might not be unclear
without the adjective clause. There are no comma(s) needed.
For examples,
Have you still got the book which I gave you?
I have a neighbor who comes from France.
 Non-restrictive or non-defining clause:
Non-defining clause just add extra information to the noun. The noun is understood. Modify
or describe the noun. Comma(s) are needed.
For examples,
Saman, who is our class monitor, received an award.
The grammar course, which we enrolled in, is beneficial for our writing.
USES AND FUNCTIONS:
Adjective clause is used to modify noun or pronoun.
 Modifying a noun:
For examples,
The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
The car that she is driving is not hers.
Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save.
Did I tell you about the author whom I met?
 Modifying a pronoun:
For examples,
They are searching for the one who borrowed the book.
Is there someone who can help me?