Chapter Five

University Of Gondar
Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Digital Logic Design
Instructor: Enanwo W.
Chapter Five
Combinational Logic
Combinational logic
A combinational circuit is the digital logic circuit in which
the output depends on the combination of inputs at that point
of time with total disregard to the past state of the inputs.
The digital logic gate is the building block of combinational
circuits.
On the other hand, sequential logic circuits, consists of both
logic gates and memory elements such as flip-flops
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Engineering
Adders
◼ Addition is an important process in digital
systems, especially computers.
◼ There are two types of basic adders:
❑ Half Adder
Simple Binary Addition
❑ Full Adder
0+0= 0
0+1= 1
1+0= 1
1 + 1 = 10
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Half Adders
◼ Half adder: Is a circuit that add two binary digits
and produce a sum bit and a carry bit.
A A B
+ B
Half Adder
CoS Circuit
Carry Sum CO S
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A half-adder is represented by the
logic symbol in Figure below
Logic symbol for a half-adder

Half Adders
Truth table: Equation:
A B CO S
S =A B
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 CO=AB
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
A
S
B
Logic Circuit:
CO
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Full Adders
◼ Since half adder cannot handle crisis when there
is an input carry from previous bit, we need to use
a full adder.
◼ Full adder: circuit that adds two binary numbers
with the existence of a carry in bit. It produces a
sum and a carry out. A B
Cin
A Full Adder
+ B Circuit Cin
Co S
Carry Sum CO S
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Full Adders
Truth table: Equation:
A B Cin CO S
0 0 0 0 0 S = ABC i n + ABC i n + A B C i n + ABC i n
= A B  C
0 0 1 0 1
C o = ABC i n + ABC i n + ABC i n + ABC i n
0 1 0 0 1 = AB + Cin ( A  B)
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 Logic symbol for a full-adder.
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Complete logic circuit for a full-adder (each
half-adder is enclosed by a shaded area)
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Full Adders
◼ Full adder circuit can also be implemented using 2
half adders.
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Full Adders
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Parallel BinaryAdder
◼ Two bit adder
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◼ A group of 4 bits is called a Nibble.
◼ Four bit parallel adder.
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◼ Parallel adders can be placed in to two categories
based on the way in which the internal carries
from stage to stage are handled.
❑ Ripple carry adder
❑ Look-ahead carry adder
◼ Externally, both types of adders are the same in
terms of inputs and outputs.
◼ The difference is the speed at which they can add
numbers. The look-ahead carry adder is much
faster than ripple carry adder.
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Ripple Carry Adder
◼ In ripple carry adder, the second full adder (FA2) needs to
wait for the input carry (Cin), coming from the output carry
(Cout) from first adder (FA1).
◼ Assume one adder has a delay of 8 ns. 4 adders will
contribute to 32 ns delay in adding up the 4 bits number .
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Look-Ahead Carry Adder
◼ The objective of the adder is to reduce the adder’s delay in
performing the addition. This is because, the input carry
and output carry is dependent on the input’s value of the
adder itself.
◼ No propagation delay from one adder to the other.
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4 Bit 2’s ComplementerCircuit
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4 Bit Adder Subtractor
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Comparator
◼ Comparator is a device that compares two digital
quantities to determine the relationship of those
quantities.
◼ Comparison is made in terms of:
❑ Equal to ‘=’
❑ Less than ‘<’
❑ Greater than ‘>’
◼ The function of a comparator is to compare either
the input bit is the same as the reference bit or
not.
◼ It can be a 1-bit, 2-bit or 4-bit comparator.
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Comparator
◼ 1 bit comparator
The output is 1 when the inputs are equal.
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0 Equals to X-NOR
1 0 0
1 1 1
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Comparator
◼ 2 bit comparator
The output is 1 when A0 = B0 AND A1 = B1.
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Comparator
◼ 4 bit comparator.
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Decoder
◼ Circuit that:
❑ Accepts a set of inputs (binary number /code) and
❑ Activates the only output that corresponds to that
particular input.
◼ Types of decoders:
❑ Binary decoder
❑ 3-bit decoder
❑ 4-bit decoder
❑ BCD-to-decimal decoder
❑ BCD-to-7-segment decoder
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Binary Decoder
◼ Is used to determine if a specific binary number
occurs or not in a digital circuitry.
The output is 1 only when:

A0 =1
A1 =0
A2 =0
A3 =1
Decoding logic for the binary code 1001 with an active-HIGH output.
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3-Bit/Binary to Octal Decoder
◼ The decoder converts standard 3-bit binary into one octal
high output at a time.
Enable Data input Active high data outputs
EN2 EN1 C B A X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 X X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
X 0 X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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3-Bit/Binary to Octal Decoder
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3-Bit Active-LowDecoder
Enable Data input Active high data outputs
EN2 EN1 C B A X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 X X X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
X 1 X X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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3-Bit Active-LowDecoder
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4-Bit Decoder
Input Output
D C B A X
0 0 0 0 X0
0 0 0 1 X1
Also called 0 0 1 0 X2
0 0 1 1 X3
binary to 0 1 0 0 X4
hexadecimal 0 1 0 1 X5
decoder. 0 1 1 0 X6
0 1 1 1 X7
1 0 0 0 X8
1 0 0 1 X9
1 0 1 0 X10
1 0 1 1 X11
1 1 0 0 X12
1 1 0 1 X13
1 1 1 0 X14
1 1 1 1 X15
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BCD to Decimal Decoder
◼ Act the same as a 4-bit decoder but limited to 10 decimal
digits only
Input Output
D C B A X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
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BCD-to-7 Segment Decoder
◼ Output of the decoder is active Low, therefore, common
anode 7-segment display is used.
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BCD-to-7 Segment Decoder
◼ If Active High;
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Encoder
◼ It works opposite ways from decoders.
◼ Circuit that allows only one input to be activated,
and produces an N-bit output code, depending on
which input is activated.
◼ Common encoders:
❑ 8-line-to-3-line encoder
❑ Decimal-to-BCD encoder
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8-Line-to-3-Line Encoder
◼ Octal to binary converter: Octal input is applied by pressing
one of the push buttons at a time. Circuit converts the applied
input to a binary at the output, X.
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Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
◼ Also called 10-Line-to-4-Line converter.
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Electrical and Computer
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University Of Gondar

Logic symbol for a half-adder

The output is 1 when the inputs are equal.

The output is 1 only when:

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