 through variables, we can

PRACTICAL RESEARCH describe the phenomenon or

population we are studying
through identifying possible
Scientific Method in the Social Sciences classifications.
1. Identify the research problem and state the research Measuring
questions.  variables allows us to measure the frequency,
2. Review related literatures (RRL) magnitude, and impact among others of a particular
3. Formulate framework and hypothesis subject or concept.
4. Choose data collection method and analysis Explaining
5. Collect and Analyze data  variables allows one to further understand the
6. Conclude and make recommendations existence, meaning, and purpose of certain
Quantitative Research phenomena.
 the systematic empirical investigation of social Assessing Relationships
phenomena using tools of mathematics and statistics.  variables are critical elements of the relationship
Systematic: follows a series of steps between the subjects and the phenomenon you are
Empirical: problems must possess observable investigating.
characteristics Types of Variables
Social phenomena: problems are concerned with Independent Variables
people/communities, organizations, behaviors, etc.
 variables that cause changed in a situation or
Mathematics & Statistics: answers will be derived from
phenomenon.
equations and formulae
 occurs prior to all variables.
Kinds of Quantitative Research
Dependent Variables
Descriptive Quantitative Research
 variables which manifest the effects brought by the
 to obtain information concerning the current status of
independent variables.
the phenomenon
 outcome, effect or response variable
 data is collected without changing the environment of
Intervening Variables
respondents
 variables which are the link between dependent an
 the variable is "as is, where is"
independent variables.
Correlational Research
 shows the effect of the independent variable on the
 to test relationships between variables
dependent variable.
 data comprises of systematic relationships between
Antecedent Variables
descriptive parameters
 variable which affects the link between the cause,
 variables are observed first, then collected.
connecting, and effect variables.
Causal-Comparative Research
Categorial Variables
 to unearth cause-and-effect relationships between
 variables that may be classified into categories or
variables
may be placed in rank orders.
 data are assigned in groups, then collected per group Nominal Variables
 variables cannot be manipulated  cannot be ordered in any particular way.
Experimental Research Ordinal Variables
 to reveal cause-and-effect relationships by  can be ordered from greatest to smallest.
manipulating one parameter, and observing its Numerical Variables
influence to another parameter
 variables having absolute numerical values or
 data is guided by, and manipulated through
 measures.
hypothesis
Interval Variables
 one variable is manipulated, another variable is set as
 rank-ordered and have equal distances.
the standard/model.
 do not have a "true zero" value.
Variables
Ratio Variables
 is a variation within a class of objects.
 has all the characteristics of nominal, ordinal, and
 Constant: a characteristic with no variations within a
interval measures.
class of objects.
 have "true zero" value.
 central idea in quantitative research
Sources of Research Topics
 Mass media communication
 books, internet, peer-reviewed journals. Government
publications
 measurable attributes or characteristics that can vary  professional periodicals
for different cases.  general periodicals
 at lease 2 distinct categories.  previous reading assignments in your other subjects
Uses of Variables  work experience
Classifying Research Problem
  definite or clear expression about an area ofconcern,
a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be
eliminated, or a troubling question that points to a
need for meaningful understanding and deliberate
investigation.
Statement of the Problem
 used in research work as a claim that outlines the
problem addressed by a study
 focal point of any research
Research Question
 defined as specific questions about behavior, event,
or phenomena of interest that you wish to seek
answer for your research.
Characteristics of Good RQs
1. It should clarify what information needs to be
gathered.
2. It should be empirical
3. It should be complex and not terminal
4. It should be relevant
5. It should be practical
Introduction of the Study
 to give readers an overview of what the entire study
is all about
 aims to introduce the research topic and research
problem to the readers
 includes the background of the study, the research
questions or objectives, the significance of the study,
and scope and limitation
Background of the Study
 to provide readers with the context and explain the
circumstances that led to the study.
 provides insights to the motivation and perspective of
the researchers.
Significance of the Study
 impact of the study to: institution, students,
researchers, body of knowledge/discipline
Scope and Limitation of the Study
 short section where you clarify what your study
covers based on your research topic
 the possible limitations of your study
 how the study is constrained by particular factors that
you encountered in the research process
Research Title
 conveys the central idea behind your research
 reflects the critical points of your research
Effective Research Titles
 Two-part title: the first part is a snappy phrase
intended to catch the audience's attention. The second
part is more descriptive.
Provide the necessary information
 indicate the subject of the study.
 include the scope of your study by mention the
setting
Choose the appropriate wording
 play with words when crafting a research title to
stimulate the reader's interest.
 refrain from using abbreviations and/or jargons,
unless these terms are commonly known
Be mindful of the length
 limit your research title to 10 to 15 substantive words
Observe proper grammar and capitalization
 capitalize the first words in your title.
 all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
that appear between the first and last words of the
title are also capitalized.
Cite properly
 when including a quote as part of the title, the source
of the quote is cited, indicated by an asterisk or a
footnote beside the word/s or phrase
Related Review Literature (RRL)
 a comprehensive summary of previous research on a
topic.
 should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively
evaluate and clarify this previous research.
 relates your study to a larger body of literature
 sets the context of the study and explains the
significance of your research problem
List of Scholarly Sources
1. Scholarly Journal: often take the form of literature
reviews, book reviews, or research studies.
2. Books: either readers; collection of scholarly and
expert essay; annual research books containing
studies and reports.
a.) Reader - an edited and synthesized collection of original
research reports.
b.) Compendium - contains articles and essays
organized around a particular topic.
c.) Annual Reports - have a volume number specific for a
certain year and underline a general research idea.
3. Thesis and Dissertation: most postgraduate students
are required to complete their individual research.
4. Government Documents: government units conduct
or commission studies and publish official reports.
5. Policy Reports and Presented Paper – professional
organizations in academic fields annually hold
meetings and conferences.
Characteristics of Cited Materials
 must be recent as possible
 must be objective and unbiased as possible
 must be relevant to the study
 must not too few but not too many
Literature Review Process
1. Select a Topic
2. Select and choose literature
3. Analyze and interpret literature
4. Write the review.
Elements of RRL
1. Introduction: briefly describes the content of the
section and how it' s organized
2. Topic 1: must review scholarly literature related to
the independent variable
3. Topic 2: similar procedures must be observed when
discussing dependent variables and the subsidiary
measured utilized
4. Topic 3: explains why the independent and dependent
variables are related
5. Summary/Synthesis: highlights major themes,
explain the major and seminal studies on your topic,
identify the gap that needs to be addressed.
Plagiarism
  is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the  methodological in nature
writer and passing the quoted words off as your own  illustrating the methodological process that the
words research will follow
Types of Plagiarism  Input - Process – Output
 Cut and Paste Plagiarism Theoretical Framework
 Mosaic Plagiarism  the "blueprint" or guide for a research (Grant &
 Misattribution Plagiarism Osanloo, 2014)
 Self-plagiarism  the specific theory or theories about aspects of human
Avoiding Plagiarism endeavor that can be useful to the study of events
Integral Citation (Brondizio, Leemans, & Solecki, 2014)
 one way of citing or referring to the author whose  theoretical principles, constructs, concepts, and
ideas appear in your work tenants of a theory
Non-Integral Citation Importance of Theoretical Framework
 downplays strength of the writer's personal  guides a researcher's choice of research design and
characteristics data analysis plan.
 stress is given to the piece of information rather than  provides a common worldview or lens from which to
the ideas support one's thinking on the problem and analysis of
Patterns of Citation data
Summary Conceptual Framework
 shortened version of the original text that's expressed  a structure which the researcher believes could best
in own language explain the natural progression of the phenomenon to
 picking out the most important ideas or aspects of the be studied
text  offers a logical structure of connected conceptsnthat
Paraphrase help provide a picture or visual display of hownideas
 explains what the text means in own words in a study relate to one another
 it's possible that the explanations may decrease or
exceed the number of words of original text

Short Direct Quotation

 you'll need to include the author, year, and page
number of the reference ("p." - single page; "pp." -
span of multiple pages)
Long Direct Quotation, Block Quotation, or Extract
 makes you copy the author's exact words from 40-
100 words
 under APA, limit is eight lines
 placed at the center with no indentation, the copied
lines look like a composed stanza of a poem
Tense of verbs for reporting
 active verbs to use in reporting authors' idea
 present ideas in present, simple past, or present
perfect tenses
 in APA, must use present perfect tense
 NOTE!: Publication Manual suggest that authors
should use past tense/present perfect tense for signal
phrases that occur in RRL, while contexts other than MURFE, SANDARA A. STEM 12-02
traditionally-structured research can use simple
present tense
Theoretical
 must be an established theory
 explains the relationships between variables
 a guide for data analysis and development of
instrument
Conceptual
 can be used on several existing theory
 illustrate the relationship between variable
 guided by logical intuition and previous findings in
 making connections between kay concepts
 Rule of thumb
Operational