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Edc LLab
Edc LLab
Edc LLab
10.1 AIM
To understand the basics of the problem of Economic Dispatch (ED) of optimally adjusting the
generation schedules of thermal generating units to meet the system load which are required for
unit commitment and economic operation of power systems.
To understand the development of coordination equations (the mathematical model for ED)
without and with losses and operating constraints and solution of these equations using direct and
iterative methods
10.2 OBJECTIVES
i. To write a program for solving ED problem without and with transmission losses for a given
load condition / daily load cycle using
(a) Direct method
(b) Lambda-iteration method
ii. To study the effect of reduction in operation cost resulting due to changing from simple load
dispatch to economic load dispatch.
iii. To study the effect of change in fuel cost on the economic dispatch for a given load.
iv. To study the use of ED in finalizing the unit commitment for tomorrow’s operating
conditions of power system
{PG ( ) , PG ( ) , - - - - - - - - - - - PG ( ) };
1
k
2
k k
N k = 1, 2, - - - - - -NS
Out of these NS sets of generation schedules, the system operator has to choose that set of
schedule which minimizes the system operating cost which is essentially the sum of the
production costs of all the generating units. This economic dispatch problem is mathematically
stated as an optimization problem.
10-1
Given: the number of available generating units N, their production cost functions, their
operating limits and the system load PD,
N
- 3* i – PD = 0 (10.3)
i=1
N N
Min: L (PG1, ---PGN ) i(PGi) –> 3* i – PD] (10.6)
i=1 i=1
The necessary conditions for the existence of solution to (10.6) are given by
N
/ 3* i – PD (10.8)
i=1
The solution to ED problem can be obtained by solving simultaneously the necessary conditions
(10.7) and (10.8) which state that the economic generation schedules not only satisfy the system
power balance equation (10.8) but also demand that the incremental cost rates of all the units be
eTXDOWR ZKLFKFDQEHLQWHUSUHWWHGDV³LQFUHPHQWDOFRVWRIUHFHLYHGSRZHU´
10-2
When the inequality constraints (10.4) are included in the ED problem the necessary condition
(10.7) gets modified as
N
-bi) / 2ai = PD
i=1
N N
D i) - E i / 2ai ) = PD
i=1 i=1
N N
3'E i / 2ai) / D i) (10.12)
i=1 i=1
10-3
Step 4: Fix the schedule of the NV number of violating units whose generation PGi violates the
operating limits (10.13) at the respective limit, either PGi,max or PGi,min
Step 5: Distribute the remaining system load PD minus the sum of the fixed generation schedules
to the remaining units numbering NR (= N-19E\FRPSXWLQJ XVLQJHTXDWLRQDQGWKH
PGi ; i ∈ α NR using equation (10.11) where α NR is the set of remaining units.
Example 10.1
Determine the economic generation schedules of three generating units in a power system to
meet the system load of 850 MW. The data of the generating units are given below:
Operating limits:
150MW ≤ PG1 ≤ 600 MW
100MW ≤ PG2 ≤ 400 MW
50MW ≤ PG3 ≤ 200 MW
Solution
Substituting the above cost parameters and PD in equation (10.12) we get
2
Rs / MWh
P1 = 704.6 MW
P2 = 111.8MW
P3 = 32.6MW
The solution satisfies the power balance equation since the total generation is equal to 830 MW.
But generation schedules of units 1 and 3 are not within the limits. Set unit 1 to its maximum
output and unit 3 to its minimum output. The dispatch becomes
10-4
P1 = 600 MW
P2 = 200 MW
P3 = 50MW
dF2 (PG2 )
λ= = 8.626 102 Rs / MWh
dPG2
PG2 = 200
Compute the incremental cost for units 1 and 3 to check whether the conditions (10.9) are
satisfied
dF1 (PG1 )
= 8.016 102 Rs / MWh
dPG1
PG1 = 600
dF3 (PG3 )
= 8.452 102 Rs / MWh
dPG3
PG3 = 50
dF2 (PG2 )
= 7.85 + 0.00388 PG2 = λ
dPG2
dF3 (PG3 )
= 7.97 + 0.00964 PG3 = λ
dPG3
P2 + P3 = 250 MW
6ROYLQJIRU DQGJHQHUDWLRQVFKHGXOHVZHJHW
SHU0:K
PG2 = 187.1 MW
PG3 = 62.9 MW
10-5
Check for condition (10.9)
dF1 (PG1 )
= 8.016 102 Rs / MWh
dPG1
PG1 = 600
ZKLFKLVOHVVWKDQ +HQFHRSWLPDOVFKHGXOHLVJLYHQE\
N
3 = ∑ PG i − PD − PL (PG ) = 0 (10.14)
i =1
The transmission loss is a nonlinear function of generation schedules. This will introduce a
change in the LaGrange function equation (10.6). The necessary conditions for the existence of
solution then becomes
∂L dF (PGi ) ∂PL
=0= i −λ +λ ; i = 1,2,− − − − N
∂PGi dPGi ∂PGi (10.15)
∂L N
= 0 = ∑ PGi − PD − PL(PG ) (10.16)
∂λ i =1
dFi dPGi
=λ ; i = 1,2 − − − N (10.17)
1 − ∂PL ∂PGi
or
1
= (10.18)
1 − ∂PL ∂PGi
10-6
The term ∂PL ∂PGi is called the incremental transmission loss with reference to unit i which can
be interpreted as the change in transmission loss resulting due to the change in unit generation in
ith unit. The transmission loss can be represented [1] by nonlinear function (vector-matrix
formulation) of unit generations as
N N N
PL = ∑∑ PG m B mn PG n + ∑ B mo PG m + B 00
m =1 n =1 m =1 (10.20)
= PL 2 + PL 1 + PL 0
The B terms are called loss coefficients or ‘B-Coefficients’ and the NxN matrix B is always
symmetrical
Equation (10.19) may be rewritten to conform to industry practice, say for a 2 unit system, as
B B12 B10 PG 1
11 2
PL = [PG1 PG2 1] B21 B22 B20 PG 2 (10.21)
2
B10 2 B20 B00 1
2
The loss coefficients are assumed to be constant over a certain range of operating condition.
N
∂PL 2 ∂ N N N
= ∑ ∑ PG m B mn PG n + PG i ∑ B in PG n + ∑ PG m B mi PG i + PG i B ii PG i
∂PG i ∂PG i m=1 n =1 n =1 m≠ i=1
≠i ≠ i ≠i
(10.22)
N
(∂PL2 ∂PGi ) = 2 ∑ B ij PG j (10.23)
j=1
N
(∂PL ∂PGi ) = 2 ∑ Bij PG j + B i0 (10.24)
j=1
10-7
Assuming a quadratic production cost function for generator the incremental cost is
N
(2ai PGi + bi ) − λ + λ 2 ∑ Bij PG j + Bi0 = 0 (10.26)
j =1
ai N (1 − Bi0 ) bi
+ Bii PG i + ∑ Bij PG j = − ; i=1,2,……..N (10.27)
λ j =1
2 2λ
≠i
(10.28)
N N N
N
∆P = PD + ∑∑ PGm Bmn PGn + ∑ Bm 0 PGm + B00 - ∑ PG i = 0 (10.29)
m =1 n=1 m =1 i =1
which is the power-balance equation. The solution to economic dispatch is given by a set of PGi ;
i=1,2,----1DQG WKDWVDWLVI\ERWKWKHHTXDWLRQVDQG7KHLWHUDWLRQDOJRULWKP
given below can be used to obtain the solution.
10-8
– Iteration Algorithm
Step1: Specify system load level PD
_ û3_ ∈
6WHS8SGDWH E\VHWWLQJ
(k +1) = (k ) + û (k ) (10.30)
where
(k ) − (k −1)
û (k ) = N N
[û3 ( ) ]
k
(10.31)
∑ PG
i =1
(k )
i − ∑ PG i
i =1
(k −1)
Goto Step 3
In order to satisfy this inequality in the above algorithm, after getting the PGi ; i=1,2,……N
from step 3, check for operating limit violations and reset the schedule of the generating unit
hitting the upper limit / lower limit as PGi,max / PGi,min and use these revised schedules in step 4
to compute loss and mismatchû3
Given: The expected system demand levels for the 24 hours of tomorrow and the operating cost,
start up cost and shut down cost of the available N units.
10-9
To determine: from among the many feasible subsets of N generating units , that subset of units
that would satisfy the expected demand at minimum operating cost.
The complexity of the UC problem goes with its dynamic nature. That is , we are interested not
only in determining one subset of units satisfying economically the demand in one particular
hour, we want 24 subsets to satisfy the 24 consecutive hour demands. This involves
consideration of start up and shunt down costs as well as constraints on minimum up time /down
time of the units
Let us now consider a relatively simple sub problem of obtaining a “shut – down rule” in a
system where load changes from a peak to a valley using a “brute-force technique”. This can be
solved using available economic dispatch software. Let us consider the problem given in
Exercise 10.5.5 where the load changes from a peak of 1200 MW to a value of 500 MW in steps
of 50 MW instead 100 MW as given in the exercise. The three connected units has the following
limits
150 ≤ P1 ≤ 600 MW
100 ≤ P2 ≤ 400 MW
50 ≤ P3 ≤ 200 MW
To obtain a ‘shut-down rule’, use a “brute -force technique” where in all combination of units
will be tried for each load level (taken in steps of 50 MW from 1200 to 500). For each of these
combinations apply economic dispatch algorithm and determine the economic dispatch schedules
and the corresponding total fuel cost. Choose that combination which has the lowest cost.
For example, for a load level of 550 MW, the various unit combinations are given below:
Out of the eight available unit combinations only the last five combinations are feasible to supply
the 550 MW. For each one of these combinations run the economic dispatch software and
determine the generation schedules and the corresponding total fuel costs. It may be checked that
the combination 5 gives the least cost schedule. Hence when the system load level is 500 MW, it
is preferable to keep generating unit 1 running.
10-10
10.5 EXERCISES
10.5.1 Write a program in ‘C’ language to solve the Economic Dispatch problem of a power
system with thermal units only for a given daily load cycle. Assume that the production
cost function of these units is quadratic and the transmission loss of the system is
negligible. Use the algorithm given in section 10.4. The program should have three
sections: input section, compute section and output section.
I. Input Section
The data to be read from an input file should contain the following:
(i) Number of thermal units in the system
(ii) Cost coefficients ai , bi , and ci , with cost in hundreds of rupees per hour for all
the units.
(iii) Maximum and minimum MW operating limits of all the units.
(iv) Daily load cycle in MW.
10.5.2 Write a program in ‘C’ language for the problem s tated in exercise 10.5.1 but with
transmission loss taken into account and using the -iteration algorithm given in
section 10.4.
I. Input section
Additional data to be read:
Transmission loss coefficient matrix.
10-11
III. Output Section
Additional results to be obtained:
(i) Transmission loss for each one of the load levels in the load cycle
(ii) Penalty factor of all the units for each one of the load levels in the load
cycle
(iii) Incremental cost of received power.
(iv) Details of convergence characteristic: YHUVXVLWHUDWLRQQXPEHURQO\RQ
user demand).
10.5.3 The system load in a power system varies from 250 MW to 1250 MW. Two thermal
units are operating at all times and meeting the system load. Incremental fuel cost in
hundreds of rupees per Megawatt hour for the units are
(a) Determine using the program developed in 10.5.1 the economic (minimum fuel
cost) generation schedule of each unit, the incremental fuel cost of each unit and
the incremental cost of received power for different load levels from 250 to
1250 MW in steps of 100 MW
(b) Draw the following characteristics from the results obtained in (a).
(i) Incremental cost of received power in hundreds of rupees per MWh versus
system load in MW.
(c) Determine the saving in fuel cost in hundreds of rupees per hour for the
economic distribution of a total load of 550 MW between the two units
compared with equal distribution of that load between the two units.
10.5.4 For the system given in exercise 10.5.3 take into account the transmission loss.
(a) Determine the economic loading of each unit to meet a total customer load of
550 MW, using the program developed in 10.5.2
(b) What is the transmission loss of the system at the economic loading?
(c) Determine the penalty factor for each unit and the incremental fuel cost at each
generating bus.
10-12
(d) Determine also the incremental cost of received power (or system λ). Assume
that the loss coefficient in per unit on a 100 MVA base of the customer load level
of 550 MW are given by
10.5.5 In a power system with negligible transmission loss, the system load varies from a
peak of 1200 MW to a valley of 500 MW. There are three thermal generating units
which can be committed to take the system load. The fuel cost data and generation
operation limit data are given below.
Generation limits:
150 ≤ P1 ≤ 600 MW
100 ≤ P2 ≤ 400 MW
50 ≤ P3 ≤ 200 MW
There are no other constraints on system operation. Obtain an optimum (minimum fuel
cost) unit commitment table for each load level taken in steps of 100 MW from 1200 to
500. Adopt “brute force enumeration” technique. For each load level obtain economic
schedules using the Economic Dispatch Program developed in exercise 10.5.1 for each
“feasible” combination of units and choose the lowest fuel cost schedule among these
combinations.
Show the details of economic schedule and the component and total costs of operation for
each feasible combination of units for the load level of 900 MW.
10-13