Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3 Network
Chapter 3 Network
Chapter 3
Elements of Realizability Theory
Introduction
• In the last chapter we were concerned with
the problem of identifying the response given
the excitation and network.
• When we discuss about synthesis we are
concerned with the problem of constructing a
network given the excitation and response.
• The starting point for any synthesis is the
system function
R( s)
H ( s)
E (s)
• The first step in synthesis procedure is
determining whether the system function can
be realized with a physical passive network.
• There are two considerations
– Causality and
– Stability
1. Causality
• By causality we mean that a voltage doesn’t
appear between any terminals in the network
before a current/voltage is applied.
• In other words, the impulse response of the
network must be zero for t<0.
h(t ) 0 for t 0
Example
1. h(t)=etu(t)
• Is causal because for t<0 u(t)=0, hence, h(t)=0.
2. h(t)=e|t|
• Is not causal because for t<0, h(t) is not zero.
• In certain cases, the network can be made
causal by delaying the impulse response by a
certain time delay.
is not finite.
3. The amplitude function
1
H ( jw)
w2 1
– Is causal because
log H ( jw) 1
w 1
2
dw w
2
1 2
dw
2. Stability
• If a network is stable, then for a bounded
excitation e(t) the response will also be
bounded.
| e(t ) | C1 0t
| r (t ) | C2 0t
h( ) d
0
is always positive.
2. Is F (s) ss 12
2 positive real?
Solution: s2
F ( s)
s j 2 s j 2
– No poles on the right hand side.
– No multiple poles on jw axis.
– The real part of F(jw) is
jw 1
ReF ( jw) Re
1
w 2 2w
2 2