1 The table shows the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms and ions.

Atom or ion Protons Neutrons Electrons

P 6 8
Q 5 6
R 9 10 10
S 3 4
T 6 6

(a) (i) Which particles have the same mass?

(1)
A electrons and protons
B electrons and neutrons
C neutrons and protons
D electrons, neutrons and protons

(ii) What is the atomic number of P?

(1)
A 6
B 8
C 12
D 14

(iii) What is the mass number of Q?

(1)
A 5
B 6
C 10 ↑

D 11

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 (b) Which group of the Periodic Table contains element T?
(1)

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(c) (i) Which two letters represent isotopes of the same element?
(1)

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(ii) Which letter represents a positive ion?
(1)

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(d) The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in another ion.

proton

neutron

electron

How does the diagram show that this ion has a negative charge?
(1)

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(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

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 2 An atom of an element has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 12.

(a) Using this information, complete the table to show the numbers of protons,
neutrons and electrons in one atom of this element.
(2)

number of protons

number of neutrons

number of electrons

(b) The Periodic Table shows the positions of five elements, J, Q, T, X and Z.
The letters do not represent the symbols for the elements.

Period 1 2 Group 3 4 0
1
2 J Q
3 T
4 X Z
5
6

(i) How many electrons are there in the outer shell of an atom of X?
(1)

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(ii) There are 31 protons in an atom of X.

Using this information, explain how many protons there are in an atom of Z.
(2)

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 (iii) What is the electronic configuration of an atom of Q?
(1)

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(iv) State one similarity and one difference between the electronic configurations
of atoms of J and T.
(2)

similarity ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

difference .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)

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 3 The diagram shows a section of the Periodic Table and the symbols for the first 20 elements.

H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca

(a) (i) What name is given to a horizontal row of elements such as Na to Ar?
(1)

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(ii) Name two metals in the row Na to Ar.

(1)
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(iii) Which is the least reactive element in the row Na to Ar?

Explain your answer.
(2)

least reactive element .................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

explanation .............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) State, in terms of electronic configurations, why the elements in the column Li to K
have similar chemical properties.
(1)

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(c) (i) Which element has atomic number 6?

(1)

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(ii) Which element has atoms with an electronic configuration of 2.8.6?

(1)

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 (d) An atom has atomic number 8 and mass number 18.
How many protons, neutrons and electrons does this atom contain?
(2)

protons ......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

neutrons ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

electrons ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

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 4 Neon is an element with atomic number 10.

(a) Which sub-atomic particles are present in the nucleus of a neon atom?
(1)
A electrons and neutrons
B electrons and protons
C electrons and neutrons and protons
D neutrons and protons

(b) Use words from the box to complete the sentences about the particles in a neon atom.
Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(3)

electrons ne ons
u+ r nuc less otons
pr

The particles with the smallest mass are ............................................................................

An atom of neon has no overall charge because it contains equal numbers

of .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and ............................................................................

The chemical properties of neon depend on the number of

..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the outer shell.

(c) What is the electronic configuration of a neon atom?

(1)
A 2.8
B 2.2.6
C 2.8.8
D 2.8.8.2

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 (d) Neon has two main isotopes that can be represented as 20Ne and 22Ne.
(i) Explain, with reference to sub-atomic particles, what is meant by the term isotopes.
(2)

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(ii) The relative atomic mass of neon is 20.2

How does this information support the fact that a sample of neon contains
more 20Ne than 22Ne?
(1)

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(e) Neon belongs to the family of noble gases and is inert.

(i) What is meant by the term inert?
(1)

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(ii) Why are noble gases inert?

(1)

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(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

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 5 The table shows the electronic configurations of four elements.

Element Electronic configuration

chlorine 2.8.7

argon 2.8.8

potassium 2.8.8.1

calcium 2.8.8.2

(a) Why is argon an unreactive element?

(1)

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(b) Krypton is an unreactive element in the same group of the Periodic Table as argon,
but in Period 4. It has an atomic number of 36.
Deduce the electronic configuration of krypton.
(1)
A 2.8.8.8
B 2.8.18.8
C 2.8.8.2.8.8
D 2.8.8.8.8.2

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 (c) Calcium reacts with chlorine to form the ionic compound calcium chloride (CaCl2).
(i) Describe, in terms of electrons, how an atom of calcium reacts with two
chlorine atoms to form calcium chloride.
You may use a diagram in your answer.
(3)

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(ii) Write the formula of a calcium ion.

(1)

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(iii) In the reaction between calcium and chlorine, both oxidation and reduction occur.
Which row shows the element that is oxidised and the element that acts as
the reducing agent in this reaction?
(1)

Element that acts as the

Element that is oxidised
reducing agent
A calcium calcium

B calcium chlorine

C chlorine calcium

D chlorine chlorine

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 1 Diamond and graphite are two naturally-occurring forms of carbon.
The diagrams below show the arrangement of the carbon atoms in diamond and in
graphite. The black dots (•) represent carbon atoms.

Diamond Graphite

(a) Name the type of structure in diamond and explain, in terms of its bonding, why
diamond has a high melting point.
(4)

(b) Explain, in terms of its structure, why graphite can act as a lubricant.
(2)

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 (c) The structure of graphite has one feature in common with that of metals. This
feature allows graphite to conduct electricity.

Suggest what this feature is and why it allows graphite to conduct electricity.
(2)

(d) In 1985, a new form of carbon was discovered. It was called buckminsterfullerene
after the architect Buckminster Fuller, who designed buildings with complex
geometric shapes.

Buckminsterfullerene (C60) has a simple molecular structure containing 60 carbon

atoms per molecule. It looks a little bit like a football.

Suggest why buckminsterfullerene has a much lower melting point than diamond.
(2)

(Total for Question 1 = 10 marks)

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 2 The diagram represents a particle of ammonia.

H N H

(a) This particle of ammonia is

(1)
A an atom
B an ion
C a lattice
D a molecule

(b) Which type of bonding is present in this particle of ammonia?

(1)
A covalent
B hydrogen
C ionic
D metallic

(c) What is the formula of ammonia?

(1)

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(Total for Question 2 = 3 marks)

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The table shows the names of some substances. It also shows whether each
substance is an element or a compound, and the type of bonding in the substance.
(a) Complete the table. One example of each has been done for you.
(3)

Substance Element or compound Type of bonding

ammonia

hydrogen chloride compound

oxygen covalent

magnesium oxide

(b) What is the formula of magnesium oxide?

(1)
A Mg2O
B MgO
C MgO2
D Mg2O2

(c) Which state symbol represents the physical state of hydrogen chloride at room
temperature?
(1)
A aq
B g
C l
D s

(Total for Question = 5 marks)

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 1 The diagram shows the apparatus a student uses to separate a mixture of salt and

sand.

She adds the mixture to water in a beaker and then carries out the three stages
shown.

stage 1 stage 2 stage 3

(a) Give the names of the pieces of apparatus labelled X and Y.

(2)

X . . . . .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) A liquid that dissolves substances is a

(1)
A solute
B solution
C solvent
D suspension

(ii) The clear liquid that forms in stage 1 is a

(1)
A solute
B solution
C solvent
D suspension

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 (c) (i) At which stage, 1, 2 or 3, is the sand collected?
(1)

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(ii) At which stage, 1, 2 or 3, is the salt collected?

(1)

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(d) What happens to the water in stage 3?

(1)

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(Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

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 2 A student investigates some food colourings, each of which is made up of one or more dyes.

She produces a chromatogram using the safe colourings red (SR), blue (SB) and green (SG)
and food colourings red (FR), blue (FB) and green (FG).
The diagram shows her chromatogram.

SR SB SG FR FB FG

reference line

(a) How many dyes are there in SR?

(1)
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

(b) Complete the table by placing ticks ( ) next to the two food colourings that are
definitely safe to use.

Explain your answer.

(2)
Food colouring Safe to use?

FR

FB

FG

explanation .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 2 = 3 marks)

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FFFFF
 The box shows some methods that can be used in separating mixtures.

crystallisation
t dissolving evaporation
ration
paper chromatography simple distillation fractional distillation

From the box, select the best method for each of the separations.
You may use each method once, more than once or not at all.

(a) Removing sand from a mixture of sand and water.

(1)

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(b) Obtaining pure water from a salt solution.

(1)

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(c) Extracting the red dye from a sample of rose petals.

(1)

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(d) Separating the coloured dyes in a sample of green ink.

(1)

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(e) Obtaining ethanol (alcohol) from a mixture of ethanol and water.

(1)

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(Total for Question = 5 marks)

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 (a) The list shows some techniques used to separate mixtures.

A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D paper chromatography
E simple distillation
Complete the table to show the best method of obtaining each substance from
the mixture.
In each case, choose one of the letters A, B, C, D or E. Each letter may be used once,
more than once or not at all.
(4)

Substance Mixture Letter

sand sand and water

solid copper(II) sulfate aqueous copper(II) sulfate

red food dye mixture of food dyes

kerosene crude oil

(b) Gold occurs in ores, which are mixtures of gold and other substances. Several elements
and compounds are used in the extraction of gold from its ores.
Each box below represents the substances present in one part of the extraction process.
Classify the contents of each box as a compound, an element or a mixture by writing
your choice below each box.
(3)

Au NaCN Au

NaCN NaCN H2O

O2 NaCN Au

H 2O NaCN H2O

Compound,
element
or mixture

(Total for Question = 7 marks)

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 The table shows the names of some common pieces of laboratory apparatus used to
make measurements.
(a) Complete the table to show the name of the quantity that can be measured by
each piece of apparatus, and a common unit used for that quantity. One example
of each has been done for you.
(6)

Apparatus Quantity Unit

balance mass

stop clock s

gas syringe

ruler

(b) Which piece of apparatus is needed to make measurements in a paper

chromatography experiment?
(1)
A balance
B gas syringe
C ruler
D stop clock

(Total for Question = 7 marks)

I
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6 A student produces this chromatogram for four dyes, A, B, C and D.

Blue Red Yellow A B C D

(a) Put a cross ( ) in a box to indicate your answer.

(i) Which one of the dyes contains three colours?
(1)
A
B
C
D

(ii) Which one of the dyes contains one colour only?

(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) Each dye is made from one or more of the colours blue, red and yellow.
The student thinks that the result for one dye is incorrect.
Suggest which result is incorrect. Explain your answer.
(2)

The incorrect result is ..................................................... ......................................................................... .................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

because ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 6 = 4 marks)

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1 Sodium (Na) and sodium chloride (NaCl) both have lattice structures.

Their melting points are shown in the table.

Melting point in °C Type of lattice structure

sodium 98 giant metallic

sodium chloride 801

(a) Complete the table by stating the type of lattice structure in sodium chloride.
(1)
(b) Explain why sodium and sodium chloride have different melting points.
In your answer you should refer to
! the types of particle
! the types of forces between the particles in each substance
(5)

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 The diagram shows the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

(a) (i) Identify an element in Period 3 that forms a basic oxide.

(1)

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(ii) Identify an element in Period 3 that forms an acidic oxide.

(1)

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(b) Magnesium and chlorine react together to form magnesium chloride, a

compound with ionic bonding.
The equation for the reaction is
Mg + Cl2 MgCl2
(i) Complete the dot and cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outer
electrons in the magnesium and chloride ions formed.
Show the charge on each ion.
(3)

Mg×× + Cl Cl Mg Cl Cl

(ii) State what is meant by the term ionic bonding.

(2)

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=
 (iii) Explain why magnesium chloride has a high melting point.
(3)

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(c) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide using electrolysis.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of aluminium formed when a charge of 20 faradays
is passed through aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.
The ionic half-equation for the formation of aluminium is
Al3+ + 3e− Al
(2)

mass of aluminium = ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(Total for Question = 12 marks)

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1 Hydrated copper(II) sulfate is a soluble blue solid. A large crystal of this solid is placed
at the bottom of a beaker of water.
The diagram shows the beaker immediately after placing the crystal in it, and after
two days.

after placing the crystal after two days

(a) After two days, the crystal becomes smaller and the liquid near the bottom of the
beaker becomes blue.
Which statement explains these observations?
(1)
A the crystal dissolves
B the crystal freezes
C the crystal melts
D the crystal sublimes

(b) After two weeks, the crystal has disappeared.

Which statement best describes the appearance of the liquid in the beaker after
two weeks?
(1)
A it is all blue
B it is all brown
C only the lower part is blue
D only the upper part is blue

(c) The formula of the compound in the crystal is CuSO4.5H2O

(i) How many different elements are shown in the formula?
(1)

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(ii) How many atoms are shown in the formula?

(1)

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(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

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2 The table shows the names of some substances. It also shows whether each
substance is an element or a compound, and the type of bonding in the substance.
(a) Complete the table. One example of each has been done for you.
(3)

Substance Element or compound Type of bonding

ammonia

hydrogen chloride compound

oxygen covalent

magnesium oxide

(b) What is the formula of magnesium oxide?

(1)
A Mg2O
B MgO
C MgO2
D Mg2O2

(c) Which state symbol represents the physical state of hydrogen chloride at room
temperature?
(1)
A aq
B g
C l
D s

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

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