


‫א‬‫א‬

٢٥٦
  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ?   ?   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Unit F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬Eoperations
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  


 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Settling & Sedimentation‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFree settlingF‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬0.2%‫א‬‫א‬1:200

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Motion of a Rigid Particle Through a Fluid
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
v‫א‬m‫א‬
 ρ‫א‬ρP‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
mg
=
  g g
F
c

 ‫א‬
m ρg
 F = ρ
P

FD ‫א‬
V2
  FD = C D ρA
2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WCD
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fg-Fb-FD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dV
m = Fg-Fb-FD
dt
 
dV
 ‫א‬ 
dt

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 
dV m g m ρ g C DV 2 ρ A
  m dt = g − ρ g − 2 g
C P C C

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
1L15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Free Settling F‫א‬‫א‬ETerminal Falling VelocityFVt‫א‬
 KEVelocity
 W‫א‬‫א‬
dv

dt =0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
2 g ( ρ P − ρ )m
 V t = A ρ PC D ρ
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
π D P3 ρ P
 m =
6
 ‫א‬ DP
 
 ‫א‬
4 (ρ p − ρ )gD P
 Vt = 3C D ρ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CD‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KCD
 ‫א‬
ρVt DP
  Re = µ
 ‫א‬µ 
CD‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(wakes)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
CD،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1000~‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1F
 
3×105‫א‬‫א‬2×1051000
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬CD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Rigid Spheres‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Re < 1‫א‬‫א‬
24
C
  D =
Re
 ‫א‬
4(ρ p − ρ )gD P
  Vt = 3C D ρ
 
 
gDP (ρ P− ρ )
2

V
  t =
18µ
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.44 = CD1000 < Re < 2×105
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CD
‫א‬CD‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  Behaviour of very fine particles‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Non rigid sphere ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Einternal circulationF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KRe = 50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KRe = 100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KRe = 10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Hindered settling‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 µm‫א‬µ‫א‬
µ
µ =
  m ψ
p

 ψp
1

ψ =
 p 2
(1−ε )
101.8
-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  ρm ‫א‬ ρ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ε 

 
 
 
 
ρm = ερ + (1 − ε )ρ p

ρ p − ρ m = ρ p − [ερ + (1 − ε )ρ p ]
 
= ε (ρ p − ρ)
 
‫א‬ ρ p − ρm  µm  ρ p − ρ µ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ε 
 
g D p2 ε 2 (ρ p − ρ ) ψ p
  vt = 18 µ
 
 ε ψ p ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
D pVt ρ m
Re =
µ mε
 

D3p g(ρ p − ρ )ρmεψ 2p

 = 18µ 2
 
 KRe < 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Equipment for settling ‫א‬

Simple Gravity Settling Tank‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Gravity Settling Chamber‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EResidence timeF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

a ir o u t

 
 ‫א‬E٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Sedimentation‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EThickenerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Thickener ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٤F
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Q0 (Y −U)C0 ρs
  A= Vc ρ
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬=Q0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=Y 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫= א‬U
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ = א‬C0
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ = VC

 ‫א‬‫א‬ = ρs 
 ‫א‬ = ρ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
wtR ⎛ ρS ⎞
h = ⎜1+ X ⎟
  AρS ⎜⎝ ρ ⎟⎠
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬tR
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FE١F
‫א‬،101.3 RPa37.8 0C ‫א‬‫א‬20 µm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،900kg /m3‫א‬
 K1.9×10-5 Pa.s 1.137kg/m3 =
 W‫א‬
 
4(ρ P − ρ )gDP
  Vt = 3CD ρ
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

CD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  

4(ρ P − ρ )gDP
  Vt = 3CD ρ
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CD‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
ρ = 1 . 137 kg / m 3
µ = 1 . 90 × 10 − 5 Pa .s
  ρ P = 900 kg / m 3
D P = 2 . 0 × 10 − 5
 
ρ1Vt DP
 N = µ
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

1 .9 × 10 −5 × N
  V t = L L L (1)
20 × 10 − 5 × 1 .137
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

4(ρ P − ρ )gDP
CD =
3Vt ρ
2

4(900 − 1.137 ) × 9.8 × 20 × 10 −5

= 2
3 × 1.137Vt

0 .207
CD = 2
LLL ( 2 )
Vt

 Re=100‫א‬‫א‬
 Vt=83.54 m/sE١F
 CD=2.965×10-5E٢F
 1=CD‫א‬‫א‬
FRe‫א‬‫א‬CD‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬CD
Re Vt CD‫א‬ ‫א‬ ×‫א‬CD
CD  ‫א‬CD 
100×
‫א‬CD = ‫א‬

100  83.542 2.465×10-5 1 99.9

0.1  0.083  29.616 200 85.1
0.015  0.0125  1316.26  1700 25
-3
0.01 8.354×10  2961.6  3000 1.28
-3
 8.3×10 m/s = VtE١F‫א‬0.01‫א‬Re

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE٢F
1.554×6-4 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 9980 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬K60 %‫א‬‫א‬2647 kg/m3
 K1.005×10-3 Pa.s
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ε
40
= 998
40 60
+
998 2467
ρ m = ερ + (1 − ε )ρ p
= 0.622(998 ) + (1 − 0.622 )(2467 )
 
= 1553kg / m 3
1 1
ψp = = = 0.205
1.82 ( 1 - ε ) 1.82 ( 1 - 0.622 )
10 10
 
 
gDP (ρ p − ρ )ρm
2

Vt =
18µ
( )
9.8071.554×10−4 2(2467− 998) 0.6222 × 0.205 ( )
 = 181.005×10−3 ( )
= 1.525×10−3 m / s
Re‫א‬‫א‬
 
D pV t ρ m
Re =
(µ /ψ )εp

(1 . 554 × 10 ) (1 . 525
−4
)
× 10 − 3 1553
 = (1 . 005 × 10 −3
/ 0 . 205 )
0 . 622
= 0 . 121 < 1
 K‫א‬
 

- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 EFE٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kg‫א‬5kg
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kg1.5kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2.5 3.1 3.7 4.2 5.0Ekg water \ kg solidF‫א‬
 0.050 0.070 0.094 0.12 0.20 (mm/s) ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.33kg/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
Q0 (Y − U )C 0 ρ S
 
A=
vC ρ

Q 0C 0 ρ S = 1 . 33 kg / s
U = 1 .5
ρ = 1000 kg / m 3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
Y vC ( /s) Y-U A m2
5 0.2 3.5 23.28
4.2 0.120 2.7 29.93
3.7 0.094 2.2 31.12
3.1 0.070 1.6 30.4
2.5 0.050 1.0 26.6

 K‫א‬‫א‬31.12 m2‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬7500kg/m3‫א‬ J١
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.5m/s
‫א‬‫א‬101 k , 294 k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K900 kg \ m3‫א‬200 µm
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫؟‬0.457 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬5 kg water/kg solids J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.5 kg water/kg solids
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2.5 3.1 3.7 4.2 5(kg water/kg solids)‫א‬
 0.50 0.70 0.94 1.2 2 (m/h)‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.6 kg/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  Filtration‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFiltrateF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EVacuum F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Filtration Theory ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
− ∆ PC k1 µ V (1 − ε )S O
2

 \ =
L ε3
 K‫א‬‫א‬k1
K‫א‬‫א‬ µ
K‫א‬‫א‬v
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ε
K‫א‬‫א‬L
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SO
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆PC
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

dV
dt
 V =
A 
 
dV
 K‫א‬=
dt
 K‫א‬=A
 K‫א‬‫א‬= V
 
 
dV − ∆ PC
=
k1 (1 − ε ) S 2 O µL
2
  Adt
ε3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vL

 LA (1− ε ) ρP = CSV

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CS
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ρP
 ‫א‬‫א‬L
dV − ∆Pc
=
  A dt k1 (1 − ε )SO2 µ CSV
ρPε 2 A
dV − ∆ Pc
= L L L (1)
  A dt α µ C SV
A
 ‫א‬‫א‬ α 
 
- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

k1 (1 − ε )S O2
 α = ρ Pε 3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
dV − ∆Pf
  A dt = µ R LLL(2)
m

 ‫א‬Rm
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆Pf
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
dV − ∆p
= L L L ( 3)
  A dt ⎛ α C SV ⎞
µ ⎜⎜ + Rm ⎟⎟
⎝ A ⎠
 
 
K ∆P = ∆Pf + ∆PC 
 
 
 α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
k1 (1 − ε )S O2
 α = ρ Pε 3
 
ε‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،α ε‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬αSO‫א‬
 ∆P‫א‬ α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ∆Pα‫א‬‫א‬
 
  α = B(− ∆P )
5

 
 ‫א‬S1B
 0.1-0.8S‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
dV − ∆p
= L L L ( 3)
  A dt ⎛ α C SV ⎞
µ ⎜⎜ + Rm ⎟⎟
⎝ A ⎠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
dt µ α CSV µ
= 2 + Rm = KPV + B
  dV A (− ∆P) A(− ∆P)

 
 
µ α CS
KP =
A 2 (− ∆ P )
  µ Rm
B=
A (− ∆ P )
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 α

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

V V

∫ dt
0
= ∫ (K
0
P V + B ) dv

KP
t = V 2
+ B V
  2

 
t K PV
  = + B
V 2
t
 V  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V
 
 

t Slope = kp \ 2
V Intercept = B

V
 ‫א‬t
 Kt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ α ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Rm)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Constant Rate Filtration ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E3F‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

⎛ µ α C S dV ⎞ ⎛ µ Rm dV ⎞
− ∆P = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟V ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = K V V + C
⎝ A2 dt ⎠ ⎝ A dt ⎠
⎛ µ α C S dV ⎞
K V = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
  ⎝ A2 dt ⎠
⎛ µ Rm dV ⎞
C = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ A dt ⎠
 ‫א‬C1KV
VE-∆PF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Continuous Filtration‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rm‫א‬
 ‫א‬
dt
  dV = K PV
 
t V

∫ dt = K ∫ V dV
0
P
0
  V 2
t = KP
2
 
 
 Filtration Practice ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬10-210‫א‬
 Filtration Equipment ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
 
 Plate and Frame Filter Press ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬E٨F‫א‬E٧F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

filtr a te

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
 
 Continuous Rotary vacuum Filter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F
K338KN/m298.2k‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬A = 0.0439m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rm α ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CS = 23.47kg/m3
t ( s ) V ( M3 )
 4.4 0.498×10-3
 9.5 1.00×10-3
16.3 1.501×10-3
24.6 2.000×10-3
34.7 2.498×10-3
46.1 3.002×10-3
59.0 3.506×10-3
73.6 4.004×10-3
89.4 4.502×10-3
107.3 5.009×10-3
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vt/V‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
KP
  =‫א‬
2
 KP= 2 ×‫ = א‬6.00×106 s/m6
6400 s/m3 =B =‫א‬‫א‬
µ α CS
  KP = 6.00×10 =
6

A2 (− ∆P)
 8.937×10-4 pa.s =‫א‬
 A = 0.0439 m2

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

8.937 × 10 −4 α 23 .47
6.00 × 10 =
6

(
(0.0439 ) × 338 × 10 3 )
α = 1.863 × 10 11 m / kg
  B = 6400 = µ R m = 8.93 × 10 − 4
A(− ∆P ) (
0.0439 338 × 10 3
Rm
)
R m = 10 .63 × 10 10 m −1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
20E١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.873m2
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F3.37m3‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
KP= 6.00×106 s/m6
 
B= 6400 s/m3
 ‫א‬Rm α 
1 1
∴ K Pα 2 , Bα
A A
K P 2 A12
=
K P1 A22
K P1 A12
K P2 =
A22
  2
⎛ 0.0439 ⎞
= 6.00 ×10 ⎜ 6
⎟
⎝ 0 .873 × 20 ⎠
= 37.93 s / m 6
 
 
B1 A1 0.0439
B2 = = 6400
 
A2 (0.873 × 20)
= 16.10 s / m
 ‫א‬
K P2 2
t2 = V2 + B V22
2
37.93
 
= (3.37) + (16.10)(3.37)
2

2
= 269.7 s
- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬E٣F
3.37 m3‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬%10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬26.7 s
20 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ dv ⎞ 1 1
⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ dt ⎠ f 4 K PV f + B
1
= = 1.737 × 10 −3 m 3 / s
4(37 .93 )(3.37 ) + 16 .10

 
‫א‬
 
=‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
0 .1 × 3 .37
= 194 s
1 .737 × 10 − 3

‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬ =‫א‬
194 269.7
20 + + = 27.73 min
60 60

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬33%‫א‬ 
0.171 kg solid/k ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬67 kpa‫א‬
‫א‬298 k‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
250s‫א‬‫א‬K996.9 kg/m30.8937×10-3Pa.s
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(
  α = 4.37 × 10 (− ∆P )
9
) 0.3

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 B = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2
  t = KP
2

t = ‫א‬ = f tc = KP V2
2

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= f
µ α CS
KP =
A 2 (− ∆P )
α = (4.37 × 10 9 ) (67 × 10 3 ) = 1.225 × 1011
0. 3

µ = 0.8937 × 10 −3 Pa.s
 
− ∆P = 67 × 10 3 Pa
ρ = 996.9 kg / m 3
kg solid C S
  m 3 filtrate 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

0.191 kg solid kg slurry

× 0.778
kg slurry s
 
= 0.1486 kg solids / s
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ =‫א‬
 
0.778 kg \ s =‫א‬

 2×‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬
= 2 × 0.191×0.778
 = 0.2972 kg/s
 0.778 - 0.2972= 0.481 kg/s = ‫א‬
=‫א‬

4.825×10−4 m3 0.481
=
s 996.9
0.1486 308 kg solid
∴CS = =
4.825×10−4 m3 filtrate

4.825×10-4× 250 = 0.1206 m3 =‫א‬‫א‬

µ α CSV 2
∴ ftc =
2 A2 (− ∆P)
250 × 0.33 = 0.8937× 10−3 × 1.255×1011
  3.0 × (0.1206)
2

(
2 × A2 67 ×103 )
A = 6.74 m 2
 

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 
‫א‬K46.2 kPa‫א‬25c‫א‬‫א‬ J١
kg solid /m3filtrate ‫א‬0.0439 m3‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬23.47
V×103(M3) t (s)
0.5 17.3
1.0 41.3
1.5 72.0
2 108.3
2.5 152.0
3 201.7
30‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬46.2 kpa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.873 m2
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬2.26 m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.283 m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K30 m.‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
62 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬300 s‫א‬28 %‫א‬2.2 m2
 ‫א‬996.9 kg/m3‫א‬0.8937×10-3Pa.s =‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ α = (4.37×109) (-∆P)0.3

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Crushing Grinding and Screen Analysis

Particle Characteristics‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Density)‫א‬EShapeF‫א‬،ESizeF
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Particle Size‫א‬
‫א‬-nominal diameter-‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬-equivalent diameter-‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،EScreen sizeF‫א‬
‫א‬EUltra fine particleF‫א‬،‫א‬
 KESquare meters/GramF
 Particle Shape ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،EsphericityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W٣W٢W١

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F
 
Dp ‫א‬ ،Фs‫א‬
 WDp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
S / V
Φ s = s s
(1 )
S / V
  p p

 
‫א‬Vp  
W‫א‬Sp 
W‫א‬‫א‬Ss 
‫א‬ Vs
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6V p
  D S ( 2 ) Фs =
p p

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1 E DP F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

. Z 1E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( Dp)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Фs
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Vp‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W١
 K25 mm3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،Dp،‫א‬‫א‬
πDp3L6ZDp
πDp3L6Z 25:‫א‬


 Dp = 3.628 mm W

 
 W٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،Ld‫א‬  J
 KL  J

 W‫א‬
  J 
 Vp = πL3 /4 = πd3 L4 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vs = πDp3 /6WDp‫א‬
 W VsVp
 Dp = 1.1447 L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sp = 2*( πd2 /4) + π d L = 6 πL2 /4 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
6V p

D pS Фs =
p

 
 W
 
Фs = 1/1.1447 = 0.874

  J 
 Vp = L3 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vs = πDp3 /6WDp‫א‬
 W VsVp
 Dp = 1.241 L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Sp = 6 L2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
6V p

D pS Фs =
p

 
 W
 
Фs = 1/1.241 = 0.806
 
 EDp = LF1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Dp‫א‬E ρp MF‫א‬
 W،A،‫א‬،V،‫א‬
M
  V = ( 3 )
ρ p

 
6 M
  A = ( 4 )
Φ s ρ p D p

 
 :Screen analysis ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ESievingF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،E  Standard Screen Series  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
0.0015 in 3 in ‫א‬،‫א‬
E mesh F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬،E mesh per inchF ،‫א‬
 ، EThe Taylor Standard Screen SeriesF ‫א‬
British Standard F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،200  0.074 mm ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ، E Screens
‫א‬ ‫א‬   2 = 1 . 41 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،E‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
M
L‫א‬F ρ ‫א‬‫א‬،Dp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p

‫א‬ENF‫א‬VP‫א‬،E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M
 N = (5 )
ρ pV p

 
 WEAF‫א‬‫א‬
6M
 
A = N . S = (6)
Φ S ρ p DP
P

‫א‬(6)
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Emass fractionF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ERangeFEmesh size rangeF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬20‫א‬14‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬14/20
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 n+1 ‫א‬‫א‬n-1،n

 Kn‫א‬‫א‬Dpn‫א‬K‫א‬
 W ∆ X n ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،E Cumulative Analysis F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬XK
NT

  X = ∆Χ1 + ∆Χ2 + LL+ ∆ΧnT = ∑ ∆Χ (7)

n=1
n

 KDpX ECumulative Analysis F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 :3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬         
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 EHistogramF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 EFractional-DistributionF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
Xn DP  ‫א‬
 ٠ 4.7  ٤
0.2 3.3  ٦
0.05 2.4  ٨
0.11 1.7  ١٠
٠{١٨ 1.2  ١٤
 ٠{٢٣ 0.8  ٢٠
 ٠{١٥ 0.6  ٢٨
 ٠{١٠ 0.41  ٣٥
 ٠{٠٦ 0.30  ٤٨
 ٠{٠٥ 0.21  ٦٥
 ٠{٠٤ 0.15  ١٠٠
 ٠{٠٠٥ 0.10  ١٥٠
 ٠{٠٠٣ 0.07  ٢٠٠
 ٠{٠٠٢   J  ‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEDpF‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬
 
X Dp Xn DP ‫א‬
 ١   J  ٠ 4.7  ٤
0.98 ٤{٠٥ 0.2 3.3  ٦
0.93 ٢{٨٥ 0.05 2.4  ٨
0.82 2.1 0.11 1.7  ١٠
0.64  ١{٥ ٠{١٨ 1.2  ١٤
0.41  ١{٠  ٠{٢٣ 0.8  ٢٠
0.26  ٠{٧  ٠{١٥ 0.6  ٢٨
 ٠{١٦  ٠{٥٠  ٠{١٠ 0.41  ٣٥
 ٠{١٠  ٠{٣٦  ٠{٠٦ 0.30  ٤٨
 ٠{٠٥  ٠{٢٦  ٠{٠٥ 0.21  ٦٥
 ٠{٠١  ٠{١٨  ٠{٠٤ 0.15  ١٠٠
 ٠{٠٠٥  ٠{١٣  ٠{٠٠٥ 0.10  ١٥٠
 ٠{٠٠٢  ٠{٠٩  ٠{٠٠٣ 0.07  ٢٠٠
 ٠  ٠{٠٤  ٠{٠٠٢   J ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Dp،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Xn،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  D p ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
X،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?
 K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3-5-1
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ J
1
D v = (8 )
 
∑ (X )
NT
3 3
n /D pn
n =1

 
 
 

- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬ J
 

∑ (X )
NT

n /D pn

= n =1
(9 )
(X )
D s 3
  NT

∑
3
n /D pn
n =1

 W‫א‬ J
NT
⎛⎜ X / D 2pn ⎞⎟
∑
n =1 ⎝
n
⎠
DL = ⋅ (10 )
  NT

∑ ⎛⎜⎝ X ⎞⎟
3
/D pn
n =1
n
⎠
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ J
1
D vs = .......... . (11 )
 
∑ (X )
NT

n /D pn
n =1

 KSauter Mean DiameterW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 :4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ،‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 K  J


- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W8‫א‬‫א‬ J
1
D v = = 0 . 271
 
∑ (X )
NT
3 3
n /D pn
n =1

 W9‫א‬‫א‬ J

∑ (X )
NT

n /D pn

= n =1
= 0 . 314
(X )
D s 3
  NT

∑
3
n /D pn
n =1

 K10‫א‬‫א‬ J
NT
⎛⎜ X / D 2pn ⎞⎟
∑
n =1 ⎝
n
⎠
DL = = 0 . 108
  NT

∑ ⎛⎜⎝ X ⎞⎟
3
/D pn
n =1
n
⎠
 
 W11‫א‬‫א‬ J
1
D vs = = 0 . 645
∑ (X )
NT

n /D pn
n =1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

   ‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬ J
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
 KE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬EMohr' s ScaleF‫א‬W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪50 J٪5W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
K
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Stage‫א‬،DodgeW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K Gyratory Crushers ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، Crushing Rolls‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Single ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Hammer Mills‫א‬‫א‬، Disc Crusher‫א‬
 KRoll Crushers
 KBall Mill‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 Gaw Crushers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2-2
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 
 KE‫א‬FE١١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 KEFE١٢F
 
 Gyratory CrushersE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E١٣F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪50  J٪30‫א‬12512‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬dX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

dE C  
= − n
( 12 )
dX X  
W
  EmmF‫א‬W X
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wn C 
‫א‬ dX‫א‬‫א‬dE‫א‬‫א‬
 KX‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n = 1
 
X1 X1
  E = CLn = K K Log (13 ) 
X2 X2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 ZKK
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬BOND‫א‬
 W‫א‬n=105‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
E = K B ( 14 )
X
 

  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FKBZ
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EkW.h/tonFEi‫א‬Bond‫א‬
 K 100 ‫א‬٪80
WBOND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
P ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= 1 . 46 Ε ⎜ − ⎟ (15 )
 T i
⎜ DP DF ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 W
  P Z EhpF‫א‬‫א‬
  T Z Eton/minF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 D P ZEftF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ei = 9.45‫א‬
Ei =11.37 ‫א‬
 Ei = 8.23‫א‬
 Ei = 14.3‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.34‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪80‫א‬10 tons/hr‫א‬
 E3.175mmF  1/8 ٪80‫א‬E76.2 mmF 3 in 
 EEi =12.68F‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 0.75 in ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K9.3 hp 12 tons / hr ‫א‬‫א‬0.2 in ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 tons / hr ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬0.15 in
 
 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬١
  ‫؟‬‫א‬٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
 ‫؟‬CD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
 ‫؟‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬١٣
 
- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
3
= 0.25 ft= DF 
12
⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ / 12 = 0.0104 ft=   DP 
⎝8⎠
  12.68= E i
10
= ton min  T
60 = 0.167
 W15‫א‬‫א‬
P ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
  0 . 167 = 1 . 46 ∗ 12 . 68 ∗ ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 . 0104 0 . 25 ⎠
24.1 hp = ( 17.96 kW ).Z P ∴
 
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬١٥Bond
⎛ 9.3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜
  12 ⎟ = 1 .46 Ei ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0.2 0.75 ⎠
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛P⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 1.46Ei ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 0.15 0.75 ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  P = 10 . 23 hp (7 . 63 kW )
 
 

- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
m
×ρ×g
C DV ρ A ρP
m ‫א‬، ‫א‬، mg ‫א‬١
gC gC gC
 ρP ‫א‬V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CD‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬g،‫א‬‫א‬A،‫א‬ ρ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬gC
‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CD‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬Distillation W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
Miscible F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELiquids
‫א‬،‫א‬–EMore volatileF‫א‬
ELess volatileF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KERelative volatileF‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Types of Distillation ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Extractive Distillation‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Azeotropic Distillation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

Binary Distillation K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Multi-component Distillation K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Continuous Distillation  K١
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Batch Distillation K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Flash Vaporization ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEquilibrium DistillationF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Differential Distillation ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Fractionation‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ERefluxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KERectificationF‫א‬‫א‬
Steam Distillation‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Differential Distillation ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 EBatch DistillationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
ExmFEaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (14)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EbF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬EybF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


 K J‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Differential Binary Distillation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ExoFEwoF‫א‬‫א‬(15)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E∆yF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE∆xF‫א‬
 EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  JEyF EVF ‫א‬‫א‬ JExF
 .EyF EDF
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F

Flash Vaporization‫א‬‫א‬
 
EziF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F‫א‬
‫א‬EyiF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Eyi = kixiF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ExiF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
Single Stage F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEquilibrium DistillationF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEflashF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDistillation
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Multi Stage F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDistillation

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

EtF‫א‬EzF‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F ‫א‬
EyF‫א‬‫א‬EtfF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ExF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EtfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬
EtbF‫א‬EtfF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EtdF‫א‬
td > tf > tb
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  E PbF ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 WEPfF‫א‬‫א‬EPdF
 
 Pd < Pf < Pb
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EV/FFθ‫א‬
 
 Continuous Fractionation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬KEFractionationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFractionating towerF‫א‬EFlash zoneF
 KEStripping sectionF‫א‬‫א‬ERectifying sectionF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ERefluxF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEOverhead productF‫א‬ERefluxW‫א‬‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rectifying F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFractionationF‫א‬ERectificationF‫א‬
 KEsection
EStripping sectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EReboilerF‫א‬
 KEBottomF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ETemperature gradientF‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEPacked towerF‫א‬
Plates or F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEPlate or Tray towerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETrays
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
(Number of Transfer ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Height of Transfer Unit, HTU)‫א‬‫א‬Units, NTU)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Continuously)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

،EStagewiseFEDiscreteF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Fractionation in Tray Towers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٩F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ET-X-YF
EzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ExFEyF J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 


 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

ETubular heat exchangersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Total F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
EPartial condenserF‫א‬Econdenser
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،Epartial reboilersF‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Extractive Distillation‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEExtractive DistillationF‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 The process‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1.01F

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Separation Equipment‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETowers or ColumnsF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPacked towersF‫א‬‫א‬EPlate towersF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EEquilibrium stageF‫א‬‫א‬EStageF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEStage-wise operationsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ESieve platesF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EValve platesF J‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EBubbles cap platesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EDown comerF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F
 
E٢٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F‫א‬EHold down boltF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

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 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٤F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Slots)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Vapor riser)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Slots)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 E٢٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EVapor riserF‫א‬‫א‬EWeirF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EMulti pass flowF
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬E٢٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
KEEntrainmentF‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFloodingF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 (Tower diameter) ‫א‬ E٢
 (Tray diameter) ‫א‬ E٣
 (Weir dimensions) ‫א‬ E٤
  (Down comer dimensions) ‫א‬ E٥
 (Nmber of holes in the tray) ‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
EHole diameterF  ‫א‬ E٧
 (Distance between holes) ‫א‬‫ א‬E٨
(Tray thickness) ‫א‬ E٩
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEPlate EfficiencyF‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Centrifugal Separation Processes
 
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? GravitationalForce ?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Fluid F ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Centrifugal Force)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢٧F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 
 
 
EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  Equations for Centrifugal force ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Acceleration?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  a c = rw 2
(1 )
 W
 (m/s2) acW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (m) rW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (rad/s) w:Eangular velocity FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬Fc ‫א‬‫א‬
  F c = ma c = mrw 2
(2)
 WwEm/sF v ‫א‬‫א‬
v
  w = (3 )
r
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
⎛ v ⎞ mv
 F c = mr ⎜ ⎟ = (4)
⎝ r ⎠ r
 
 EN: rev/min F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
2 π N
 W = (5 )
60
60 v
  N = ( 6 )
2 π r
 WE٥F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
2
⎛ 2π N ⎞
 Fc = mr ⎜ ⎟ = 0 . 01097 mrN 2
(7 )
⎝ 60 ⎠
 WFg‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 F g = mg (8 )
2 2
Fc mrw mw
  F = = (9 )
g mg g
 WE٥F‫א‬W2
Fc
  F = 0 . 001118 rN 2
( 10 )
g

 F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FgFc
 KE g forces FE‫א‬KKKKKKKKK

- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

Equations for Rates of Settling in Centrifuges W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vt (Terminal Velocity )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬rB‫א‬‫א‬b‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬rB < r2‫א‬،r2‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬rB = r2‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨F‫א‬
 
 Wr ‫א‬Vt‫א‬ELaminar FlowF‫א‬‫א‬
(ρ − ρ )D 2
rw 2

 v = P p
( 11 )
18 µ
t

 
 
 
- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬

( ρ P − ρ ) D 2p w 2 r
tT = Ln 2
( 12 )
  18 µ r
1
 
 W‫א‬

( ρ P − ρ ) D 2p w 2 ⎡
q = π b ( r 2 − r 2 ) ⎤ (13 )
 
r ⎢⎣ 2 1 ⎥⎦
18 µ Ln 2
r
1
‫א‬‫א‬E13F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،r2r1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wqc ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
( ρ P − ρ ) D pc w
q = ⎡ π b ( r 2 − r 2 ) ⎤ (14 )
c ⎡ r ⎤ ⎢⎣ 2 1 ⎥ ⎦
18 µ Ln ⎢ 2 2
r + r
⎥
⎣ 1 2⎦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(ρ − ρ )D 2
rw 2

 vt =
P p
ε 2
Ψ ( 15 )
18 µ
P

 

- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

Centrifuge Equipment for Sedimentation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 ‫א‬E٢٩F‫א‬
١٣٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬150 mmmm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،15000 rev/minE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E60.000 rev/ minF‫א‬E75mm)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Eultra-centrifugesF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩F‫א‬
 

 
 
 

 
- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠F‫א‬
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J1
E٣١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١F‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣F‫א‬

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F‫א‬
- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J


r1 = 76.2mm‫א‬‫א‬،53.34 m/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kr2 = 305 mm‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.05 mm J٤
0.0012 ‫א‬،1000 kg/m3‫א‬1050 kg/m3‫א‬
Kb = 100.1mm،r2 = 30 mm،r1 = 5 mmW
 ‫א‬KPa.s
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 KN = 2600 rev./min،b = 100.1mm،r2 = 30 mm،r1 = 5 mm
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Extraction‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESolvent‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬FEExtractF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEraffinateF‫א‬ESolventF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬( Solvent Extraction)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Eacetic acidF‫א‬  J١
‫א‬EIsopropyl Ether 
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J

K– J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 KE٣٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 
 EF


EF

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥F
 
 
 J‫א‬‫א‬
 Equipment of Liquid- Liquid Extraction
‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
 

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Mixer - Setter for Extraction‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EF    EF
 KEF،‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Plate and Agitated Tower Contactors for Extraction
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 EF     E F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧F‫א‬
 

- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Packed and Spray Extraction Tower
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٣٨‫א‬F‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J3
1 % 100 kg/hr‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.05 %200 kg/hr‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  0.1 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬30%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEYF‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
X
0.02020 0.00988 0.00746 0.00500 0.00246 0.00101
Y
0.01850 0.00904 0.00982 0.004540 0.001959 0.000806
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L * (X1-X2) = G *(Y1-Y2)

   

 100(0.001-0.001) =200(Y1-0.0005)
 Y1= 0.0005
‫א‬EYF‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EX1, Y1FEX2, Y2FEEoperating LineF
 

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬4=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4
 13= =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0 .3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Absorption of Gaze
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 Equilibrium Between Liquid and Gas ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F = C - P + 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP
 K‫א‬‫א‬WC
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CO2‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،CO2F
 F = 3 - 2 + 2 = 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ExAF‫א‬‫א‬CO2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EyAF‫א‬‫א‬CO2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 PA = H XA
 K‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬PA
 K‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬xA
KH‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬xA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PAxA‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 Mechanism of absorption‫א‬
Etow Film theoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٩F‫א‬

PAf

PAi
CAi

CAL

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٩F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Rate of Absorption ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 NA = kG (PAG - PAi) = kL (CAi- CAL)
 
 Emol \ unit Area unit timeFKA‫א‬NA
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kG
 Emol \ unit pressure unit Area unit timeF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kL
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PAG
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬PAi
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CAi
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CAL
ECAi -CALF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPAG - PAiF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D A
PAG
PAG - PAi
B
PAi
‫א‬‫א‬
CAi - CAL  ‫א‬‫א‬
 PA
‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬
PAe

 
CAL CAi CAe
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠F‫א‬
- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
PAG − PAi kL
=
CAi − CAL kG

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− kL
‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
kG
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kGkL
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 NA = kG (PAG - PAe) = kL (CAe- CAL)
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬CAL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PAe
 K PAG‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CAe
 ‫א‬‫א‬EkC , kLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EkG , kLF
N A = k G (PAG − PAI ) = k L (C Ai − c AL )
= k G (PAG − PAe ) = k L (C Ae − C AL )
1 1 ⎡ PAG − PAe ⎤
 ∴ = ⎢ ⎥
k G k G ⎣ PAG − PAi ⎦

1 ⎡ PAG − PAi ⎤ 1 ⎡ PAi − PAe ⎤

= ⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥
k G ⎣ PAG − PA ⎦ K G ⎣ PAG − PAe ⎦
 

 
 
 

- ١٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
1 1 ⎡ PAG − PAi ⎤
= ⎢ ⎥
kG kL ⎣ CAi − CAL ⎦
1 1 1 ⎡ P − P ⎤⎡ P − P ⎤
∴ = + ⎢ AG Ai ⎥⎢ Ai Ae ⎥
kG kG kL ⎣CAi − CAL ⎦⎣ PAG − PAi ⎦
 
1 1 ⎡ PAi − PAe ⎤
= + ⎢ ⎥
KG KL ⎣ CAi − CAL ⎦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P − PA e
H = Ai
C Ai − C AL
  1 1 H
= +
kG kG k L
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1
=
 k k Hk +
L L G

 ‫א‬
1 H
 k =
G kL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kLkG‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬kLkG
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 Absorption Equipment‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Packed Columns ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬75 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤١F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EBerl saddlesF‫א‬ERingsF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Calculation of Height of Packed Columns
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤٣Fd2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 AVm dY = A Lm dX
 
 K‫א‬A
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vm
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Lm
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Y
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Vm A d Y = NA (a dV) = kG a (PAG - PAi) A d z
 =kLa (CAi - CAL) A d z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬a
 Adz= ‫א‬dV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
Height of Columns Based on Condition in Gas Film
Vm AdY = K G a (PAG − PAi )Adz
  P = YA P
1+ Y
AG

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P
⎡ Y Y ⎤
∴ Gm dY = kG aP ⎢ − i ⎥ dz
⎣1 + Y 1 + Yi ⎦
⎡ Y − Yi ⎤
= K G aP ⎢ ⎥ dz
  ⎣ (1 + Y ) (1 + Y )
i ⎦

Vm 2 (1 + Y ) (1 + Yi )
Z Y

∴ Z = ∫ dZ = ∫ dZ
0
K G aP Y1
Y − Yi

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Y2
Vm dY
  Z =
K G aP ∫Y Y − Yi LL (1)
1

 Y<1‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 Height of Columns Based on Conditions in Liquid Film
 
ALm dX = k L a(C Ai − C AL )dZ
CA
=X
CT − C A
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CA
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬CT
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬F
 ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

⎡ Xi X ⎤
L dX = K aC T⎢ − ⎥dZ
  m L
⎣ (1 + X i ) (1 + X ) ⎦
⎡ Xi − X ⎤
= k L aCT ⎢ ⎥ dZ
⎣ (1 + X i ) (1 + X )⎦
  Z
Lm 2 dX
X

Z = ∫ dZ = ∫ LL(2)
0
k L aC T X1 X i − X
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 Height of Column Based on Overd
E١F‫א‬‫א‬KGaKGaY-YeY-Yi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Y2
Vm dY
  Z =
K G aP ∫Y Y − Ye LL (3)
1

E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KLaKLaX-XeXi-X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
X2
Lm dX
 
Z =
K L aCT ∫X X e − X LL(4)
1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Absorption of Dilute Gases ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y=Y‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ∴ GMAdy= KGaAP( ye − y)dZ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
ye = m x + c
y e1 = m x 1 + c
y e2 = m x2 + c
y e1 − y e 2
m = LL 5
x1 − x 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

y L x
m
Vm

x
1
Vm, y Lm
1

∴ Lm ( x1 − x ) = Vm ( y1 − y )

x = x1 −
Vm
( y1 − y )LL(6)
Lm

z 2 y
K G aP dy
Vm ∫0 ∫y −y
dz =
y2 e

 
 
 
 
 
- ١١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 (6)
 
y2 2 y
dy dy
∫y y − ye ∫y m x1 + (Vm / Lm ) ( y − y1 ) + c − y
=
[ ]
1 1

1 ln (
y1 − m x1 + c )
 =
⎛ mV ⎞ ⎡ ⎛V ⎞ ⎤
1 − ⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟ y2 − m⎢x1 + ⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟( y2 − y1 )⎥ − c
⎝ Lm ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ Lm ⎠ ⎦
 (6)(5)

1 ln y1 − ye1
=
y −y x −x
1 − e1 e2 1 2 y2 − ye1 − ⎛⎜ ye1 − ye2 x1 − x2 ⎞⎟( y1 − y2 )
x1 − x2 y1 − y2 ⎜ x −x y −y ⎟
⎝ 1 2 1 2⎠
y1 − y2 ln ( y1 − ye1 )
=
( y1 − ye1 ) − ( y2 − ye2 ) ( y2 − ye )2
  y1 − y2
=
( y − ye ) ln
Vm y1 − y2
∴ Z=
KG aPT ( y − ye ) ln
 
 
Lm x1 − x2
  Z =
KLaCT (x − xe ) ln
a kLKG(KLa)(KGa)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
x2 x1y2 y1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪10
 

- ١١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 EFE١F
،1.133×105 pa‫א‬‫א‬1.333×104 pa‫א‬‫א‬CO2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬CO2xA‫א‬303 k CO2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
P =H xA

PA = 1.333×104 pa 1atm

  1.325×105
 = 0.1316 atm

atm
H = 0.186 × 104
mol fraction
0.1316
∴ xA =
0.186 × 104
= 7.07 × 10−5
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫א‬‫א‬FE٢F
‫א‬kilo mol0.03 kil H2S‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1%H2S‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،Ye = 2X‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬300 k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kilo mol0.013 k H2SH2S‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k mol ،‫א‬
0.015
sm2  
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
k mol
0.04 = KG aP
 ‫א‬ NOG‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
sm 2
 
Vm Y1 − Y2  
Z=
KG aP (Y − Ye )  
 y =Y ‫א‬‫א‬
 
V y1 − y2
∴ Z= m
  
KG aP ( y − ye )
 
Vm   Lm
   
Y X2 = 0
2  
1  
* 0.03
100
 
 
 
Vm Lm  
Y1  
X1
0.03
0.013
- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  
Ye1 = 2 X1
= 2 x 0.013
Ye2 = 2 X2
= 2 x zero
 = zero
Vm = 0.015 k mol / sm 2

(Y − Ye ) = (Y1 − Ye1 ) − (Y2 − Ye2 )

⎛ Y1 − Ye1 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
Y −
⎝ 2 e2 ⎠
Y
Y1 − Ye1 = 0.03 − 0.026 = 0.004
Y2 − Ye 2 = 0.003
0.004 − 0.0003
∴ (Y − Ye ) =
⎛ 0.004 ⎞
ln⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.003 ⎠
0.0037
= = 0.00143
2.59
0.015 (0.03 − 0.0003)
∴ Z=
0.04 0.00143
= 7.8m
Z = H OG × NOG

 K‫א‬‫א‬= NOG
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= HOG
 

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

Vm
H OG =
KGa
0 . 015
= = 0 . 375 m
0 . 04
∴ 7 . 8 = 0 . 375 × N OG
7 .8
∴ N OG = = 21
0 . 375

- ١١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫א‬FE٣F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬25 mol %
‫א‬303 k181.4 mol/hE‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬1.013×105 pa
 K2 mol %‫א‬‫א‬0.005 mol fract ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١W‫א‬
 K‫א‬1.5‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬
Vm , Y1  
Lm , X
2  
y = 0.02 X
2 2 = 0.005  
Y X
 
 
 
 
Vm , Y1 Lm , X1  
y = 0.25
11  
 
  y = Y ⇒ Y = y 
1+ Y 1− y  
X X  
X= ⇒X =
1+ X 1− X  
 
‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 X‫א‬

- ١١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

Vm (Y1 − Y ) = Lm ( X1 − X )  
(
 LmX 1 , Y1 )
Y= ( X1 − X ) + Y1 Lm  
Vm Vm
 
 ( X1- Y1 )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E operatinglineF‫א‬
‫א‬EX2 , Y2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Lm‫א‬
 E٤٣F‫א‬
 
 

y1

y2

x1 x2 x1
max
 
 E٤٣F

 KXi-XXe-XY-YiY-Ye‫א‬p‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
1 atmyA  xA‫א‬
 0.0151 0.0126
 0.0201 0.0167
 0.0254 0.0208
 0.0321 0.0258
 0.0390 0.0309
 0.0527 0.0405
 0.0671 0.0503
 0.105 0.0737
 0.145 0.0960
 0.235 0.137
 0.342 0.175
 0.463 0.210
 0.597 0.241
 0.945 0.297

y1 0.25
Y1 = = = 0.333
1 − y1 1 − 0.25
y2 0.02
Y2 = = = 0.02
1 − y2 1 − 0.02
X2 0.005
X2 = = = 0.005
1− X2 1 − 0.005

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
p‫א‬( X2, Y2 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( X2, Y2 )
 

- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

  (L m \ V m )min

Vm = 0.98×181.4
= 177.8 k mol/h
∴  ‫א‬=Lm = 177.8×‫اﻟﻤﻴﻞ‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
0.90×10-4kg CO2 /kg 303 k‫א‬E‫א‬FCO2 J١
‫א‬‫א‬ CO2‫א‬‫א‬،0.186 atm‫א‬water
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
101.3kpa293k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.254 m‫א‬ J٢
3.30kg EF‫א‬‫א‬4.88m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 EF‫א‬x1 = 0.0072y2 = 0.0072y1 = 0.01053mol/h
 ‫؟‬KGa‫א‬9.03kg mol/h=
 
‫א‬،0.015 mol fraction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1%‫א‬
‫א‬K1.6kg/m2sEF‫א‬1kg/m2sEF‫א‬‫א‬
x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬yeye = 1.75x‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬1000 rev/min‫א‬ 0.2032 m
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF
 W‫א‬
N = 1000 rev / min
 r = 0.2032/2=0.1016 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10F‫א‬

= 0 .001118 ∗ 0 .1016 ∗ (1000 )2

Fc
Fg
 
  r = 0.2032 m WEF‫א‬

= 0.001118 ∗ 0.2032 ∗ (1000 )

Fc 2
∴
Fg

  = 227.2 gravities.
E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
PA = H XA
 A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PA
 A‫א‬‫א‬XA
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٦
F=C–P+2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 =‫א‬،‫א‬WC
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2 =‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP
 F = 3 – 2 + 2 = 3
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3=
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

1. GeanKoplise C., J, "Transport Processes and Unit Operations", Mc

Graw-Hill Inc., USA, 1993

2. Mc Cabe W., Smith J., Harriot P., "Unit Operation of Chemical

Engineering" 4th Edt. , Mc Graw-Hill Inc., USA, 1985

3. Coulson J. M., Richardson J. E.," Coulson's Chemical Engineering

Series", 4th Edt, Vol.2, Pergamon Press, 1991

4.  J٥٩٣٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
١٩٩١

5. ،،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬
- ٢ -........................................... Settling & Sedimentation‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣ -.................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩ -.................................................................... Equipment for settling‫א‬
- ١٣ -............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -...................................................................................................... 
- ١٨ -............................................................................ Filtration‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣ -........................................................ Constant Rate Filtration‫א‬
- ٣٠ -....................................................................................... ‫א‬
- ٣٦ -...................................................................................... W‫א‬
- ٣٧ -..................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٨ -.................................................................................................. E١F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٨ -.................................................................................................. E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٨ -.................................................................................................. E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٩ -........................................................................................... E١F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٩ -........................................................................................... E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -........................................................................................... E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٣ -.......................................................................... ‫א‬Distillation W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -............................................................. Differential Distillation ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٦ -.................................................................. Flash Vaporization‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ -................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٤ -..................................... Equations for Centrifugal force‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٦ -. Equations for Rates of Settling in CentrifugesW‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٨ -.. Centrifuge Equipment for Sedimentation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٣ -............................................................................................................ W
  ‫א‬  ٢٥٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٩٤ -....................................................................... Extraction‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٦ -........................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٠ - ................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٣ - .................................................................................................. 
- ١٢١ - .................................................................................. ‫א‬
- ١٢٢ - ............................................................................................... E١F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٢ - ............................................................................................... E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٣ - ........................................................................................ E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٣ - ........................................................................................ E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٦ - ........................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
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