ESTIMATION AND

COSTING AND SoR

PRESENTATION BY
SRI R.KONDALARAO , TECHNICAL ADVISER , GOVT.OF
TELANGANA

1
 1.INTRODUCTION
• In civil engineering there are 3 steps in
construction activity.
• 1. PLANS : preparation of drawings - plan, section,
elevation, with full dimension and detailed
specifications of the proposed structure.
• 2. ESTIMATION : preparation of an estimate is for
arriving the cost of the structure to verify the
available funds or to procure the required funds for
completion of the proposed structure.
2
 INTRODUCTION CONTD

• 3. EXECUTION (construction) : It is grounding and

construction of the proposed structure, as per the
provisions contained in drawings and estimation..

3
 2.PURPOSE OF ESTIMATION
• The estimation and costing of any structure is
defined as the process of Calculation of quantities
of items of work, and its cost for completion.
. Estimate of a project is a forecast of its probable
cost.
NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING
The object of preparing the estimate for any civil
engineering structure is
• 1. To know the quantities of various items of work,
material and labour and their sources. 4
 PURPOSE OF ESTIMATION CONTD
• 2. To decide whether the proposal can match the
available funds to complete the structure.
• 3.To obtain the administrative and technical
sanction of estimate from the competent authorities
to release the funds for construction.
• 4. To invite tenders or quotations based on the
estimate quantities for entrustment of works to the
executing Agency.
5
 3.MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS
AND WORKS

• INTRODUCTION
• UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
• RULES FOR MEASUREMENT
• DIFFERENT METHODS OF TAKING OUT
QUANTITIES

6
 4.INTRODUCTION - UNITS
• The units of different works depends on their
nature, size and shape.
• In general, the units of different items of works are
based on the following principle.
• 1. For Massive or volumetric items of work such as
earth work, concrete , R.R masonry , brick
masonry etc., the measurements of length, breadth ,
height or depth shall be taken to compute the
volume or cubical contents.
7
 INTRODUCTION - UNITS CONTD..
• 2. Shallow, thin and surface work shall be taken in
square unit or in area. The measurements of length and
breadth or height shall be taken to compute the area,
eg. Plastering, white washing etc.
• 3. Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or
running units shall be taken , Eg : fencing, rainwater
pipes, ornamental borders etc.
• 4. Single units of work are expressed in numbers. Eg.
Doors, windows, rafters, trusses etc.
8
 5.UNITS OF MEASUREMENT FOR VARIOUS
ITEMS OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING WORK
Sl.No Units of
Particulars of items measurements/Payme
nts

1. (a) Earth work excavation in all 1.00cum

types of soils except rock requiring
blasting.
(b) Earth work excavation in 1.00cum
the soils hard rock requiring
blasting.
(c) Excavation of pipe line 1.00 rmt
through of specified width and
depth in all types of soils
9
 5.UNITS OF MEASUREMENT CONTD..
(d) Earthwork for road formation bund formation etc. 10.00
cutting , embankment. cum
(e) Refilling of foundations ,basements, pipe lines, 10.00
trenches with excavated soils. cum
2 Plain cement concrete for 1.00
foundation. cum
3 R.R.masonry or brick masonry for foundation basement, 1.00
super strucrture, parapet wall etc cum
4 Filling the basement with sand. 1.00cum

5 (a) RCC 1:2: 4 with normal reinforcement for plinth 1.00cum

beam , columns, lintels, verandah beam- T beam etc.
10
 5. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT CONTD..
(b) R.C.C 1: 2: 4 for slabs of 10.00sqm
specified thickness .
6 Plastering pointing, flooring, weather proof 10.00
coarse, white sqm
washing, colour washing, painting
7 Roofing with A.C sheets, tiled roofing, 10.00
Kurnool trerrace, Madras terrace etc. sqm

8 D.P.C specified width and thickness 1.00 Rmt

9 Wooden and steel trusses 1.00 No 11

 5.UNITS OF MEASUREMENT CONTD..
10 Doors, windows, ventilators. 1.00 No

11 Ornamentel border of specified 1.00 Rmt

width and thickness.
12 R.C.C pipes, A.C pipes GI or C.I 1.00 Rmt
pipes, stone ware pipes etc.

12
 5.UNITS OF MEASUREMENT CONTD..
13 Steel reinforcement in R.C.C. Kg/
unit
14 Rough stone pitching revetmentand 1.00
soiling of specified cum
thickness.
15 (a) Roads works : Metal collections, 1.00
gravel collections, cum
solving stones, pitching any stones,
revetment stones etc.
13
5.UNITS OF MEASUREMENT CONTD..

(b) Road works : Spreading metal 10.00

gravel and consolidation with sqm
roller of specified thickness.

(c) Cement concrete payments of 1.00 cum

specified thickness.

14
 6. RULES FOR MEASUREMENT
• Measurement of works occupies a very important
place in the planning and execution of any project,
from the time of the first estimate and until the
completion and settlement of payments. The
methods followed for the measurement are not
uniform . Even in the same state different
departments follow different methods.
15
 RULES FOR MEASUREMENT CONTD..

• For convenience a uniform method should be

followed throughout the country. The uniform
methods of measurement to be followed which is
applicable to the preparation of the estimates and
bill of quantities for completed works have been
described below

16
 7.GENERAL RULES
• 1. Measurement shall be item wise for the finished
items of work and the description of each items
shall inculude materials, transport, labour,
fabrication, hoisting, tools and plants, over heads
and other incidental charges for finishing the work
to the design and specifications.
• 2. In booking dimensions the order shall be in the
sequence of length, breadth and height or depth or
thickness. 17
 GENERAL RULES CONTD..
• 3. All works shall be measured subject to following
tolerances unless otherwise stated.
• (A) dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01
meter i.E 1cm (1/2”).
• (B) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.M
(0.1 sqft).
• (C) Cubic contents shall be worked up to the nearest
0.01 cum(0.1cuft)
18
 GENERAL RULES CONTD..
• 4. Same type of work under different condition and
nature shall be measured separately under separate
items.
• 5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials
proportions and work-man ships and accurately
represent the work executed.
• 6. In case of structural concrete, brick work or stone
masonry, the work under the following categories shall
be measured separately and the heights shall be
described and are to be taken floor wise.
19
 8. DIFFERENT METHODS OF TAKING
OUT QUANTITIES
• The items like earth work in excavation in foundation,
foundation concrete , stone masonry in foundation and
basement, stone or brick masonry in super strucrture
may by estimated by either of the following methods.
• 1. LONG WALL AND SHORT WALL METHOD (OR)
GENERAL METHOD
• 2. CENTRE LINE METHOD
20
 DIFFERENT METHODS OF TAKING OUT
QUANTITIES CONTD..
• LONG WALL AND SHORT WALL METHOD
• In this method measure the external lengths of walls
running in the direction generally the long walls out-to-
out and the internal length of walls running in the
transverse direction ie., cross or short wall in-to-in and
calculate quantities multiplying the length by the
breadth and height of wall. The same rule applicable
to the excavation in foundation, to concrete and
Masonry in foundation.
21
• The simple mehtod is to take the long walls of short or cross
walls separately and to find out the centre to centre lengths
of long wall and short walls from the plan. For symmetrical
footing on either sides, the centre line remians same for suepr
structure and for foundation and plinth.
• Long wall length out-to-out = centre to centre length + half
breadth on one side + half breadth on the other side =
centre to centre length + one breadth.
• Short wall length in-to-in= centre to centre length - one
breadth.
22
•It will be noticed that by taking dimensions in this
ways, the long walls are gradually decreasing in length
from foundation to superstructure, while the short walls
are increasing in length.

•This method is simple and accurate and there is no

chance of any mistake.

23
 CENTRE LINE METHOD
• In this method known as centre line method. This method is
easy and quick in calculations. In this method sum total length
of centre lines of all walls, long and short has to be found
out.
• This method is well suitable for walls of similar cross sections.
• In this method the total centre line multiplied by breadth and
depth of concerned item gives the total quantity of each
item.

24
 CENTRE LINE METHOD CONTD..

• In this method, the length will remain same for

excavation in foundation for concrete in foundation
• It requires special attention and consideration at the
junctions etc.

25
 9.TYPES OF ESTIMATES
• DETAILED ESTIMATE
• The estimate prepared by dividing the work into
different items, taking detailed measurements of
each item of work and calculating their quantities Is
known as detailed estimate.
• STAGES OF PREPARATION
• Preliminary works and surveying
26
 TYPES OF ESTIMATES CONTD..

• Land and its acquisition

• Cost of levelling and preparation of ground
• Cost of external services
• Provision of supervision charges
• Overhead charges to executing agency

27
 10.DATA REQUIRED FOR PREPARING
AN ESTIMATE

• DRAWINGS :
• The detailed drawings of plan, elevation and
section, drawn to a scale are necessary to take the
details of measurements of various items of work.

28
 DATA REQUIRED FOR PREPARING AN
ESTIMATE CONTD..

• SPECIFICATIONS :
• The specifications gives the nature, quality and class of
materials, their proportion, method of execution and
workmanship and the class of labour required. The cost
of the work varies with its specifications. Eg. cement
mortar with 1:3 is more costlier than cement mortar with
1:6.
29
 11.RATES

• The rates for various items of work, the rates of various

materials to be used in construction, the wages of
different categories of labour should be available for
preparing an estimate.
• The location of the work and its distance of source of
materials and cost of transport should be known. These
rates may be obtained from the standard schedule of
rates prepared by the engineering departments.

30
 12.PRELIMINARY OR APPROXIMATE
ESTIMATE

• Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for

preliminary studies of various items of work or
project , to decide the financial position and policy
for administrative sanction by the competent
authority.

31
 PRELIMINARY OR APPROXIMATE
ESTIMATE CONTD..

• The preliminary estimate is prepared by different

methods for different types of works. The various
methods of preparing the preliminary estimate are
plinth area estimate, cubical rate estimate and
estimate per unit base

32
• PLINTH AREA ESTIMATE
• The plinth area rate is calculated by finding the plinth area
of the building and multiplying by the plinth area rate. The
plinth area rate is obtained by comparing the cost of the
cost of similar building having similar specifications in the
locality.
• CUBIC AREA ESTIMATE
• The cubic rate estimate is prepared on the basis of the
cubical contents of the building.

33
• ESTIMATE PER UNIT BASE
• For schools and hostels, per class rooms for schools, per bed
for hospitals, per seat for theatre halls, etc.
• For roads and highways and for irrigation works, the
preliminary estimate is made per kilometre
• For bridges and culverts per running meter.
• For sewerage and water supply projects on the basis of per
head of population served.

34
 13.DETAILED AND ABSTRACT
ESTIMATE OF BUILDINGS
Two roomed building

ELEVATION SECTION

5m x 5 m 5m x 5 m

35
 BY LONG WALL AND
SHORT WALL METHOD
• Centre to centre length of long wall
• = 5.0 + 0.3 + 5.0 + 2X0.3/2 = 10.6 M.
• Centre to centre length of short wall
• = 5.0 + 2X0.3/2 = 5.3 M.
• Number of long walls = 2. Number of short walls = 3.
• Total centre to centre line lenght = 10.6 X 2 + 5.3X3 =
37.1 M

36
 14.SPECIFICATIONS AND ANALYSIS
OF RATES
• The rates are calculated as per the rates in the standard schedule
of rates of the current year.
• FIND THE COST OF MATERIALS AT SOURCE AND AT SITE.
• COST OF MATERIALS AT SITE : = The cost of materials at site
includes the cost of materials at source along with the cost of
seigniorages, taxes, royalties, transport, stacking, loading and
unloading etc.
• Seigniorages are collected for materials like sand, stones earth
etc., Which are under the control of respective local agencies
under government control. 37
 15.STANDARD SCHEDULE OF RATES

• STANDARD SCHEDULE OF RATES :

• In standard schedule of rates (S.S.R.) , The rates of various
materials, machinery and hiring charges and wages of
labour are prepared.
• It is prepared by the board of chief engineers and
approve it for that year.

38
 16.CONCEPT OF LEAD AND LIFT-
LEADS STATEMENT
• The distance between the source of material to the
worksite is known as the lead. This lead distance
changes from one project to another project
depending upon the location. The vertical height
through which the material is to be disposed Is
known as the lift.

39
 CONCEPT OF LEAD AND LIFT- LEADS
STATEMENT CONTD..
• LEAD CHARTS : The conveyance charges of the
materials from source to the site of work is called lead
charge. In S.S.R. The lead charges are given for
metalled roads.
• LEAD STATEMENT : Lead statement gives the cost of
various materials at site. It includes basic rate, plus
conveyance, blasting charges, seigniorage charges etc.

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS

• There are specific I.S.Codes for specifications of all

types of construction Materials. Estimation simply
means calculating the quantities of various items
involved in the construction.
• I.S.- 1200 code is providing guidelines for carrying
out the measurements and preparation of bills in a
proper manner.

48