I DLP FORM 4 KSSM PHYSICS

2.1 Structure and Function of Cell

2.1.3 Analysis of Components of Animal Cell and Plant Cell
Structure of Animal Cell

Structure of Plant Cell

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2.1.4 Main Function of Components in Animal and Plant Cells

Cell Component Characteristics Functions

Nucleus - Spherical, compressed, - Control all cell activity

enclosed in a nuclear - DNA determines the cell
membrane with pores characteristics and
- Contains chromosomes, metabolic functions
nucleolus and nucleoplasm

Jalinan endoplasma & ribosom - A system of - Transport system within the

interconnected cell
folded
flattened sacs - Provide wide surface for
- ER membrane is enzyme attachment and
continuous with the biochemical reactions
nuclear membrane

 Rough endoplasmic  Rough endoplasmic

reticulum has reticulum transport protein
ribosomes attached to synthesized by ribosomes
the surface
 Smooth endoplasmic
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes and
reticulum does not
have
ribosome transports glycerol and
lipids, detoxify drugs and
metabolic by-products

 Ribosom is a small, dense  Ribosome is the site for

spherical granule protein synthesis
consisting of protein &
ribonucleic acid

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Cell Component Characteristics Functions

Golgi apparatus - A stack of parallel - Processes, modifies, packs,

flattened sacs coated by
a single cell membrane
- New membrane is added
at one end and vesicles
bud off from the other end
and transports chemicals
such as proteins,
carbohydrate and
glycoprotein

Mitochondrion - Rod-shaped or spherical, - A site that generates energy

consists of two layers of through oxidation of glucose
membranes; smooth during cellular respiration
outer membrane and
folded inner membrane
- Contains enzymes
for cellular
respiration

Centriole
- Cylindrical components - Forms spindle fiber during
that exist in pairs in cell division
animal cells, made up
of microtubules
- Does not exist in plant cell

Lysosome - Small spherical sac - Hydrolyses complex organic

enclosed in a single molecules i.e protein,
membrane nucleic acid, lipid
- Contains hydrolytic - Break down bacteria,
enzymes components of damaged
cells

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Cell Component Characteristics
Vacuole - Liquid-filled sac @ cell
sap, surrounded by the
tonoplast
 Cell sap contains water,
organic acids, sugars,
amino acids, enzymes,
mineral salts, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, metabolic
by-products
Chloroplast - Oval shaped, consists of
two membranes
- Chlorophyll pigments
in grana give plants
green colour
Cytoplasm - Jelly-like medium that
contains components
of suspended cells
- Contains organic
compounds
Plasma membrane - Outer membrane
surrounds cell
- Made of protein
and phospholipid
- Thin and elastic
- Partially permeable
Functions
- Water is absorbed into the
vacuole and cells become
turgid
- In unicellular, contractile
vacuole involve in
osmoregulation, osmosis
and excretion
- Chlorophyll absorbs
sunlight and converts to
chemical energy during
photosynthesis
- Medium for biochemical
reactions in cells
- Separates content of cell
from external environment
- Control movement of
substance into/out of cell
- Allow exchange of
nutrients, respiratory
gaseous, waste material
between cell and
surrounding
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Cell Component Characteristics Functions

Cell wall - A strong, rigid outer layer - Maintain shape of plant cell
- Made up of cellulose fiber - Provides mechanical support
- Fully permeable to plant cells

2.1.5 Comparison of Components of Animal and Plant Cells

Animal cell Similarities Sel tumbuhan

 Does not have Nucleus  Fixed shape
fixed shape  Has cell wall
Cytoplasm
 Does not have  Has chloroplast
cell wall Plasma membrane  Has big
 Does not have Mitochondrion vacuole
chloroplast  Carbohydrate
Golgi apparatus
 Does not have storage - starch
vacuole Endoplasmic  Does not have
 Carbohydrate reticulum Ribosome centriole
storage -
glycogen
 Has centrioles

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2.3 Living Processes of Multicellular Organisms

1. Are organisms with more than one cell

4. All cells work together

2. Undergoes cell
to form a complex organism Multicellular organism differentiation
process

3. Cell becoming
specialised in structure and function

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue Cell

Nerve tissue
organisati
on in
humans

Muscle tissue

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2.3.1 Specialised Cell Structure and Function

2.3.2 Specialised Cell in Multicellular Organisms

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissues lining the intestinal wall

Absorb nutrients and secretes digestive enzyme
Goblet cells secrete mucus

Epithelial tissues lining the alveolus of the lungs, body cavities and blood vessels
Thin and are arranged in a layer
Epithelial tissues on the outer surface of the skin consist of several layers.

Epithelial tissues lining the surface of trachea and broncus

Cilia act as a dust filter
Goblet cells secrets mucus

Epithelial tissues lining the tubules, glands and kidney ducts

Synthesis ATP
Epithelial cells in kidney involve in detoxification process

Epithelial Tissue
Nerve tissue
Consists of neurons or nerve cells
Involved in transmitting nerve impulses

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Muscle Tissue

Smooth muscle

Found in blood vessel, digestive tract and urinary tract

Involves in all involuntary movements

Skeletal muscle

Attached to skeletal bones

Involved in voluntary movements

Cardiac muscle

Found only in the walls of the heart

Enable the heart to pump blood

Connective Tissue

Fibrous connective tissue

Consists of large amounts of closely packed collagen fibres
Found in tendons (bones - muscles) and ligaments (bones - bones)

Cartilage
Strong, flexible and supports the nose and ears
Also found in the intervertebral discs (acts as shock absorbers)

Bone tissue
Consists of cells in a matrix of mineral salts and collagen fibres
Support the body and protect internal organs

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Muscle Tissue

Adipose tissue
Found beneath the skin
Store energy, as an insulator, provides support and protection to organs

Loose connective tissue

Found in between organs
Holds organs firmly

Blood tissue
Comes from bone marrow
plays important roles in transport, protection and regulation

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Tissue Organisation in Plant

Ground Tissue

Parenchyma tissue Collenchyma tissue Sclerencyhma tissue

• Thin-walled celss • Thickening by • Thickened with lignin

with large vacuoles cellulose and pectin •Provides structural
•Store starch, sugar •Provides support to support and
and water young stems and mechanical strength to
herbaceous plants plants

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Vascular Tissue
Xylem tissue

Joined end to end, stretching from roots

Walls are deposited with lignin to provide mechanical support
Transport of water and dissolved mineral salts from roots to all parts of plants

Phloem tissue

Consists of sieve tubes

Transport food (during photosynthesis) from leaves to other parts of a plant

2.3.3. Density of Organelle in Specialised Cells

Cells Organelles found in high Role of the organelles to the specialized
densities cell
Sperms Mitochondria Provide energy to a sperm to move its tail
and swim towards the Fallopian tube to
fertilise the ovum
Flight muscle cells Mitochondria Provide energy for muscular contractions
in insects and birds

Meristematic cells Mitochondria Provide energy for active cell division and
cell growth
Palisade mesophyll Chloroplasts Absorb energy from sunlight for
cells photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll
cells

Pancreatic cells Rough ER Synthesis and secrete digestive enzymes

Goblet cells Golgi apparatus Produce mucus
Liver cells Smooth ER Carry out carbohydrate metabolism
Golgi apparatus Detoxify poisons and drugs

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2.3.4. Effects of Deficiency / Absence / Failure of Function of Organelle for

Particular Cells

Absence of MITOCHONDRION: cause stunted growth,

Absence of weak muscles, and
LYSOSOME: vision
unable and hearingmicroorganisms,
to decompose problems. Also dis
da

TAY-SACHS DISEASE:
Lysosome cannot produce certain enzymes. Patients will experience s
Absence of RIBOSOME: unable to synthesis proteins.

Absence of CHLOROPLAST: unable to carry out photosynthesis, no food production

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2.4 Level of Organisation

Organ System in Plant

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Organ System in Human

Nose
1) Blood circulatory system 2) Respiratory system
Trachea
Root Lungs

 Transport nutrients,  Gaseous exchange

Blood
respiratory gases, (oxygen and carbon
vessel
hormones and waste dioxide) between the
products body and the external
environment

Mouth
Oesophagus
3) Digestive system 4) Urinary system
Liver
Stomach Kidney
Intestine  Digestion of food Ureter  Produces, stores and
and absorption of Bladder
eliminates excretory
nutrients and water wastes from the body
into the body  Regulates blood
osmotic pressure
Skull
5) Integumentary system 6) Skeletal system
Rib cage
Humerus
Vertebral column
 Protects the body  Supports the body
Pelvic girdle
from physical
injury, infection Femur
 Protects internal
and dehydration organs

 Provides surfaces for

the attachments of
muscles
Pectoralis
major 7) Muscular system Thyroid 8) Lymphatic system
gland
Biceps Lymph
Triceps
 Muscles contract  Protects the body
Lymph
and relaz to nodes
against infectious
enable diseases
Biceps
movements Lymph
vessels
and
quadrice  Returns tissue fluid to
ps
the blood circulatory
system

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Brain Pituitary gland

Cranial nerve
9) Nervous system Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
10) Endocrine system
Spinal cord Pancreas

Peripheral
 Detects and Ovary (female)  Together with
nerves responds to stimuli Testis (male) nervous system,
coordinates body
 Coordinates body activities via
activities hormones

11) Female reproductive 12) Male reproductive

system system
Ovary
 Produces ova Testis  Produces sperms and
Uterus
and female sex male sex hormones
Penis
Vagina hormones

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Soalan Objektif

1. Organel manakah yang terlibat dalam pembentukan gentian gelendong?

Which organelle is involved in the formation of spindle fibres?

A. Nukleus
Nucleus C. Lisosom
Lysosome

B. Sentriol D. Ribosom
Centriole Ribosome

2. Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu sel tumbuhan.

Diagram 1 shows a plant cell.

Rajah 1 / Diagram 1

Antara komponen sel A, B, C dan D yang manakah terlibat dalam memberikan

sokongan kepada tumbuhan herba?
Which cellular component A, B, C or D involve in providing support in herbaceous
plants?

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3. Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua jenis sel.

Diagram 2 shows two type of cells.

Rajah 2 / Diagram 2

Proses manakah yang hanya boleh dilakukan oleh salah satu daripada dua sel ini?
Which process can be carried out by only one of these cells?

A. Mengawal pergerakan bahan ke dalam sel

Controlling the movement of substances into the cell

B. Mengawal tindak balas kimia dalam sel

Controlling the chemical reaction in the cell

C. Menghasilkan kanji dalam sel

Making starch inside the cell

D. Menggunakan glukosa dalam sel

Using glucose inside the cell

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4. Rajah 3 menunjukkan Paramecium sp. yang hidup di air tawar.

Diagram 3 shows a Paramecium sp. which lives in freshwater.

Diagram 3 / Rajah 3

Antara bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D yang manakah jika tidak berfungsi

akan menyebabkan organisma ini meletus?
Which parts labelled A, B, C or D if not functioning will causes the organism to burst?

5. Manakah antara berikut benar tentang pembiakan Amoeba sp. dan Paramecium
sp.? Which of the following is correct about the reproduction of Amoeba sp. and
Paramecium sp.?

Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp.

A. Belahan dedua Spora

Binary fission Spore
B Spora Belahan dedua
Spore Binary fission
C Konjugasi Belahan dedua
Conjugation Binary fission
D. Konjugasi Spora
Conjugation Spore

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6. Rajah 4 menunjukkan sel yang didapati dalam satu daripada sistem badan manusia
Diagram 4 shows cells found in one of the systems in human body.
.

Rajah 4 / Diagram 4

Apakah sistem itu?

What is the system?

A. Sistem saraf C. Sistem pencernaan

Nervous system Digestive system

B. Sistem limfa D. Sistem urinari

Limphatic system Urinari system

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7. Rajah 5 ialah carta bar yang menunjukkan kepadatan organel Z dalam dua jenis sel
haiwan
Diagram 5 is a bar chart that shows the density of organelle Z in two type of animal
cells.
.

Kepadatan organel Z
Density of organelle Z

Jenis sel
Sel hati Sel otot Type of cells
Liver cell Muscle cell

Rajah 5 / Diagram 5

Apakah bahan yang diproses oleh organel Z ?

What is the substance processed by organelle Z?

A. Asid nukleik C. Glikoprotein

Nucleic acid Glycoprotein

B. Iodin D. Asid urik

Iodine Uric acid

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8. Antara berikut yang manakah ialah tisu penghubung?

Which of the following is a connective tissue?

A. C.

B. D.

9. Antara berikut tisu manakah mengandungi kepadatan mitokondrion paling tinggi?

Which tissue contains the highest density of mitochondria?

A. C.

B. D.

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10. Antara urutan berikut yang manakah betul tentang organisasi suatu organisma?
Which of the following order is correct in the organization of an organism?

A. Sel  Tisu  Organ  Sistem

Cell  Tissue  Organ  System

B. Sistem  Tisu  Organ  Sel

System  Tissue  Organ  Cell

C. Sel  Organ  Sistem  Tisu

Cell  Organ  System  Tissue

D. Sistem  Organ  Tisu  Sel

System  Organ  Tissue  Cell

11. Antara tisu berikut manakah sebahagian daripada sistem urinari manusia?
Which of the following tissues are parts of human urinary system?

I Ginjal III Ureter

Kidney Ureter

II Kulit IV Peparu
Skin Lungs

A. I dan II

B. I dan III

C. II dan IV

D. III dan IV

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12. Rajah 6 menunjukkan satu sistem dalam badan manusia

Diagram 6 shows a system in human body.
.

Hidung / Nose

Trakea / Trachea

Peparu / Lungs

Rajah 6 / Diagram 6

Apakah sistem itu?

What is the system?

A. Sistem urinari C. Sistem pencernaan

Urinary system Digestive system

B. Sistem respirasi D. Sistem pembiakan

Respiratory system Reproductive system

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Soalan Struktur
Structure Question

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan masing-masing.

Diagram 1 shows the structure of an animal cell and a plant cell respectively.

Rajah 1
Diagram 1

(a)(i) Namakan struktur berlabel P dan R.

Name the structures labelled P and R.

P:
R:
[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(ii) Nyatakan dua perbezaan struktur P dan Q

State two structural differences of P and Q.
.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

(b) Jika komponen sel R tiada, jelaskan kesannya kepada sel tumbuhan itu.
If cell component R is absence, justify the impact to the plant cell.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

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2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur Amoeba sp. yang hidup dalam air tawar.
(Diii)agramAm2 osehboawsspt.hme
setnrgugctuunraekoafnAXmuonetbuaksops.mwohkicahwlailvaetsuri.n
freshwater.
Jika X telah rosak, terangkan apakah yang akan berlaku kepada Amoeba sp.?
Amoeba sp. uses X for osmoregulation.

If X is damaged, explain what will happen to Amoeba sp.?

______________________________________________________________
J
_
______________________________________________________________
_ X arks]
______________________________________________________________
_
(b)
[2 markah / 2
m

Amoeba sp ialah organisma unisel. K

Bezakan sistem respirasi Amoeba sp dan organisma multisel.

Amoeba
M sp. is a unicellular organism.
Compare the respiratory system of Amoeba sp and multicellular organism.
L
______________________________________________________________
[3 markah / 3 marks]
Rajah 2
Diagram 2

(a)(i) Namakan struktur berlabel J

Name the structure labelled J.
.

J:
[1 markah /1 mark]
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3 Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan empat aras organisasi sel dalam manusia.

Diagram 3.1 shows four levels of cell organization in human.

Aras 1 Aras 2 Aras 3 Aras 4

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
Diagram 3.1
Rajah 3.1

(a) Lengkapkan Jadual 1 dengan menamakan aras organisasi sel.

Complete Table 1 by naming level of cell organisation.

Aras / Level Organisasi Sel / Cell Organisation

1 Sel / Cells
2
3
4 Sistem / System

Jadual 1 / Table1
[2 markah / 2 mark]

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(b)(i) Struktur dalam Aras 4 adalah sebahagian daripada sistem dalam badan manusia.
Namakan sistem ini.
The structure in Level 4 is a part of human body system.
Name this system.

[1 markah / 1 mark]
(ii) Nyatakan satu fungsi sistem di 3 (b)(i).
State one of the functions of the system in 3 (b)(i).

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan organisasi sel dalam tumbuhan.

Diagram 3.2 shows cell organisation in plant.

Rajah 3.2 / Diagram 3.2

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(b)(i) Aras Y dalam tumbuhan boleh dibahagikan kepada dua sistem.

Terangkan dua kesan kepada tumbuhan sekiranya sistem Y dicabut dari tanah.
Plants can be divided into two systems.
Explain two effects on plants if system Y is pulled out of the ground.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

(ii) Namakan satu contoh sel khusus pada Z.

Terangkan fungsi sel khusus tersebut.
Name one specialised cell on Z.
Explain the function of the specialised cell.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

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Soalan Esei
Essay Question

(a) Sekumpulan tisu bergabung membentuk suatu organ yang mampu menjalankan
suatu fungsi yang khusus. Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu organ dalam suatu sistem
badan manusia.
A collection of tissues combined to form an organ which able to carry out a specific
function.
Diagram 1 shows an organ of a human body system.

Rajah 1 / Diagram 1

(a) Namakan organ dalam rajah dan jelaskan fungsi organ ini
Name the organ in the diagram and describe its function.

[4 markah]
[4 marks]

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(b) Organ dibentuk dengan gabungan kumpulan tisu berbeza.

Terangkan tisu yang membentuk organ ini dan fungsinya masing-masing.
An organ is formed by the combination of a group of different tissues.
Explain the tissues that form the organ and their functions respectively.

[8 markah]
[8 marks]

(c) Jelaskan urutan organisasi sel untuk membentuk sistem peredaran darah dalam
manusia.
Explain the sequence of cell organization to form blood circulatory system in human.

[8 markah]
[8 marks]