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Advocacy Against
Corruption
Chapter 9

Expected Learning Outcomes

• Understand what corruption is
• Know how corruption may look like
• Know why and how does a person become corrupt
• Explain the ill effects of corruption
• Describe the characteristics of corruption
• Learn impact of the corruption in the Philippines
• Know how corruption may be prevented

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What is Corruption?
• Abuse of private and public office for personal gain. It includes acts of
bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, kickbacks and state capture.
• This is ofteen associated with and reinforced by other illegal practices.
• Simply defined as receiving, asking for or giving any gratification to induce
a person to do a favor for private gain.
• Misuse of entrusted power for private gain.

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What is Corruption?
• An improbity or decay in the decision-making process in which a decision-
maker consents to deviate or demands deviation from the criterion which
should rule his/her decision-making, in exchange for a reward or for the
promise or expectation of a reward, while these motives influencing
his/her decision-making cannot be part of the justification of the decision.
• In general, it is a form of dishonesty or criminal activity undertaken by a
person an organization entrusted with a position of authority, often to
acquire illicit benefit.

How does corruption look like?

Conflict of interest

Bid rigging

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How does corruption look like?

Vote Buying Nepotism

How does corruption look like?

Extortion
Misuse of official position

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Why and How does a

person become corrupt?
Corruptions spread when there are opportunities, when risk is minimal in
comparison to benefits obtained or when one is confronted with issues like
• Career advancement
• Earning of more income
• Financial problems caused by illness, loss of property, etc.

ILL EFFECTS OF
CORRUPTION

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ILL EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION

• Lack of quality in services
• Lack of proper justice
• Chances of Unemployment
• Poor Health and hygiene
• Pollution
• Accidents
• Failure of genuine research

Effects of corruption on Society

• Disregard for officials
• Lack of respect for rulers
• Lack of faith and trust in the governments
• Aversion for joining the posts linked to corruption

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Effects of corruption on Economy

• A decrease in foreign investment
• Delay in growth
• Lack of development
• Differences in trade ratios

Characteristics of corruption
• Recipient and payers
politicians accepting gifts from common citizen, in return, citizen expects to profit
• Extortion
who is to blame, the briber or the bribee
• Lubricant of society
Macro-economic loss vs. micro-economic gain
• An ethical dilemma
As ethical/behavioral problem

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Characteristics of corruption
• Poverty alleviation
Individual poverty reduction
• Culture
Gift giving culture, when you receive gifts, you’re expected to return the favor
• 'Kindness among friends’
Relates to culture

Prevention of corruption
• Clear business processes
• Policy on gifts and Entertainment
• Declaration of conflict of interest
• Convenient corruption reporting system

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Efforts to Curb Corruption

Through Legislation
• Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
• Anti-Red tape Act
• Anti-Money Laundering Act
• Act Establishing a Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public
officials and employees
• Government Procurement Reform Act
• United Nations Convention against Corruption

-THE END-