BIOMATERIALS AND ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

ASSIGNMENT 1

P. RAVEENA RAJESWARI

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What is an implant ?

The implant is a soft piece of plastic that's put in under the skin of the arm. It contains one
hormone (a progestogen), which is very similar to one of the body's own hormones. It lasts for 3
years, but can be taken out at any time. 

ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS

An orthopedic implant is a manufactured device designed to replace a joint, bone, or cartilage

due to damage or deformity – such as from breaking a leg, losing a limb, or a congenital defect.

SCREW

Screws are metal implants inserted into bones to immobilize broken bone fragments for healing,
but they can also be used as an adjunct for spinal fusion surgery to assist implants to stay in
place.There are different lengths of bone graft screws that surgeons can use depending on the
situation and need. Choosing a long screw for the wrong place can cause many damages, and
the protruding end might damage the extensor tendon.

PLATES
Bone plates are used in internal fixation of fractures. The plate is fixed to the bone by application of
screws on both sides of the fracture.Plating is widely used for fixation of diaphyseal fractures of upper
extremity and metaphyseal and articular fractures. Plates come in different sizes and shapes depending
on the size of the bone and its anatomical shape. Different sizes of plates require different sizes of
screws.

PROSTHESES

Orthopedists use a variety of orthopedic prosthetic implants to replace missing joints

or bones, or to provide support to a damaged bone. Most commonly, orthopedists use
prostheses for knees and hips, allowing the patients to regain full range of motion, pain-free, in
a relatively short amount of time. In some cases, the prosthetic material can be combined
with healthy bone to replace diseased or damaged bone, or prostheses can replace certain
parts of a joint bone entirely.

DENTAL IMPLANTS

What are Dental Implants?

A dental implant is a piece of metal that resembles a screw. It is placed in the jaw where the
roots of the missing tooth are located. Over time, the bone grows around the implant and helps
keep it in place .An artificial tooth or crown is then attached to the metal to fill the gap left by the
 missing tooth. The crown is specially prepared to resemble your other teeth in terms of size,
shape and color. Dental implants can also be used to hold a dental bridge or dentures in place.

Dental Implant Applications

Dental implant treatment is carried out to replace a missing tooth. Unlike easily removable
dentures, dental implants are placed in your jawbone with a series of minor surgeries.

ENDOSTEAL IMPLANTS

This is the most common type of dental implant. It’s shaped like a small screw, cylinder, or blade. It
goes in your jawbone and holds one or more replacement teeth, which are also called prosthetic
teeth.
Your doctor may recommend an endosteal implant if you already have dentures or bridges.

SUBPERIOSTEAL IMPLANTS
Another type of dental implant is Subperiosteal Implants. This is the main alternative to
Endosteal Implants.Instead of being fixed into the jawbone, subperiosteal implants rests on top
of the bone but still under the gum.A metal frame is placed under the gum with a post attached
to it. The gum then heals around the frame to hold it in place. The false teeth are secured to the
poles that come from the gum

ZYGOMATIC IMPLANT

It is the most complicated procedure and should only be done if you don’t have enough
jawbone for the Endosteal implant.The implant is placed in the patient’s cheekbone
rather than the jawbone

ALL ON 4 DENTAL IMPLANTS

All-on-4 dental implants are often a viable option for adults who want to avoid dentures.
A small titanium screw is placed into your jaw which replaces the root of the missing
tooth. They’re known as all-on-4 as implants as 4 implants are used per jaw. 

EYE IMPLANT
An intraocular lens implant is a synthetic, artificial lens placed inside the eye that replaces the
focusing power of a natural lens that is surgically removed, usually as part of cataract surgery.
An ocular prosthesis, artificial eye or glass eye is a type of craniofacial prosthesis that replaces
an absent natural eye following an enucleation, evisceration, or orbital exenteration.
The prosthesis fits over an orbital implant and under the eyelids. Though often referred to as a
glass eye, the ocular prosthesis roughly takes the shape of a convex shell and is made of
medical grade plastic acrylic. A few ocular prostheses today are made of cryolite glass.

HEART IMPLANT

PACEMAKER

A pacemaker is a small, battery-operated device. This device senses when your heart is
beating irregularly or too slowly. It sends a signal to your heart that makes your heart beat at the
correct pace. A pacemaker is implanted under the skin. This procedure takes about 1 hour in
most cases. You will be given a sedative to help you relax. You will be awake during the
procedure.

STENTS
Stents are often implanted in arteries supplying blood to your heart (coranary arteries) or neck
(carotid arteries). A stent implant is a procedure that uses local numbing. A stent is a short,
wire-mesh tube that acts like a scaffold to help keep your artery open.

Spinal implant

Spinal implants are used to stabilize the unstable spine caused by trauma or by slipped
vertebrae (spondylolisthesis) originating from degenerative intervertebral disks. Surgical
stabilization can be achieved from either the anterior or posterior approach.

BREAST IMPLANTS

Breast implants are medical devices implanted under the breast tissue or chest muscle to
increase breast size (augmentation) or to replace breast tissue that has been removed due to
cancer or trauma or that has failed to develop properly due to a severe breast abnormality
(reconstruction).
 Cochlear implant

A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that electrically stimulates the cochlear
nerve (nerve for hearing). The implant has external and internal parts. The external part
sits behind the ear. It picks up sounds with a microphone. It then processes the sound
and transmits it to the internal part of the implant.