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SOCIAL LIFE REFLECTED IN VADAKKAN PATTU
AND THEKKAN PATTU ·
A COMPARATIVE STUDY

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF

ORIENTAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF
KERALA, FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

N. KRISHNANKUTTY PILLAI
SELECTION GRADE LECTURER IN MALAYALAM
V.T.M.N.S.S. COLLEGE, DHANUVACHAPURAM
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

KERALA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
2004
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l2l0l(O)<:l2l nJro1(J)6fT)1.2j13W~l·

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 59

1. Maxim Gorky - 'On Literature', p. 81.

2. Christepher Caudwell - 'Illusion and Reality', p. 281.

3. Rengini Ramachandra - 'Indian Literary Criticism, p. 62.

6. aJ6m3ffiJ&\f' dh~~6ffinJl@@, 'I2lmcruJlml', aJ6m3mJ&\f'(D)&6)S dh~<IDldhuB <06TlSOOlSOCDo,

n.J&oo. 254.

9. 6l1Joe..Jol2l6ffilCl2J021, '6l1Joe..Jol2l6ffil(D)OJ2)(D)& 6)S dhrul<ID', n.J& 00. 32.

10. "Society is composed of people, the way they behave IS their culture",
Steven Vago, 'Social Change', p. 19.

12. Arnold. W. Green, 'Sociology', p. 31.

13. Pascual Gisbert. S.J. 'Fundamental of Sociology', p. 10.

14. Giddings, F.H., 'The Element of Sociology', p. 6.

16. Webster's Encyclopaedia Unabridged Dictionary, p. 1351.

17. s1. n.J&cn.J<IDdhO, n.J&oo. 1351.

20. s1. n.J& cn.J<IDdh 0, n.J&oo. 40-41.

 60

24. 51. nJ!mJ<IDdhO, nJ!Oo. 47.

25. John Rouls - 'Theory of Social Justice', ~(llico6ml, 51. nJ!mJ<IDdho, nJ!oo. 48.

29. dhooam C2l0<DahmJ & Ln.OMolah ng)O(f)amcru 'dhQIZl.\l6m1'bW C2loml6ln.O<X'6'60' (C2l8..lCQ)o~o)

nJ!oo. 75.

,.
34. OJlo:mo8'dh~n916mm, 51.6l6lOJ & nDOC2l18'. nill0., 'mcoOJououoomJL<IDo', nJ!oo. 50.

35. Ldhl'6'6n.O<D dhOMJam - 011.51. dh!C2l0C06l~ 6l<IDC06TUTID5!aml) <X8..I6lJm6ID3~lam ~(llico1'2lm),

nJ!oo. 111.

36. Steven Vago, 'Social Change', p. 7.

39. 51. nJ!mJ<IDdh0, nJ!oo. 72.

40. Kuppuswamy. B, 'Social Change in India', p. 7-22.

42. <xcruo~l, 011.<IDQ><D & <xswco)<XnJoun, 6ldh., 'ISOn9::l0UOOmJL<IDo - crulcwoCTlrlcu!o

LnJ<XCQ)O(f)OJ!o', nJ!oo. 17-18.

43. "Speech is the representation of the experIence of the mind", Aristotle -

~(lliC06ml, 51. nJ!mJ<IDdh0, nJ!oo. 17-18.

44. "Language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,

emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily pi"Oduced symbols",
Edward Sapir - ~(lliC06ml, 51. nJ!mJ<IDdho, nJ&oo. 19.
 61

45. "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal sYmbols by means of which a social
group co-operates" - Bloch & Trager - ~(illC06ml, 51 nJJ,crU<IDc£b0, nJJ,Oo. 19.

46. 51 nJJ,crU<IDc£bo, nJJ,Oo. 19.

47. 51 nJJ,crU<IDc£bo, nJJ,Oo. 20-23.

48. ffiCJ@:6(W06Uffim, ng)crU., 'c£brul<IDCIDJ,6>5 @:6CJ<IDc£bO', nJJ,Oo. 17.

49. 51 nJJ,crU<IDc£bO, nJJ,Oo. 18.

50. am>«dm, 6>c£b.nJ1., '<IDlffimJc£bCJffio', nJJ,Oo. 13.

51. Tolstoy - 'What is Art'.

6>c£b.ng)0. <IDCOc£bm, 'nJCJU!!lJCJ<ID~CTUCJnDl<ID~<IDaml)JUOCJmJl<IDaml)lam ~(illcol.!2J<ID, nJJ,Oo. 262.

54. C:nJCJun, nffio. nJ1, 'CTU'DmCO ~ mlffi"lc£b9:16m0 " ~(illC06ml, 51. nJJ, crU<IDc£bO, nJJ, 00. 20.

55. 51. nJJ,mJCIDc£bO, nJJ,Oo. 21.

56. Christepher Caudwell, 'Illusion and Reality', p. 279.

57. uoffhffi«dl§§. @:61, ~(illffil.!2J<ID,' UOJ,(illr2lB..lCIDCJ§UOCJ6U', CTUCJnD1CID~.c.Jcoll<IDo {nJffilOCJm

6ID3§lB..1l6>S, nJJ, 00. 75.

58. 51. nJJ,crUCIDc£bO, nJJ,Oo. 77.

60. <BTq).c.JCJffi.,\86lT\..Dl, C:MCJ: c£bJ,6TI!l..JJ,~lffiCJ~CJ. 6>c£b., '@CJn9::lCJ8cOuomruJ,0 .c.Jffi1l<IDruJ,0'

nffiCTn c£b~CID1CIDlam ~(illcol.!2Jcm, nJJ,oo. 22.

61. s1. nJJ,crU(IDc£bO, nJJ,oo. 2-3.

62. am>«dm. 6>c£b. nJ1. , '(IDlcocrUc£bCJcoo', nJJ, 00. 40.

64. @CJCTUlcoCJ~, nffimJ., '@l8c£bCJ§1«dCJ§', 6>(IDcOOmC:c£bco§aml)l6>B..I 63COJ, r2lJ,51«dJ,co«dCJ§16>m

am> wlc£b ffil.!2JJ § § (J) c: run9::l6m nJO m 0, (J) c: ru n9::l6m lnJ6l1Jm.D 0, nJJ, 00. 87.

65. r2lCJcfuCTUlo C:(J)CJcOeOO1, 'ru~cfu(ID1(IDJamJ~5)oR uolL.01B..1"ldhco6mo', rulru: (J)O(J)CJWffim.

nffio.6>c£b., nJJ 00. 14.
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66. 51. nJ~m)<IDc£hO, nJ~Oo. 14.

67. 51. nJ~m)<IDc£hO, nJ&Oo. 17-18.

68. ruOffi>& aBrum mOCQ)<3, 6lc£h., 'I2lQ..lCQ)o~ c£hrul<IDCQ)l6lQ..l ru'ro<IDctllIDJo' - (J)crun916Tn

LnJ6llJ<YWo, nJ& 00. 27.

69. roo neJru ru orolCQ)<3, nmo.~<3, 'I2lQ..lCQ)o~ctllIDl6lQ..l moa5051(~:P3&c£h~& 615 6l6lunaIlCQ)&0

lnJrolnJru&o' (J)arun916Tn lnJ6llJCTWo, nJ~oo. 316.

70. 51. lnJ6llJ<YWo, nJ~oo. 731.

71. aMO: <IDl<flO)~01C[g1 (f)o(f)owenm, 'nJ~ amnenlCQ)!Eho' (nJomo) nJ& 00. 74-75.

72. aMO: enOneJru ru 0enlCQ) <3. nmo.~<3., 'arro51aruen~c£huB', nJ~oo. 33-34.

74. 51. nJ~m)<IDc£hO, nJ&oo. 298-299.

82. 'More and more mankind will discover that we have to turn to poetry to
interpret life for us to console us, to sustain us" - Mathew Arnold.
~(IDen6Tnl, 51. nJ&m)<IDc£h0, nJ&oo. 199-200.

83. un!Ehen'7dl~~. ~1., 'un&(IDl2lQ..lCQ)O~un061J' mflaffi ~(IDenl~cID, 'ffi>onDl<IDc:\.aJen1L<IDO LnJau.oo

m6ID3~lQ..1l6l5', nJ&oo. 78.
 63

88. 51. nJ~mJcmdho, nJ~Oo. 4.

89. 51. nJ~mJcmdho, nJ~Oo. 12.

91. (]cwo: rul.ili6fl)~mffiJlcml(1)l, nmo.ru1, '(]n.OOc£h(]eJOro nJomo' «]eJ6LJmo) '(]nf)Oc£h

(]eJoro lnJ6l1JCTW6ID3uO' - (]dh(1)~ (]nf)Oc£h(]eJOro «mc66)oBI2l1, dh~lro, nJ~oo. 11.

93. 51. nJ~mJcmdhO, nJ~oo. 38.

94. 51. nJ~mJcmdho, nJ~oo. 41-42.

95. 51. nJ~mJcmdhO, nJ~oo. 59-60-.

97. a3lQ)mmc66)~3m moCillro. ru1. (mJffiJo:) '(]dh(1)~ cson9:1o(f)om6ID3uO', (1)6nSOo ruo eJ.,\ 0,
nJ~oo. 333.

99. 6lru31Cilloro (]lnJomoLD, 'mo5mnJo3~dhuO', nJ~oo. 110-111, (]dh(1)~ mJooDlcm.,\

<m?!c66)oBQll, 1979.

101. (]QlOoDmm, nJ1.61dh., '<m?!51(]Cillo(1)~615 dheJdhuO' «]eJ6LJmo) '(]nf)Oc£h(]e.JOro lnJ6l1J

m.D6ID3uO', (]dh(1)~ (]nf)Oc£h(]eJOro <moc66)oBQll, dh6PrWO, nJ~ 00. 114.

102. Ql~oDf1lZl8 <m?!oDf1lZl8. 6l1J1., 'QlOe;;Jl~(;?;:P3~dhuO' «]eJ6lJmo) 51. nJ~mJcmdhO, nJ~oo. 187.

103. dho11Cilllro Ql~(1)~l, 'm~.IlcID mJooDlcm.,\o', nJ~oo. 106.

104. 51. nJ~mJcmdhO, nJ~oo. 119.

106. «rI0mmc66)~3mmoCillro, 011., '(]dh(1)~CSOn9:1O (f)Om6ID3uD', ruoeJ.,\o (1)6T"@, nJ~oo. 155.

109. uolB>(1)lfdl~~. sil., 'un~rwQleJCillO~un06lJ', 'mJooDKm"\.!1J(1)llcmo lnJCY\.illom6ID3~1e.J1615',

nlloo. 102.
 64

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63(11)00 ruOe.J.:\o, nJ!Oo. 69.

Ill. Cffiq)mmcOO!§em mOCIlleB, nll, (mJffiJo:) '<:c£hal@ISOnS:lou>om6ID3uB', al6l@0o ruoe.J.:\o,

nJ!Oo. 24.

112. <:l2lonDmem, nJl6>c£h., '(ffi'051<:CIllOCO! 6>5 c£he.Jc£huB', (<:e.J6lJmo) '<:n£lOdh<:e.JoeB LnJ6T1J

m.D6lJT3uB' <:c£hCO~ C:n£lOdhC:e.JoeB (ffi'OcOO081211, c£h~l eB, nJ! 00. 115.

113. 51 nJ!mJaJlc£hO, nJ!Oo. 97.

114. 'm05em nJo§!c£huB' (mJl2l0nDOCOo), C:c£hCO~ mJeBC]dc£he.JocroOe.J, nJ!Oo. 65.

120. Cffiq)mmcOO!§em mOCIlleB, nll. (mJffiJo:) 'C:c£hal@ 1S0nS:l0(f)om6ID3uB' al6l@00 ruoe.J.:\o,

oJ!Oo. 263-264.

121. (fl)m,co~@@. m1, 'cro!IIDI2le.JCIllO@cro06lJ', 'mJonD1a».:\DJal1La»0 LnJCTU.OOm6ID3@1e.Jl6>5'

oJ!Oo. 80.

123. 51 nJ! mJa»c£ho, nJ! 00. 136.

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1. mmJ~ocB. n{j).6>Cfh., 'nJoo6161ruru1UJ~o ruSt66'lmnJ03},dh§lam' (ae.J6UmO) ruSc86)m

nJ03},nJOm6ID3W, nJ},Oo. 187.

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nJ},Oo. 15-16.

8. aMO: a!1..Je.Jmo~ <IDO!1..J~},<IDal2lamom, 'Ballads of North Malabar' ruoe.J~o - 63ml,

nJ},oo. 10.

10. lSocB<&rumnJ1§§. ~1., 'rucwmo3161e.J a3l0f31ruocru1dh§},61s nJ03},dhW', a3l0121},6Uo,

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13. Herman Gundert, 'Malayalam and English Dictionary', p. 901.

 116

20. ro6lID§ill@ d1>~l2loro. nJl, 'd1>5ClmJ)mOS Cx(3(R)ru~0 ~mCID<W~o' (~Q.J6lJmo) 'ru5cB6lm

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21. Percy Macqueen, 'Ballads of North Malabar', Foreword, p. ii-iii.

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23. nJ6ffil<:::cB6l03l ng,o. Gld1>., 'ru5cB6lrrBnJ03~d1>~lQ.JlGl5', nJ~ 00. 31.

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26. 5l nJ~eruCIDd1>o, nJ~oo. 77.

27. 5l nJ~eruCIDd1>o, nJ&oo. 75-78.

28. 5l nJ~eruCIDd1>o, nJ~oo. 57.

29. ~(\1)0: roOn.eJruruoro~ roo ng,o.~ro, 'rus c:66)rrBnJ03~d1>~~Gl5 nJ6ffil<woQ.J', nJ~ 00. 54-55.

30. 5l nJ~eruCIDd1>o, nJ~oo. 55.

31. <:::(\1)0: <:::.!lJQ.Jmo§ ano.!lJ~~CID<:::I2l~morrB, 'Ballads of North Malabar', ruoQ.J~o - 63m'5,

nJ~oo. 2.

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~12l~6lJo, nJ~oo - xii.

33. 5l nJ~eruCIDd1>o, nJ~oo. 1-7.

34. 5l nJ~eruCIDd1>o, nJ~oo. 8-32.

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36. 5l nJ~eruCIDd1>o, nJ~oo. 33.

37. <:::(\1)0: <:::.!lJQ.Jmo§ ano.!lJ~~CID<:::I2l<:::morrB, 'Ballads of North Malabar' - ruoQ.Jc:\0 - 63m'5,

nJ&oo. 18.

38. nJ~ClmJ)rol<WlI:ho, nJ~oo. 75.

39. <:::(\1)0: <:::.!lJQ.Jmo§ ano.!lJc:\&CID~I2l<:::morrB, 'Ballads of North Malabar' ruoQ.Jc:\0 - 63m'5,

nJ~oo. 139.

40. 5l nJ~eruCIDd1>o, nJ~oo. 141.

41. <:::(\1)0: mo<wro. ng,eru.Gld1>., 6TlJoQ.JruJeru 6300.6 ~moroCUTID l2lQ.J6TlJoro, ruoQ.Jc:\o - ro~,
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42. Bowra. C.M., 'Heroic Poetry', p. 27.

44. ~§§lm nJen~l2luoJen~m. ng)mJ., '~tfben§mx)nD1CID.,\.!lJenllCIDo', ClmQJ.,\o - 63rrO, nJ~oo. 249.

45. .!lJ~l2l2lom. slng)o., nJC3.,\(T\)onD1CID.,\.!lJen1UIDo, nJ 6oo. 101.

46. CIDlen 6m~n m tfben 66Jl)otfbenm, '12H~JWO§lSon91onJenl6Jl)ol2lo (T\)lrwoCTID61ffi@60 ClJmJCID 6

CIDtfb§60', nJ 6oo. 87.

47. nJ 6amnenlw!Iho, nJ600. 33.

48. ru(T\)CTIDtfb 6121oenl, nJl, 'ruScB6)mnJ036tfbw .!lJ1BJ mlen't€b9::l6Jl)61ffiw' (~BJ6lJmo) l2lBJ

WO§ rul121muoo (ol(T\)m~ ~~m6Jl)am) BJcB6)o. 12 (1990-1991), nJ 6oo. 144.

50. rulBJ.,\o ~BJo(f)m, 'I2lBJ6TlJom l2lomJam' (I2lBJWO§o) (rulru:) slnJl. tfb~~6Jl)m,

nJ 6oo. 92-102.

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aITq)12l 66lJo, nJ60o. 6.

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nJ!Ih~ot€b9::lm, ng)o. aITq)m., aITq)12l 66lJo, nJ 6oo. 7.

54. ru(T\)CTIDtfb6121oen1. nJ1., 'ruScB6)mnJ036 ~uo6lJen6Jl)ru6 0 nJomru 60' 63en6 rulQJwlen6amnam

(~BJ6lJmo) 'ruScB6)mnJ036nJom61ffiun' - nJ 6oo. 76.

55. ~(UJO: ~.!lJBJmo§ <mo.!lJc\6((j)~I2l~mom, 'Ballads of North Malabar' ruOBJ.,\o - 63(fT),

nJ 6oo. 136.

56. ~(UJO: enone..!ruruoenlwm. ng)o.aITq)m, 'I2lBJwo§amnl6)BJ mo~sosl<;?do36tfb§66)S 6)6)uoe1lw6o

lnJenlnJru6o', (f)~run916Jl)lnJ6TlJrrwo, nJ6oo. 58.

57. sl lnJ6TlJrrw0, nJ 6oo. 61.

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62. nJ6mlacfl6Kl31 omo.61c£h., 'ruscOOmnJo3J,c£h§1~l61S', nJJ,0o. 206.

63. <mo~J, <IDommm. 6lc£h. ru1 , <ID61~o§§lc£hJ,6TIlTIDlcwJ, a<IDmm, 24 ruscOOmnJ03J,c£huB,

nJJ,0o. 210.

64. sl nJJ,mJ<IDc£hO, nJJ,0o. 212.

66. aMo: ruln916mJ,mffiJl<IDlal1 omo. ru1 , 'ruscOOmnJ03J,c£hLOc£huB - 63alJ, nJomo',

nJJ,0o. 147-177.

67. '<ID61~o§§l63a<IDmm 6lnJo<TnlcwmnJscQ)cOOJ,anJocw nJ03J,c£hLO', 24 ruscOOmnJ03J,c£huB,

nJJ,0o. 123.

68. aMO: ruln916mJ,mffiJl<IDla>1: omo.oJl., 'ruscOOmnJ03J,c£hLOc£huB - 63alJ, nJomo',

nJJ,0o. 243-259.

69. Ruth Finnergan, 'Oral Poetry', p. 139-160.

70. oorWa~on.O, ~(illal6ml - aMO: aloneJruruoallcwcO, omo.~cO - 'ruscOOmnJ03J,c£h§J,61S

nJ6mlcwo~', Cffiq)12lJ,6l.Jo, nJJ,0o. xiii.

71. aMO: alOneJruruoallcwcO. omo.Cffiq)cO, 'ruscOOmnJ03J,c£h§J,6lS nJ6mlcwo~', nJJ,00. 2-21.

72. 'nJJ,mTIDallcwffhO', nJJ,0o. 33.

73. Kailasapathy, 'Tamil Heroic Poetry', p. 145.

74. sl nJJ,mJ<IDc£hO, nJJ,0o. 144-145.

75. c£h~n916mruoallcwcO. omm.rul, 'ruscOOmnJo3J,c£h~Jf»S nJ6mlcwo~', lnJmJ<IDorum,

nJJ,0o. viii.

77. 'Cffiq)g&0216ma021am ~6mlcwocO~ c£hlmTIDJ,c£h061""Dl2lOm anJocw c£hLO' 24 ruscOOmnJ03J,

c£huB, nJJ,0o. 337.

78. 'nJJ,mTIDallcwffho', nJJ,0o. 61.

79. 'Cffiq)g&I2l6ma021am ~6mlcwocO~ c£hlmTIDJ,c£h061""Dl2lOm anJocw c£hLO', 24 ruscOOmnJ03J,

c£huB, nJJ,0o. 340.

80. 'c£h'(dJ,§~1 nJO~0613 ac£hOl2l<TnOalJ,61S nJ03J,c£hLO', 24 ruscOOmnJ03J,c£huB, nJJ,0o. 206.

81. ' nJJ, ((Jffi)allcwffho', oJJ, 00. 110.

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83. Raghavan. M.D., 'India in Cylonese History, p. 14l.

84. G:MO: alOnQJ OJ OJ Oal1w cO. n{j)o.<IDQ>cO, 'I2lQJwo~arrID16H~..1 mo(]SOSl~03~c£h~~61S

6l6luoQJ1w~0 lnJallnJOJ 60' ((f)(]OJn9::l6m lnJ6TlJm..uo), nJ 6oo. 346.

85. OJmJOIDcfh 61210all. nJl., 'OJScOOcmnJ036cfhW .!LJ1QJ m1al'c£h9::l6m6ID3w' (]QJ6l.Imo), 'I2lQJ

wO~OJ1I2lcOuoo', QJcOOo. 12 (1990-91), nJ 6oo. 150.

86. .!LJ1owcOOam sl. 6TlJOQJcfh1n916mcmmowcO (mJm..Jo:), (]cfhal~@On9::l0(f)om6ID3w, 63CTnOo

OJOQJ~o, nJ 6oo.253.

87. alOl2l.!LJlffi(f)'DM. 6ln{j).n{j)~, 'OJScOOcmnJ036cfh~60 cfhc06pJ0ScfhOJ'alcfhL1JO(f)Om nJOal

m..Jal~OJ60' (]QJ6l.Imo), 'OJScOOcmnJ036nJom6ID3w', nJ~oo. 256.

88. Stith Thompson. 'The Folk Tale', p. xxii.

89. Bill Butter. 'Myth of the Hero', p. 5.

'OJScOOcmnJ036cfhL1JcfhW - 63al 6 nJomarrID1am' (]MO: n{j)o.OJl. OJ1n916m~mm..Jl<ID1al1

~rmal1 -3da», nJ 6oo. 303.

90. cfhl~ll2lomlcO OJ1uoJo@alcm, 'moscmnJo36cfh~161QJ mJ'Dffial~(]6TlJOWO' (]QJrumo),

, mQl2l 66lS moscmnJ036cfhW', nJ 6oo. 81.

91. °
cfh1n916mOJ al1w cO. n{j)cm. OJl. , 'OJScOOcmnJ03~cfh~~61S nJ6m1wOQJ', lnJmJ<IDoOJm,
nJ6oo. v-vii.

93. mOalow6m~6m1cOOcO. <IDQ>cO., 'G:cfhal~@Qn9::lomJooDl<ID~.!LJal1t<IDo', OJOQJ~O-63cn'S, nJ6oo. 277.

94. G:MO: alonQJOJOJoal1wcO. n{j)o.<IDQ>cO., 'OJScOOcmnJ036cfh~~61S nJ6mlwOQJ', nJ6oo. 35-36.

95. 'nJ 6arrIDal1wEfuO', nJ 6oo. 86.

98. 'nJ 6arrIDal1wEfuo', nJ 6oo. 58.

100. al6"TID@61a»cfh 6121ocO, n..J1., 'cfhSarrIDmOS (]13uoOJlo ~m<IDw~o' (]QJ6l.Imo), 'OJscOOcm

nJ036 nJom6ID3un', nJ600. 27.
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4. c£ho6mTIDlmoc£h},@o 6lc£h021},c£h~r&6ll)crnmo50m, ~mnJlcOO},31~1@@a~om (nJl~51~o§)

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15. aC\.Do: cmlcOO},01e.m1 (J)o(J)owmcrn, '~mrulcOO},31~~@a~om - 63m}, nJomo', nJ},oo.

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22. c:({)oo.IlmnJl~~. nJl., 'm8.Jeo>o~lSo~o.a.JcollCIDo', nJ~Oo. 118-120.

23. C:(lJ.)O: lCIDlnJlldnmmCIDmIl. ~1, 'ru8..fleo> C:dnuolcOOLO', nJomo, nJ~Oo. 3.

24. ~~~lro nJcoc:muoJco~ro. n(j)mJ., 'C:dnco~m.>onD1CID.:\.a.JcollCIDo', ru08.J.:\0 - I, nJ~Oo. 273.

25. luo1dn6l11'c:oUOJCOo nJ8mmolSnJl§~, U0611J8CIDOCOOru8..fl, nJ~Oo. 144.

26. ~§§lro nJcoc:muoJco~ro. n(j)mJ., 'C:dnco~m.>onD1CID.:\.a.JcollCIDo', ru08.J.,\0 - I, nJ~Oo. 273.

27. uolCOmo§~dn~6llml)mnJl~~, '6)6)dnCO~1m.>mcMlo', nJ~Oo. 220.

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29. ~(f)oQJlmnJl§§. nJl., 'm8.Jeo>o§lSo~o.a.JcollCIDO', nJ~ 00. 117.

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31. 51. nJ~mJCIDdno, nJ~Oo. 273.

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37. 51 nJ~mJCIDdnO, nJ~Oo. 54-58.

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43. 51 nJ~mJCIDdno, nJ~Oo. 271.

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45. .a.J~021oro. 51 n(j)o. , 'nJ8.,\m.>OnD1CID.,\.a.JcollCIDo', nJ&Oo. 106.

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49. uolIhroc;dl~~. ~l, 'UOl(llil2lBJ<DJO~UO061J', mJon!)l<ID~.!l.Jroll<IDO lnlcru..oom6ID3~lBJl6>S,

nJloo. 109-132.

50. (J:(U)O: <IDlc66>lole.m1 (J)o(J)owrom, '~roo..flc66>l§lc;dl~~(J:c;dom - 63rol nJomo, nlloo. xv.

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am> ru<ID oroltfu, nlloo. V.

52. tfuo6TIDIDlroOtful~o 6>tfuO~ltfu~~6mm mosoro, sl nJlmJ<IDtfuo, nlloo. 110-115.

53. (J:(U)O: moroo<DJ6mn.11~~. n.11.6>tfu., 'rol2l0tfuLOc;d0§", 'IS00910nlroll2l~0' am>ru<IDoroldh,

nJloo. 99.

54. (J:(U)O: <IDlc66>lole.m1 (J);dJrom, '@roo..flc66>l§lc;dl~~(J:c;dom - 63rol nJomo', nlloo. xcvii.

55. (J:(U)O: roone.Jruruorol<DJro. n{j)o.<IDq)ro, 'ruScB6>~nJO§l tfu~l6>S nJ6ml<DJOBJ', nlloo. 1-33.

56. (J:(U)O: l<IDlrulltful2lm<IDmn. 261., 'rueJl<DJ(gtfuuolc66>LO - nJomo', nJloo. 12-14.

57. s1. nJlmJ<IDdhO, nJJ,0o. 12.

58. (J:(U)O: l<IDlrulldhl2lm<IDmn. 26l, '6><IDc66>mnlo§ltfucrO - .!l.J1BJ am>slcru..oom .a1l<TIDtfucrO,

nJJ,0o. 5.

59. (J:(U)O: l<IDlrulltful2lm<IDmn. 26l, 'rueJl<DJ (J:dhuolc66>LO', nJJ,00. 39-40.

60. uolromos tful6TIDIDmn.11~~ (n{j)(U)1:), '6>nlocmloarrmocrO dhLO', nlloo. 22-23.

61. (J:(U)O: <IDlc66>J,01e.m1 (J)o(J)owrom, '~roo..flc66>J,§lc;dl~~(J:c;dom - 63roJ, nJomo', nlJ,0o. xxiv.

62. .!l.JJ,Ql2lom. sl n{j)o. , 'nl(3~mJon!)l<ID~.!l.Jroll<IDO', nlJ,0o. 106.

63. cfbo6TIDIDlroocfbl~o 6>tfuO~ltfu~~6mmmosoro (mJffiJo:), '.!l.Jol2lJ,6lT\J.)ltfuLO', nJJ,0o. 12.

64. BJ"lBJo<ID1BJtfuo, uoleJnlo. I, nlloo. 30.

65. s1., nJlmJ<IDcfbO, uoleJnlo. I, nlloo. 62.

66. ~~~lm nlro(J:l2lUOJrogyro. n{j)mJ., '(gtfuro~mJon!)l<ID~.oJro1L<IDo', ruOBJ~o - I, nlloo. 271.

67. 6>ru~l<DJlro, ~.n{j)o.6>~., '6><IDc66>mnlo§ltfucrO' (cfbLOOmJol(J)n!)O), 63CTnOo ISO(J)O,

am> ru<ID oroltfu, nlloo. iv.

68. uol romos tfuJ,6TIDIDmnJl~~, '~ron1lcB6>l§lc;dl~~(gc;dom' (n1l~slc;do§'), am>ru<IDorolcfb,

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1. (]MO: (]ru6m~ (]CDonJClB mo<w<O. ogjcrU'. o.n. , 'dhl§~dh~S~o6l1J6ID3~~O m(1)~m<B6lCOlIDO

(D)ru~ 0' (ogjonOlroB lID1crulcrU'), nJ~ 00. 1 (]dh(1)~ mJ<OC)ddhQJOUOO8..l).

2. nmocnroBcrU',' dh~S~o6TlJo, mJJdhO(1).,\cruJCll'TID, (5(1)6rTldhlSo nmcmlru(D)~61s @c3(5ruo'

(mJOlCDnnO), nJ~Oo. 18.

3. 13o(]mo13(1)ClB 6ldh., 'adh(1)~.oJ(1)lllIDO', nJ~Oo. 182.

4. Kuppuswamy, B., 'Social Change in India', p. 76.

5. Dr. Nishi Purohit (Mrs.), 'The Principle of Mohammedan Law', p. 443 & 472.

6. Dr. Sebastian Champappilly, 'Christian Law of Succession in India', p. 7-12.

8. (]MO: QJ1QJOrulIDl ogjo, '~131LnJ(1)lnJ6ID3uB mJonnllID.,\COlID1C15B - 63(1)~ nJomo, nJ~oo.

51 -52.

9. 5l nJ~crU'lIDdho, nJ~oo. 96.

12. cm'O-:zj),lIDommClB. 6'ldh.o.n., dh';ij~~~l nJ08..l061§(]dhomcmO(1»),61s nJO§),dhLQ, 24 ruS<B6lcm

nJo§),c£huB, ol)no. 181.

13. Sigmund Freud, 'The Interpretation of Dreams', p. 308.

14. (]M:): lIDlcOO),01e.m1 CDoCDOW(1)ClB, '~(1)o1l<B6l),§l~~~a';ijocO - 63(1»), nJomo', nJ~oo. 15.

15. s1. nJ),crU'lIDc£h0, nJ~oo. 10.

18. 'gQ(1)o.ncOO~§l~~~a';ijom - 63(1»), nJomo', nJ~oo. 49.

19. !1.ilocIDcOOroB sl 6TlJo2.Jc£h~~6rTlClBmo(D)<O,'adh~(50n9::l0CDOm6ID3uB',63cmoo ru02.J.,\0,

nJ),oo. 60.

20. 'mf2l2}~61s mosClBnJo§),c£huB', c£hoaru.,\omrurucrumllID1, nJ~oo. 74.

 301

21. ~~~l roo nJmC:QlcroJmgyro, n{j)mJ., 'C:dhm~mJon.Ol<ID .\.!1.lm1L<IDo', OJ08..l'\O-63cri>, nJ},00. 268.

22. lUD'wmC:Qlc:moC18. n{j)., 'C:dhm~.!1.lmll<IDo', nJ},oo. 341.

24. c£h!6TUlIDlmoQlC18 mCllJ.\oro. 51.n{j)~., 'dh},6TUlID},<mID08..l}" nJlai06>6><ID6>nJocmam', nJ},oo.

116-118.

25. 51. nJ),mJ<IDdh0, nJ},oo. 122.

27. lUD'wmC:Qlc:moC18. n{j)., 'C:dhm~.!1.lm1l<IDo', nJ),oo 341.

29. 51. nJ),crucmdh0, nJ),oo. 14.

30. 51. nJ),cru<IDdho, nJ},oo. 71.

31. BOC:QloBmC18. 6)dh., 'C:dhm~.!1.lm1l<IDo', nJ),oo. 190.

32. <:cwo: C:.!1.l8..lmo§ (ffi'().!1.l.\),<ID<:Ql<:moC18, 'Ballads of North Malabar', OJo 8..1.\ 0-63cri>,
~Ql},6LJ nJomo, nJ},oo. 50.

36. lUD'wm<:Ql<:moC18. n{j)., 'C:dhm~.!1.lm1l<IDO', nJ!00. 340-341.

37. Malinowski, 'The Father in Primitive Psychology', ~cwm6ml, C:CUlO: e.fI8..IoOJ<IDl nmo.,
~C31lnJmlnJ6ID3uB cruonn1<ID.\<mID1am - 63m), nJomo, nJ),oo. 109.

40. 51. nJ},crucmdhO, nJ~oo. 123.

41. <ID6>~O~~163c:cmmrrB 6)nJO<TT)1<IllC18nJ5<IDeB6'l),<:nJO<D> nJ03},dhLO, 24 OJ5eB6'lC18nJ03~dhuB,

nJ~oo. 113.
 302

43. 51. nJ~mJ<IDdhO, nJ~Oo. 43.

44. nJ~ClJTl:l)(Q1CD.llfhO, nJ~Oo. 62.

46. 51. nJ~mJ<IDdhO, nJ~Oo. 195.

47. Ballads of North Malabar, OJOe.Jc\o-63<1"O, nJ~oo. 135.

48. ~~nlZI2l6TD~lZI2lam ~~lCD.lo<o~ dhlClJTl:l)~dh06l11QlOd& ~nJO(D) dhLO, 24 OJ5c66'ld&nJ03~dhuB,

nJ~oo. 340.

50. nJ~ClJTl:l)(Q1CD.llfho, nJ~oo. 56-57.

51. dhooam QlO<Oc£hmJ & Ln.O<U.lolc£h n{Bo(J)amcru, 6'l<ID(Q6'l6Tll'TID5~<lffil) dh~<IDldhuB, OJOe.Jc\O-63<1"O,

nJ~oo. 21.

53. 51. nJ~mJ<IDdhO, nJ~oo. 130

54. nJ~a5TID(Q1CD.llfhO, nJ~oo. 82.

55. 51. nJ~mJ<IDdhO, nJ~oo. 56.

57. 6'lnJocmloarrmouBdhLO, nJ~oo. 24.

59. dh00 am QlO<Oc£hmJ & Ln.O<U.lolc£h n{Bo(J)ammJ, 6'l<ID(Q6'l6Tll'TID5 ~ <lffil) dh~ <IDldhuB, OJoe.Jc\ 0-
63<1"0, nJ~ 00. 21.

61. Kuppuswamy. 8., Social Change in India, p. 136.

63. 51. nJ~m)'<IDdhO, nJloo. 136-137.

 303

64. nJ!roTIDrol<DHlho, nJ!Oo. 75.

65. (fl}!Blrom m<TlJ1<IDlro1<~:ps, @'D.ng)o., 'ac£hro~o QlQJ<D>o~lc£h~!6ls QlO<ID~tS1Qll', ~Ql!6Uo,

nJ!Oo. XVII.

66. s1. nJ!mJ<IDc£hO, nJ!Oo. 69-71.

69. '<ID6l~o§§l63a<IDmm 6lnJocml<D>o nJs<WcOO!<:nJO<D> nJO§!c£hLO', 24 ruscOOm nJO§!c£hcro,

nJ!00. 111.

70. <:ruQJo<D>!wm nJ6TT)lcOO<:~rol, CT\)6TIDJorolc£h~!o DJ roll<IDc£horomQloro! 0, tSoU>o-ro6T'"@,

nJ!Oo. 109.

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78. <:(\1)0: ng)mJ.6lc£h. mO<D>co, \Jc£hro§roTIDl6lQJ moasoslmosc£h6ID3cro, nJ!Oo. 182.

80. @ronflcOO!§1c;~::fl§~a7d0cO - 63ro! nJomo, nJ!Oo. 17.

81. s1. nJ!C1"U<IDc£ho, nJ!00. 21.

82. 'Qll<:ruo§!Ql~mc£hLO', nJ!Oo. 29-30.

83. '6lnJocmloroTIDOunc£hLO', nJ!Oo. 32.

84. s1. nJ!C1"U<IDc£hO, nJ~Oo. 32.

85. 'Q)l<:ruo§lQl~mc£hLO', nJ~Oo. 66.

86. <:ruQJo<D>lwm nJ6TT)1<66)a~rol, 'CT\)6TmJoro1c£h~0 AJco'lLa»cfborommocolo', tSO(/)o - cori,

nll0o. 107.
 304

88. 'Ballads of North Malabar', ru08..l.,\0-63cm, nJ},oo. 95.

89. '61nJocmlocmmoundhLO', nJ},oo. 7.

90. Colliers Encyclopaedia, Quoted in Ph.d Thesis of Assakumary, 'Dowry System

Among Nayers in Kerala' p. 1 (University of Kerala).

91. 'Ballads of North Malabar', ru08..l,,\0-63cm, nJ},oo. 101-102.

95. Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol. III, p. 649.

96. '61nJocmlocmmoundhLO', nJ},oo. 17.

97. 'm"l8..l1dhLO', nJ},oo. 127.

98. nJ},mTIDrolClllIBl0, nJ},oo. 41.

99. H. Clay Trumbell, Oriental Customs, Traditions and Social Life, p. 153-154.

100. 'dh},6TIml)!cmm08..l}" nJ~12l06161<ID61nJOcmC2l2l', nJ!oo. 171.

101. nJJmTIDCU1CWIBlO, nJ},oo. 70.

102. 51 nJ},mJemc:£hO, nJ},oo. 117.

103. 51 nJ},mJemc:£h0, nJ},00. 141.

105. Faria. Y. Sousa, 'The Portuguese Asia', c:ru8..low},wcm nJ6TT>lcB6)c:~col @ew<Dl~a»,

'cru6mlorolc:£h~},o cruondl<IDJdhoroml2l00},0', cso<no-2j nJ},oo. 127.

106. 6ln.J::xmlorormoundhLO, n.J},00. 41.

108. Padmanabha Menon. K.P., History of Kerala, C:C\.UO: m1. l<IDlnIltdhl2lcm<mm1l

'rueIk:oJC:c:£hUt)1ce6)LO' CDflmB @lWrol~a». nJ},oo. 25.
 305

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nJomo' (ce..J6LJmo), 'cBuoolSl121oml' rucooCTIDe;tj<IDlij 2004, mm!rucol 4.

110. 6llnJOn£l: dhcOrom>O. o11.crul, 'ccfhco~rom>l6le.J <lmlCTUln1luoJomJ6lffiuB', nJ!Oo. 77.

111. sl nJ~mJ<mdho, nJ~oo. 78.

113. ®0rrR6111l 011. (nmeu>1:), <IDc'~2jO~1e;tjo3!cfhuB, nJ!00. 1.

114. @cooJ1<fl6)!31~~~ce;tlom - 63CO~ nJomo, nJ~ 00. 10.

115. 6lnJocmlorom>ouOcfhl1), nJ!oo. 19.

116. @cooJ1<fl6)!31~~~ce;tlom - 63CO~ nJomo, nJ!oo. 15.

117. ceu>o: oJ1~6111~mffiJl<IDlcol nQ)0. n1l. , cnOodhC8..IOm mlne.J6l1S~, nJ~oo. 302.

118. sl nJ!mJ<IDdho, nJ!oo. 302-303.

11 9. ~rom>COCdhOS uouol, 'CWc£h!l1lcfh~! 6lS ce.Jo~o' (ce.J6Umo), n1le.6TIDom6l6lcfhco~l,

ml6161e.J 2003, nJ~oo. 42.

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n{j)cmoam @lnJc£bomo mlC\.l91211eJl2loem nllunJocruo rustOO @6T"TSocwlco~eml~. em~cwcmmlam

I2lC06TT)I2l5em ~ emru61m (ffi() nJffi) mm)'lan1cfr.>un I2lOeJcwl§' cruJrocacmmlaeJcn>tOO cruJ1cfr.>mlcOO ~ 61121C'1'TI

61ancB6lro nil Ul)J crul-9zl},.

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nJ03~ffi)12l1n.Do ruscOO6Im (ffi'()anJc£M1l~ moasoslnllunJocru6ID3§lam cfr.>ls~(U)am (ffi'()cslCOI2l1~~.

nilam086GB§~O @am.Jru6ID3§~o ruscOOmnJ03~cruI2l1nDamnl61~ ~'nllancmmlam mloo

nJcfr.>roemlm~ em~. m)'l(U)'nJ~m~n91ml2loro nlllunl2l0rucruco6ID3§lam nJeJancoo nllam086ID3§laeJro
61?d§~' nm emoam 61<ID cOOmrNI2l 1nDcmmlam nllamOG6ID3untOO rue.Jlcw lnJowom~o cfr.>e1n1l~~
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cwa?doun 61<IDceo), @mruru6ID3un nll~sl~om nJO§" 61ru§l~?dos~(U)~@@am, 61cfr.>os~(U)l

n{j)cmlruem16H~J oan ~ 6GB ~ em~. 61(u)tOO em~ cwane..JOn91CWOlancn>tOO cfr.> ~ 12l2l1, cfr.>1rom) <m~ 56Ul31em
m~ cmmnllaUOn916ID3un 6Jcfr.>O\l'~?d~ cfr.> l§"kDflco~ 6JemfIhleJ~ ° ruStOO anClfIhClml>lm~@@ emOlancn>tOO
amcmmmo c:£h 8.J onllaUOn916GBun <lrecfr.>ffiJsl acrunll.l2flco ~ cml~.
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r °tru(U)c r~CQ)W9'Q.lfl)
YJ.9CrcJLrn qpLQ)rnqp ~Qj)Eig)!6D<9tP Sru .~firL~ra ~.(ill 'EilfULQ)rnqp illW9 (f)LQ)ru cmU.Ql)t lZl W'C<9tP
(QlID(9MCr~CQ)~Q.lfl) O~<IDC0qplfUc~crM ~L(QlIDuutlZl(u) ~5cru2-U(99lSru cmL(Q) tQ)qp ra(9crug)
~cmcruW9crul oQ)cqp,\W0MLQ)rnqp '~(ll)~Q)ru ~tftSill o~(QlIDracqp CQ)g)CE9 ~clZlcmcEirwl(U)
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LI£
 318

1. affi}~~<IDomm.
6>dh. o.1l., (cruCTlJo:), 24 ruS<B6)O'BnJO§~dhun, cfh~cmocfh~~o, n(j)~ & cru1.
(]~O\9mJ, mru: 1981.

2. ;::lCl!lJ.:\~<IDm. n(j)o., nJOUID.Jo<ID.:\cruonDl<ID.:\Bmuomo, (]c£hO§CQ)o, n(j)mJ.nIl.cru1.ng)lrU.,

6>cilll6TlJ~: 1983.

3. affi}!lJ.:\~ <ID(]l2l(]mom, (]!lJe.Jmo~

(]MO:, 6T1JOB..!Mcru 630ruJ (]mOmCllTID l2le.J6T1Jom,
ruoe.J.,\o - 63m), l2llBOmJ, l2lBlcoouol crum<}dc£he.JoUOOB..!, 1956.

4. affi}!lJ.:\~<ID(]l2l(]mom (]!lJe.Jmo~;'
(]MO: (]c£hco~C01IDl6>B..! c£hO~'(]cruru, l2llBOmJ, l2lBlcoouol
crum<}ddhe.Jounoe.J, 6>crunJ: 1943.

5. affi}!lJ.:\~<ID(]l2l(]mom, (]!lJe.Jmo~, (]MO:, lnJBc6:&ll6mo, <ID~uolm, c£h0oB' 6T1J~oomJ,

1969.

7. mCTlJ.:\om. n(j)o. cru1. , rus<B6)O'BnJo§J,c£h un, (]c£ho\l'l(]<B6)oS (]BuoolSl121oml

affi}'id~6pJl
lnJl~ocn & nJ6TJJ1~ocn c£hCTlJml, 1960.

8. affi}'idJ,6pJl mCTlJ.:\om. n(j)o.cru1., rus<B6)mnJo§J,c£hun, (]c£hO§CQ)o, n(j)mJ.nJ1.cru1.n(j)mJ., 1983.

9. affi}~6pJl mCTlJ.:\om. n(j)o.crul., ruscOOmnJo§J,c£hun, 6>c£hO~o, (]12l0(]M611'B 6l1..J~oomJ, 1965.

11. <Bl0mmcOO~§mmoCQ)m. 0.11., (cruCTlJo:), (]c£hCO~lSOn9:1o(J)om6lffiun, ruoe.J.:\o - C06TE,

<ID~unl m, (]c£hco~cruonDl<ID.:\affi}cOOOBl2ll, 6>crurJ: 1980.

12. <Bl0oR6TT>1. nil. (n(j)M1:), nJg:ycml m'id0~' (]c£hco~nJom(]c£hlmo, 6>cruoB'6T1Jmool2loO'BmJ

(]dh06>~~, !lJ6ID3mo(] em col, (]c£hO§CQ)o, M1.cru1. 6T1J~oomJ, 1994.

13 . <Bl0oR6TT>1. nIl. ( n(j) M1: ), <ID (]~O~lc;l;:P §~ c£hun, (] c£hCO~nJO m(]c£hlmo, 6>cruoB' 6l1..Jmoo
l2lommJ (]dh06>~~, !lJ6ID3m0(]em col, (]c£hO§CQ)O, M1.cru1. 6T1JJ,oomJ, 12l0m~ 1994.

14. ~mlco. °
(]MO: 6>c£h.6>c£h., c£ho.11<IDCDJJ,0 cru l2l1nDlc£hnJcolrum(lffil)mruJ,0, <IDlco~rumCfID
nJ~ COo, (]dhCO~lSo~o~m~lg.:\l~, 6>cilll6T1Jr 1992.

15. ~m~!lJlMm. o.11.s1., dhe.JCQ)~o l2lomc:fucrulcruruJ,o, <ID~UOlm, l2lomc:fucrul\'J? nJ6TJJ1n!t1locn

nD'DmJ, 1949.
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'lZIZlUDCfU(9 (Q)(9(9ClZltf'J '~IOCtlllID~tQJ.Q.l9~C{P '(:crwM) EO"(f}ul? '2JCfrww l6VlZlCOlL<.Q.lQ.l9~c{P 'I £
'6L61 'LlZlEJC(9{PQJJllf(Q)LuuCCU)
~Olc{p[) '2JtQl)~(Q) 'LUDOO'LOlIO[)L(Q)lZl '( :CrUlM) ",EU(f}u15 '2Jcfrww l6VlZlCOlL<.Q.lQ.l9~c{P '0£
'6L61 :(J)(Q,w 'OOl ~fU(QJJU)ru ~OlL(Q) 'ouuCQ)rul..Qf)l
'( :CMfUl) C{P(9 '2Jcmcu)~OlC{P5:WC2J 'OF6"9'lZlMl..~OlC{P(9(9 'RcwOltQl) '~~lfUl6V(QlQ.L9 ~C{P '6Z
't~61 'IOCQI)CIOC{P ru 2J<U> ~Olc{p[) 'UO ruC{JID(J)lCRiUC2J 'L0l1191ra(9(9 ,\ill§);-'LC{Pl,\ill
~U)ClZl 'oOl~fU(Q1)U)ru~OlL(Q) 'mc{pQf)CtlllID0LUDCfU(9 '( :l}T\J(f}u) RCU)OltQf) '~~lfUl6V<.Q.lQ.l9~C{P '8Z
'£86 I ",\ill(f}u
'L<U>'lfU'5:W(f}u 'ocm5CC{P[) 'oC{PIOL(Q)CIOl..1O '( :c)rncrru) o~~c{po~@ '~~lfUC6U(QlQ.L9~C{P 'LZ
'OOOZ :);-'<U>(9 '~t)8LRY>C6U@CRiUC2J~OlC{P[)
'oOl ~fU(Q1)U)ru ~OlL(Q) '0 ~ru(Q)lLQ)rv 0 ~ruU)QI)2JEJCRiUC2J "C{P(9 :Cffi)[) 'C~COlL~~1Ull9 ~C{P 'n
'L96 I :~rtl9(JU1(9
'5:W~RiUOO'[)tlWfUcrnlO[) 'o~~eg>ocmceg> 'Qf)eg>~5CfUC6UOO'(Q)(9 '2JtcmLUDCC{P[) 15 'oLPfuCC{P '£Z
'L86 I '5:W.QiRiU[)tJfufU 5:W(J)lCfUl[) 'C(9{P[),\illC(lJg) '~E9
-orlOcru - Qf)eg>L(Q)~eg>tlllID~5tQJ.Q.l9(9Q)(Q)(9 '5:W~(J)oIDu ~LOffi)(JU1(9 >g ,\ill~Q>C(lJ~ocC{P 'ZZ
,ZL 6 I '5:W.QiRiU g) tJfufU 5:W (J)1CfU1g) 'c(9{P g),\ill C(lJ g)
(O~CcmlO(lJ) C(ili[)(JU(9LWC(lJ £tDLUl9t)(lJeg> '5:W~(J)oIDu ~Wffi)(JU1(9 >g 5:W~Q>C(lJ~oceg> 'IZ
'(tZ:-£Z61) 8601 :ru :CC{P(9 '5:WfU1LWL2JCQI)[)~ccmra(lJ '0~~c{p0W)~C{P
'Qf)C{Pmeg> ~5CfU~<.99'5ru au(9Lru ~(Q1)~LtQJ.Q.l9 ~eg>L~C~g)(Q) "lfU 'C6Ufi',lmQ.lID "C{P(9 'l6Vfi', ~ OC{P '0Z
'~86 I 'Q>rtl9 0 (Q»);-'CU)(9
"5:W(f}u1<U>'[fU'5:W(f}u 'ocm5Ceg>g) 'Qf)EID.9<u>crQf)lJU mD Q.lID IO(9LtlllID~OlC{Pg) '1M 'lfU 'C(QlQ)Q>C{P ,6 I
'~961 '5:W~~l119,\Q>C2JfUl 'oOl~fU(QJJU)ru~OlL(Q) '0~~C{P(Q)~(Q)
5:Wru O~~EID.9(Q1)CCWL<U> - O(lJCW9LOlfUCRiUC2J~ccmra(lJ 'Q>tPfJU)(9~OlL(Q) 'l6VOlC{PCW9~OlC{P '8 I
'6L6 I '5:W.QiRiUg)tJfufUC(Q1)[JU 'oOl ~fU(QJJU)ru ~Q)L(Q) '( oUU(J)loM)
oru2J~@ 5(9~cmruLUD(fJu 05teg>W9Ol2J '.~,lQ>r<u>rQ)cc{pr<u> '0rtl90~5~eg> ',\ill~(J)oIDu 'L I
61£
 320

32. c£h~l2lomcrB. o..n.s1., 6l<IDm616JllTO)s~mrm aE..J6lJm6ID3uo, ruSc£hro, o..n.s1. c£h~l2lorocrB 12l0C6W<8

mJl2lomc£hcruI2l1<ID1, 63c£baso: 1987.

33. c£h~O~il'. aMO: 6'lc£h.61c£h.ng)cro., crul2llnDo, .a.Jroll(1l)o, m.>omJc£hOroo, ac£ho\plac86los,

nJl <8~onJ~a<fi6)o9:lcromJ, 1989.

34. c£h~cili6ll)cro. ng). nJacwrol (m.>mJo:), nJ\p~lroo~rusc86lcronJo~, (1l)E..Ja~rol, CGlC'6161E..JM

nJ6lJJlao9:l<9mJ, «3l0(f): 1972.

35. c£h~cili6mnJl§§. ng)crB., 6l6lc£hro§lcw~61sc£bLO, ac£b03cwo, n(j)mJ.n1l.m.>1.ng)mJ., 1980.

36. c£h~cili6mnJl§§, .a.J6ID3mJ~\P,

.a.J6ID3mJ},\pcw},6)S nJ!3~c£b~(1l)lc£buo - ro6TlSOo(50(f)0, ac£h03cwo,
ng)mJ.nJl.cru1.ng)mJ., S6l6TTB 1990.

37. c£h~n916mruomlcw<B. ng)cro.o..n., ng)cro.ru1.cw~61S c£b~(1l)lc£buo, ac£b03cwo, ng)mJ.nJl.

cru1.ng)mJ., 1976.

39. 6lc£h021},c£h~n916mcromoso<8, c£bo6T'lml)lrooc£b},§o (m.>(nJ0:), @roo..nc86l~§l~§§a~ocO

(oJl~sl~o~), c£ho6T'lml)lmoc£h~§o, a!3CfDru<8m.>l~l nJ6!JJl~ou) nDtDmJ, 1962.

40. 6lc£h021~c£h~cili6mcrBmoso<8, c£bo6T'lml)lrooc£b~§o (m.>mJo:), CfDOmJ(1l)Ooc£hLO, c£ho6T'lml)lmo

c£h},§0, a!3CfDru<8rwlml nJ6TJJl~ou) nDtDmJ, 1991.

41. 6lc£h021~c£h~cili6mcrBmoso<8, c£bo6T'lml)lrooc£b~§o 6)(1l)c86lcronJ03~c£bUO (63cmO<;> (5O(f)0),

c£ho6Tm"IDlrooc£h~§o, a!3CfDru<8m.>lml nJ~l~ou) nD'DmJ, 1967.

42. 6lc£h021},c£h~~6mcrBmoso<8, c£bo6T'lml)lrooc£b},§o (m.>mJo:), .a.JOl2l~6TTUS1c£hLO, c£ho6T'lml)lroo

c£h~§0, a!3unru<8rwlml nJ6TJJl~ou) nD'DmJ, 1944.

43. 6lc£h021},moroocw6mcro. S1.6)c£b. (ng)M1:), ac£bro§o.Jl@.6TU)Omac£bOCfDo, <IDlro},rummYl

nJ~roo, a!3un6TlJm..o~ nJ6TJJlac86lo9:lcrBmJ, 1987.

44. ac£hooJlQJcrB, ac£hoo..nE..J61Q aE..J6lJm6ID3UO, (f)},ro},ruO<DJl<8, CfDlruonJ6!JJlac86lo9:lcromJ, 1985.

45. (f)ocnowrocrB. s1.6lc£h., ac£hm§o - .a.Jro1L(1l)ru~o m.>omJc£bOroru~o, ac£bo!Plac86los, ac£bo\pl

a<fi6)os CWl6mlaru<9crulgl 6'lm.>crolsam ac£bo-63o~aog'ru aC6W0<9mJ, OJ: (?)

46. (f)ocnowrocrB, <IDl<fi6)~olcm1. aMO: (m.>mJo:), @roo.Jlc86l~31~§§a~ocO - 63ro~ nJomo,

<IDlm ~ OJm(TIDnJ~ roo, cruonOl<ID~ 6l6lc£hro§1 lnJm.>lm.>'c£bm6mo, 12l0<8~ 1988.

47. cnocnowmcrB, <IDl<fi6)},olcm1, aMO: (nJomo), nJ~amnrolcwll3>o, ac£bo§cwo, cuSl.m.>1.

6TlJ~c66>mJ, 1991.

48. cn~6m<B§, 6>nOcBl2lcrB, l2leJ(D)O~o-~ow'~mlr1ill6TlS~, ac£hO§(D)o, n(j)mJ.nJl.m>1.ng)mJ.,

12l0<8~, 2000.
 321

49. ~cnocUO~c9:>~crl16TDm.
nll. 6>dh. , ~c9:>m@CUTIDl6>~ cruoocnJce6>omldhAJmlla5lo, a5l1m&rum
CTIDcU&mo, ~dhm@@o~o~m~lg"\l~, cwlcruo6YlJro, 1974.

50. ~cnonJ1mmc9:>&§l, <IDomgo~ (crucruo:), moasoslc?;:JO§&dhuO, ac£ho\placB6>os, nll.6>dh.

l6TlJ~B\Prru, 1960.

51. acnonJ1mmo<fOom, cU&@l?d0mllam (cUmla<fOowdhm), ruscB6>mnJo§&dhuO, a5l~<fOlro,

@om<IDlnJ1~ocruo, 6>dhO: ru: 1092 (1917-18).

52. acnonJ1me;dl@@. nll., m~CIDo@@o~oAJmlla5lO, ac£ho§CIDo, omcnJ.nll.cru1omrru.,

~16>6>e.J 1965.

53. AJoacfl6)o. nll.g1, c9:>nJ1a5lw&6>s cruomo, ~dhO§CIDo, cw1.cru1. 6llJ&c661rrU, <Gl'Q>(J): 1986.

54. AJ&C2IZlOro, AJl6l1Sam, acwo:, m0smdh~, a5l1m&rumClIDnJ&mo, AJm1La5lo nJ6TJJlacB6>~mrrU,

~l6TTB, 1979.

55. .a..J&C2IZlOro .a..Jl6l1Sam, aMo:, moasosloJlm&CUTIDo, c£h~l ro, cruorrUdh~<IDl cU6TJJlacB6>n!i:l

mrru, Mwae.Jocn 6TlJ&cOOrrU, 1993.

57. 6>.a..JCTIDoma~m1. slom~.nll., adhm@AJm1La5lCUTIDl6>Qj amru(J)6mlcB6>6>?d§ offiS6c9:>uO,

<IDlm 6rumCTIDcU& mo, lcU@O<IDo lnlloRl0cn & nJ6lJJln9d1ocn c£hcruml, 1983.

58. a~oro~ ~m&cruwo, acwo:, cruonDla5l.,\cruOl2llnD.,\oJlI2Hn<fOm6ID3uO, ac9:>O§CIDo,

c9:>0oR 6TlJ 6cOOrru, 6>l2lcoJ 1990.

59. a~oro~ 6306TDcB6>&ro aMO: (AJ'cill omM1:), 6YlJoQj6)6)c£hm@loJl~omadho<fOo,

<IDlm 6rumCTIDcU6mo, cruomlOom6TlJo~cruonDla5l.,\~m~lg"\l~, 1988.

60. a~oro~, aMO: 6>dh.n{j)o. (~moam omcw1:), cruonDla5l.,\AJm1La5lO lnJmlOOm6ID3

@l~l6>S, ~c9:>O§wo, omrru. nll.cru1. omrrU., 6>l2lcoJ 1984.

61. ~~oro~ ~MO: 6>dh.n{j)o., a5l1211¥cruonDla5l.,\0, a5l~<fOlro, ac£hm@cruonDla5l.,\amce6>OBI2l1,

u
6>crucU <IDa: 1977.

62. ~~oro~. crul6>~., ruocfl6)l6)~ cruomlnDlc9:><fOOrrUla5l0, a5l~<fOlro, c9:>0nB 6TlJ 6c661rrU,

offilnllam, 1998.

63. <IDmc9:>m. 6>dh.n{j)o., cUO<n!llOa5l.,\cruOnDla5l.\a5lCUTIDJ<fOorrUla5l0, adhO§CIDo, omrrU.nll.

cru1 n{j)rru., 1977.

64. ~<IDOocru6Tl3, a~om~, 12l0mrucruClJTll), (o1lru:), dh~~6mdh6mom. 6>dh.6>dh.,

<IDlm 6rumCTIDnJ6mo, ll..1lCTIDocU6lJJlan!i:l~rrU, 1989.
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'v66 I 'fw~ guCE9 ~Sl ~trtl9 2Q.lU19~CW
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'vv6 I 'cft[)[,CTU ~trtl9 lfu'UU
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'LS6 I 'fClCQf)Crac{pmwC\JJ LQf)cQ)LEJlZl ',(WCEJllZl
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97. Qloc£h'mJloQ(J)ocOcOO1, ru.,\c£h'cmlcmJ<UTml6lnR unlL.018.J'dhm6TT>0 (o1lru:), (J)o(J)OUlm<T8.

n{j)o.61dh., cmlm~rumClIDnJ!mo, OUooeJlnJOUOUlm, S'l6l6l8.J 1988.

98. QlmocM1l mJ~ffim<T8. s1.n.1l., cmml\9ouonDlcm.,\.a_HZl1Lcmo (o1lru:), m~(3~e.J & ruoouClID1,

cmlm~ rumClIDnJ~mo, adhm§t5o~o@<T8Q;Wlg"\l§, 1974.

99. Ql~m§l, d3>oJlwlcO, (3af)anouanDlcm.,\0, ad3>O§CWo, dh0aR 6TlJ~tOOmJ', 2001.

100. Ql~ ro§'Ulm<T8n.1l§§.

o1l.nq)<T8. (6l.oJcwcOm(xw), nJoonJ~ mJ'cmd3>d3>Ql2l1g1, mos<T8nJo§~ d3>cro
(cruQlOnDoroo), adhm§oucO<)ddhe.Joun08.J, cmlm~ rumClIDnJ~ mo, 1993.

101 . rooo.eJru<T8, nJ<BJmos aCUlO: (nq)CUl1: ), ruscOO<T8nJo§ nJom6ID3cro, adho!placOOos

~ anDOcB anDOr.e6Sae.JacB Q;WCUl"ImJ, adhO!PlacOOos CWl6TT>lacu9m5lgl, nmLnJ'lam, 2000.

102. mOo.eJru<T8, nJ<BJmos aCUlO: ~n!)oc£h'a8.JocO, cmlm~rummr>nJ~mo, adhm§t5o~o@<T8Q;Wl

g.,\l§, 1992. .

103. roOo.eJOJOJom.,\cO, aCUlO: n{j)o.<ln0cO., ruscOOmnJo§~dh§~6lS nJ6TT>lcwo8.J, (JO~dhnJ~mo,

ru§§a<UTmocrooJl(3.,\o~oo, CUllouo: 1982.

104. mOo.eJruruom.,\cO, aCUlO: n{j)o.<ln0cO., «rrosla~m!dhcro, cxdho!plcxcOOos, nJlcO~nJ6TJJl

ace6l~<T8, 1988.

105. mo~a(J)onJoe.J<T8. ou1.«Jl'0cO (~m: nq)CUl1:), adhm§'cwcmcw~6lS mo§olru (an!)o~

aBJocO 6l6llcmQloouldho), dh6TT>lmo(f)8.Jo, cm~unl cO, 6lmw-ml6l6le.J, 1997.

106. mo~<T8 OJcO ca' mJ.

CXCUlO: (.oJ,cill nq)ruJl:), o1l~om6l6ldhm§l (moouldh), S'l6l6le.J
2003, cmlm~OJmmr>nJ~mo, CXdhm§t50~O @mQ;Wlg.,\l§.

107. mo~mo~OJcOQl2l. nq).<ffi0cO., t50~0t5l~6TT>0, CXdhO§CWo, n{j)mJ'.n.1l.ou1.nq)mJ'., 1984.

108. mo~mo~OJcOCZl2l, nill!P~QlglcO, aCUlO: nJscw6TT>l(t;:p§~o mcxcmo<mcmcw~o mg~o, adho§cwo,

d3>O~ 6TlJ~cOOmJ, 1998.

109. mo~a(J06Um<T8. nq)mJ., dho1lcmcw~6ls S'ocmdho, CXdhO§CWo, nq)mJ'.n.1l.ou1.nq)mJ'.,

~l6161e.J, 1984.

11 O. roOQl.oJlffi<T8m ow cO, <mel 51cO, CXdhm§.oJm1Lcm<UTml6le.J .a1l8.J o1lmJ' m~ cmOCW.,\OCW6ID3cro,

ad3>O§Wo, n{j)mJ.n.1l.cru1.nq)cru., 1973.

112. efle.JoOJcm1. aMO: nq)o., I1leJ<D)O~dhoJlcmoouonDlcm.,\.oJm1Lcmo, cm~(JOlcO, cxdhm~ouonnlcm.,\

«mJce6loI311l1, ~m~: 1991.

113. efIe.Jorucm1. QMO: n{j)o., ~(31LnJmlnJ6ID3cro ouonnlcm.,\<mIDlaffi - 63m~ nJomo, cmlm~

rumCTIDnJ~roo, ad3>m~t5o~o @mWg.\l§, nillln.1laffi, 1993.
 325

114. 6'lBJmlrrB. nll. 6'ln{j)., c£bBJCQ)~o ffilonDl<mc\6'lamnCQ)~onJgl (ClIlru:) a(J)onJoe..Jc£b~n916mCT8,

aQlomJacOOo aLnJoL<nmJ nJ6lJJlan!l:j~mJ, 1984.

115. aBJo(f)rrB, nll e..Jc\0, QlBJ6l1Joro l2lomJam (nilru:), dh~n916mCT8 slnil., ac£bo\91acOOos
Qlo<m~@112l1 Ln.noBl0u) <ID'0oR nJ~oWou) dhcruml, 1993.

116. ClJScOOrrBnJo§~c£bu8, c£b~cmodh~~o n{j).<l31'0ro.nJl. LnJCW, 1938.

117. ClJscOOmnJo§~c£bu8, 6'lc£bO~0, Luo"lmomoJle.Joffilo LnJCW & 6TlJ&ce6l cu5la~o, ~16'l6'le..J, 1964.

118. ClJOffil~a8ClJmn1l~~, c£bsClI2lml§, nJasml, <mlm~rumCTIDnJ~mo, adhm~@On!l:m@m~l

gJ,l§, <ID'0(f): 1993.

119. oJlamoc3dh~~6Tl)m. gl6161ru

nDl2l"lc3. n{j)o., mmruououoomJL<mo,
& <mlm~rumCTID
ol~mo, ac£bm@on!l:jo@m~lgc\~§, mClJo: 2000.

121. oJl~6Tl)~ mcru1<mlml aMO: n{j)o. nil., anLlocfhae.Joro ml neJ 61151, <mlm~rumCTIDnJ~mo,
ac£bm~@oITl1o@m~lgc\l§, 1989.

122. oJln!l16Tl)~ mcrul<mlml aMO: n{j)o.oJ1. (crucruo:), 1216mae..Jml adh~~61nB olO§~c£bL!l,

<IDlro~rumml)ol~mo, ac£bm~@on!l::lo@m~lgc\l§, mruo: 1995.

123. oJln!l16Tl)~ mcrul<mlmlaMO: n{j)o.oJ1. (crucruo:), 12l~ mlcOOa6TID..lmladh~~ nil6'lnB nJo§~

c£bLD, ac£bO§<D>o, dh00R 6l1J~eOOmJ, 1999.

124. oJln!l16Tl)~ fficrul<mlml, n{f)0.n1l., ruscOOCT8nJO§~dhl.£)dhu8

aMO: - 63m~ olomo,
adho§CQ)o, c£b0oR 6l1J~c861mJ, mClJo: 1995.

125. oJl~6T"~(l)crul<mlm1. aMO: n{j)o.oJ1. (~m: n{j)cwl), anLlocfhae..Joro LnJ6TlJOUl6ID3u8,

c£b~lro, anOocfhae..Joro amlcOOo8Qll, ~l6'lW 2002.

126. oJli'l916Tl)~ mcrul<mlro1. aMO: n{j)o.oJl. (crucruo:), @mTIDmadhm~amn16'le.J a<mogonJo§~

c£buB, <m~(JZ)1 ro, ac£bm~ffilonDl<mc\«rI'()cOO0<31211, 1981.

127. oJli'l916Tl)~m<llJl<mlrol aMO: n{j)o.ofl. (~m: n{f)cwl:), mosCT8nJo§~dhu8 - ClJoe..Jc\0 -

63<T"J1, dh~l ro, ac£bm~anOOahaBJ00 ctmcOO08czl1, 2003.

128. o.JkB16m~m<llJla»lro1. aMO: n{j)o.ofl., a<mogonJo§~dhu8 - 63ml nJomo, ac£bO§(D)o,

n{f)mJ'.nJl.mfl.n{f)mJ., <U>1ffi)0: 1990.

129. aruBJO<D>~wm nJ6Tl)lcOOa~ml, m.>6TIDJ:)mldh@~O !lJmlL<mdhomml2lom~o 2-00 @o(J)o,

at.&Jo§<DJo, ng)<lU.n1l.mfl.n(l)mJ., CT>OJ0: 1985.

130. (JZ)(R)1, @ctmn(7)O<:c£bOS (ffi)(TlJo:), <6>6T1)lCQ)o<OOmJ)ffiJ~mom @'D§~nJo§, <m1mlOJmCTID

oll00, <IDmlQln.J~an!l:j!9mJ,C\JJ1CY\)(): 1994.
 326

131. ununlwmmnll~~, <:CUlO: 6Tl1l., ClflunJOmJ6m3~}.o nfleJcOO~eB>~}.o, eB>om.,\ru§o, «m>mrlO

mO~ls<:dhm~nJom<:eB>lmo, 6H2l<nJ 2000.

132. unlruun!B>m7Jl§~. nll.6)dh., <:neodhaeJo<B nJom6m3uB (mJffiJO:), al2l0nDm.a...JlffirrB.

nmmJ'., (O)lm}. rumClIDnJ}.mo, aeB>m~lSon9:1o~rrB~lg,,\l§, 1997.

134. mJ1.~1.nmm., rusc66>mnJo§}.dhuB - 63<O}. nJomo, aeB>o§wo, nfl13.,\o<Banol121ll(O)o

6TlJ}.cOO CUllae;tjo, 1976.

135. 6)m.><ID(O)}.m}.nDQIZlr3. nll.nm., aeB><O§I2l}.~'o.a...J<oll<IDO, <ID~cro~<B, dhOCTg 6TlJ}.eOOmJ,

63cfuaso: 1969.

136. am.>o~1. <l.fl.~<B. & aSi!o<n>anJouB.6)c£h., ISOn9:1ocroOmJl<IDo - mJlrmomrlru}.o

lnJa<DJO(f)ru}.0, (O)~un~ <0, 121eJwo§nJo m(f)arun9:16mac£hlffio, eu>lmJo: 1999.

lnJ 6TlJ crw 6m3 u8

1. lSom.>lmo~. nmm.>~, 'lSlBdho§le;tj0§ - ac£h<O§aml'll6)eJ 63<O}. l2l}.sl7;:j}.<Oe;tjo§l6)m «m>wl

dhml-9zJ}'~~ (f)arun9::l6Tf>nJomo', nJl.nm~.eu>1., (f)arun9:16mlnJ6TlJCTUlo, w~6mlaruc9
m.>lgl 630nO adhm§, 1998,

2. <ooneJruruoml<DJ<o nmo.~<B, 'l2leJwo~aml'll6)eJ moasosl7;:j0§}.dh§}.6)S 6)6)croQflw}.o

lnJmlnJru}.o - rusc66>mnJo§}.c£h6)~ «ffQ)wo<Ol2locOOl 63<O}. nJomo', nJl.nm~.eu>1.
(f)arun9::l6Tl) lnJ6TlJm.Do, ac£ho<91acOOos w~ 6mlaruc9mJlgl, 1985.

3. ruom.>}. aBrummO<DJ<O. 6>dh., 'I2lQJWO§c£hnfl<IDCOJ16)eJ ru'<0<IDaml'lJo' - nJl.nm~:ru.5l.

(f)arun9::l6Tl)lnJ6TlJm.Do, <DJ16mlaruc9mJlg1 63onO ac£h<O~, 1991.

4. <:ru6Tl)&<:(J}onJm moCD><O. nmmJ. Clfl., 'dhl§&c£h}.s}.06TlJ6m3~&o l2l<O&l2lcOOaml'lowru&o',

nmo.n1:l1roB (J}<:run9::l6T11ln.J6TlJCTUlo, mQJWo§oJ1IS0(f)0, Wl6mlc:ruc9mJlgl 63000 <:c£h<O@,
1979.
 327

ENGLISH BOOKS

1. Aquinas Thomas, Society - An Introductory Analysis, London, Macmillan

Company Ltd., 1950.

2. Auro Bindo, The Future Poetry, New Delhi, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors,
1992.

3. Bowra. C.M., Heroic Poetry, London, Macmillan Company, 1961.

4. Caudwell Christopher, Illusion and Reality, New Delhi, Peoples Publishing

House, 1956.

5. Dundes Alan (Ed.), The Study of Folklore, New Jercy, Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, 1965.

6. Encyclopaedia, Britanica Vol. III, Bentol, Helintle Mingwy, 1973.

7. Fenningan Ruth, Oral Poetry, London, Cambridge University Press, 1977.

8. Freud Sigmund, The Interpretation of Dreams, London, George Allen's and

Unwin Ltd., 1951.

9. Giddings. F.H., The Elements of Sociology, New York, Macmillan Company, 1927.

10. Gisbert Pascual. SJ., Foundation of Sociology, Mumbai, Orient Longman, 1999.

11. Gorky Maxim, On Literature, Moscow, Progressive Publishers, 1909.

12. Green. W. Arnold, Sociology, New York, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1956.

13. Jane Van Sina, Oral Tradition, London, Penguin Books, 1965.

14. Joseph. P. Stelka, Literature Criticism and Sociology, London, The Pensylvania
States University Press, 1973.

15. Joyee Lary, Art and Reality, London, Cambridge University Press, 1958.

16. Kailasapathy, Tamil Heroic Poetry, London, Oxford University Press, 1968.

17. Karl Marx and Engels Frederick on Literature and Art, Moscow, Progressive
Publishers, 1976.

18. Kcrala Calling (Monthly) Nov. 1998, Trivandrum, Department of Publications,

Government of Kerala.

19. Kosambi. D.D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Bombay,

Popular Praksham, 1975.
 328

20. Krishnawarrier. N.V., A History of Malayalam Metre, Trivandrum, Dravidian

Linguistics Association, 1977.

21. Kuppuswamy. R, Social Change in India, Delhi, Vikas Publishing House, 1975.

22. Mathew K.S., Society in Medieval Malabar, Kottayam, Jeffe Books, 1979.

23. Plakhanov, Art and Social Life, Moscow, Progressive Publishers, 1957.

24. Purohit Nishi. Dr. (Mrs.), The Principles of Mohammedan Law, New Delhi,
Orient Publishing Company, 1998.

25. Raghavan. M.D., India in Ceylonese History, Society and Culture, Delhi, Asia
Publishing House, 1959.

26. Ramachandra Rangini, Indian-Literary Criticism, New Delhi, Reliance House, 1989.

27. Souhrudan. P.P., Influence of Malayalam Poetry - An Analysis, Trivandrum,

Malayalam Laxican, University ofKerala, 1996.

28. Sreedhara Menon. A., Social and Cultural History of Kerala, New Delhi,
Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1979.

29. Sumner William Graham Folkways, Boston, Ginn and Company, 1934

30. Thompson Stith, The Folk Tale, New York, Holti Rine Hart and Winston, 1946.

3 1. Thurston Edgar, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Delhi, Cosmo Publications,
1975.

32. Trumbell H. Clay, Oriental Customs, Traditions and Social Life, Delhi, Mittal
Publications, 1986.

33. Vago Steven, Social Changes, New Jercy, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1989.

34. Wilson R.N. (Ed.), Literature and the Art in Society, New Jercy, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, 1964.
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16· 30' 11 0'

MAP
OF THE

MALABAR DISTRICT
Scale 15 Miles = 1 Inc.h
lJ ,~C 15 10
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were at the end of the Eighteenth Century

I(
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NAMES OF
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