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04 Signal Analysis - FFT
04 Signal Analysis - FFT
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Real sounds are combination of vibration patterns
More complex the waveform, the ‘noisier’ the sound.
All waveforms can be broken down into a combination of sine waves at different
frequencies using Fourier Analysis.
Fundamental (F0) is the lowest frequency of the note
Frequencies above fundamental partials or overtones
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In order to get the spectrum of a signal we need to convert from the time domain to
the frequency domain
This uses ‘Fourier Analysis’ – based on the Fourier concept
Breaks the complex signal down into sine waves
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Analysis is based on ‘windows’ of samples.
Leakage causes the analysed signal to cover a wider range than in the original.
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There are a number of different window types, each of which reduce the effects of
leakage in different ways.
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FFT analysis does not use a logarithmic filter like octave band and 1/3 octave band
analysis.
Octave and 1/3 octave are used where you need to assess how something relates to
the human hearing system (as that is how we hear sound).
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White noise has a flat spectrum ‐ equal energy in any identical frequency band
measured in Hz. A white noise signal through an FFT analyser should therefore give a
flat line. White noise is used when we need to examine the actual performance of a
system.
Pink noise has equal energy per octave – if you think about this, a low octave might
cover only 50 Hz, while a few octaves up, it could cover 10kHz. If you have equal
energy per Frequency (as in white noise) you have much more energy per octave at
high frequency than low.
Power density for Pink noise falls off at ‐3dB per octave
Pink noise is used for measurements where you are using octave type analysers
(including 1/3 octave, 1/12 octave filters etc). Pink noise through an octave band
analyser should give a flat line output.
If you use white noise with an octave type analyser or pink noise with a narrowband
FFT you will get odd results.
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