Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni

Chapter-1

• Increase in population.
• Increased demand for food
grains.
• Laws to translate the
• Price of bread rose.
ideals of liberty and
• Low wages of workers.
Bad harvest.
equality into everyday
practice. • Increase in the price of bread.
c • Wages did not keep pace with increase in prices.
p • Widened gap between the rich & the poor.
• Slavery was abolished
in French colonies in
1848. • Peasants & workers participated in revolts
against increasing taxes.
Di • Social groups emerged.
• Women started their own • Earnings through overseas trade, manufacture
political clubs & news- of woollen & silk textiles.
papers to voice their • Philosophers emerged.
interests. The French k
o Revolution t John Locke Rousseau Montesquieu
ub
• Criticised • Idea of • Proposed
the divine & government division of
he absolute right based on power within
of the monarch. social contract the govt.
• Robespierre‟s rule in France was between people between the

known as „Reign of Terror‟
• Laws placing a maximum ceiling on
wages & prices were issued.
• Rise of Napoleon
c
& their legislative, the
representatives. executive & the
• Power was distributed among the legislature, judiciary.
the executive and the judiciary.
• Rights like right to life, freedom of speech
equality before law, etc., were introduced

[ 1
Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni

2 ]
Mind map : learning made simple Chapter-2
• Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions, they
• Communist parties were formed like Communist opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
Party of Great Britain. • Radicals wanted a nation in which govt. was based on the
• USSR style of government was not in keeping majority of a country‟s population.
with the ideals of Russian Revolution. • Conservatives opposed to radicals and liberals.
• International reputation of USSR as a socialist
country declined. • New cities came up, railways expanded and Industrial
Revolution occurred.
• Brought men, women and children to factories, work
• Acute problem of grain supplies. hours were long and wages poor.
• Collectivisation of farms
to reduce shortages. o
o
• Bolsheviks kept industries & banks • Came in mid-nineteenth century.
nationalised, permitted peasants • Socialists were against private property.
to cultivate land.
• Formed an international body–The Second International.
• Set up funds to help members in times of distress,
demanded reduction of working hours and rights to vote.

luti
ati

n
si
• Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals b
and supporters of autocracy The Russian
condemned the Bolshevik uprising.
l
Revolution
• Conflict between e • Ruled by Tsar Nicholas II.
Provisional Government • Majority religion was Russian
and the Bolsheviks. • Central Powers- Germany, Orthodox Christianity.
Austria and Turkey.
• Allied Powers- France, • Most people were agriculturists major
Britain and Russia
r

exporters of grain, railway network extended.

• Demanded a Constitution.
• Prices of essential goods rose, real wages declined, • Set up a newspaper, mobilised workers
• Army officials, landowners and • Bloody Sunday over 100 workers were killed who and organised strikes
industrialists were influential. went to Winter Palace to present petition.
Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni

Mind map : learning made simple Chapter-3

• Both psychological & financial efforts.

• Supporters of Weimer Republic
were attacked.
a
c • Soviets of workers and sailors
is
established
r • Hyperinflation, a situation of
• Holocaust, atrocities & sufferings
high rise in prices prevailed.
endured by Jews during the
Nazi killing operations.
• Wall street exchange crashed in1929.
• Great Economic Depression started
with the sale of 13 mn shares.
• Fear of preletarianisation filled the
Nazism and society.
a the Rise of e e
m
Hitler

R
• Nazis made great use of • Hitler was given the highest
language and media position in the cabinet of ministers.
• Nazi ideas were spread • He sent his enemies, the Communists,
through images, posters, to concentration camps.
iC

films, etc.

• Economic recovery through full

production and full employment.
e

• Created racial community by eliminating the

• Boys were aggressive, masculine, steel hearted, “undesirables” (Jews, Gypsies, etc.)
girls were told to be good mothers & rear

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Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni

Chapter-7

• A form of government in which

the rulers are elected by people.

• No one goes hungry to bed in

a truly democratic country. d
• Every citizen plays equal D
What is
role in decision making
with equal information, basic Democracy?
• Major decisions by elected leaders.
education, equal resources. Why Democracy? • Free and fair electoral competition.
• One person, one vote, one value.
• Rule of law and respect for rights.

• Better government as it is more

• Leaders keep changing, leading
accountable.
to instability.
• Improves quality of decision making.
• All about political competition
• Deals with differences & conflicts.
and power play.
• Enhances the dignity of citizens.
• Leads to corruption as it is
• Allows us to correct its own mistakes.
based on electoral competition.

[ 7
Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni

8 ]
Mind map : learning made simple Chapter-8

ds

• Apartheid government ended.

• Most extensive rights given to citizens.

• A system of racial discrimination

in South Africa. • A set of written rules accepted by all people.
• Divided people on the basis of • Generates a degree of trust necessary for
colour (black & white) coloured. different kind of people to live together.
• Specifies how the govt. will be constituted.
• Limits the power of govt.
• Expresses the aspirations of people of creating
a good society.
• All inequalities
removed from India. f
Constitutional
o t Design
u

• Statement of basic values is • In 1928, Motilal Nehru & eight Congress

called Preamble. leaders drafted a constitution.
• India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, • Inclusion of universal adult franchise,
l

Secular, Democratic Republic. right to freedom, equality, etc.

• To ensure Justice, Liberty, • Leaders were inspired by ideals of French

T
Equality, Fraternity to all citizens.
• Procedure for choosing the
persons who govern the country.
• Rights provided to citizens so that
government‟s actions are limited.
Revolution, Bill of Rights in US, etc.
• Drafted the constitution.
• 299 members wrote the Indian Constitution.
• Some members were namely,
Dr. Rajendra Prasad (first President of India),
Jaipal singh (founder of Jharkhand Party),
H.C. mookherjee.
Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni

12 ]
Mind map : learning made simple Chapter-12

• Palampur is well-connected with • Water, forests, minerals.

neighbouring villages & towns.
• Transports like bullock carts, tongas,
• People like educated
bogeys, jeeps, etc. are available.
worker, manual workers.
• Electric powered tubewells are available.
• Story of an imaginary village.
• Tools, machines, buildings

• Raw materials and

money in hand.
• Human knowledge.
The Story of • Farming is main production activity.
Jaggery Village • No expansion in cultivable land.
manufacturing. • Some wastelands converted
Palampur to cultivable lands.
l
• In rainy season (Kharif)
la c
jowar & bajra is grown.
m • Potato between October
& December.
• In winter (rabi)
wheat is sown.
a fas

• Careful utilisation of land.

• Modern methods have
overused natural
resource base.
• Items sold are rice • Loss of soil fertility due to
wheat, sugar, tea, etc. increased use of chemical

et
fertilizers.

• People have insufficient land

• Riksha, tonga, jeep, for culltivation.
tractor, etc. • About 1/3rd people are landless.
• Most small farmers borrow money. • Small farmers along with their • Cultivation from small plots
• Medium & large farmers have their families cultivate their lands. doesn‟t bring adequate income.
Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni

Mind map : learning made simple Chapter-13

• Population is an asset, rather
than liability.
• Ability to contribute in creation of
Gross National Product. • Primary (agriculture,
• Unemployment exists when people • Human resource is developed into forestry fishing, etc)
who are willing to work at the going Human Capital Formation. • Secondary (manufacturing).
wages cannot find jobs. • Tertiary (trade, transport,
banking, etc)

ntr
• Seasonal Unemployment
(people are jobless during
some months of the year). l
• Disguised Unemployment c
(people appear to be People as
employed). Resource • Market activities
(performed for pay
or profit).
• Educated Unemployment • Non-Market activities
(educated youths are not (production for self-
able to find jobs). consumption).

• Helps a person to realise his • Contributes towards the

potential & the ability to fight growth of society.
illness. • Enhances national income,
• Unhealthy person is a liability cultural richness and increases
for organisation. the efficiency of governance.

[ 13
Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni
Mind map : learning made simple
Northern Hemisphere
• Latitudes: 8°4'N and 37°6'N
• Longitudes: 68°7'E and 97°25'E
g
• Pakistan and Afghanistan in the north west.
• China (Tibet), Nepal & Bhutan in the north.
• Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east.
• Southern neighbours are two island
countries: Sri Lanka and Maldives
• Sri Lanka is separated by the Palk Strait &
the Gulf of Mannar.
16 ]
Chapter-16
Landmass of India has
• Area: 3.28 million square km.
• Land boundary: 15,200 km.
• Length of coast line: 7,516.6 km.
• Standard Meridian: 82°30'E
India - Size e
and Location
• Central location between the
East & the West Asia.
• Trans Indian Ocean routes
connect West European countries
& East Asian countries.
• Various passes across northern
mountains provided passages to
ancient travellers.
• Routes have contributed in the
exchange of ideas and commodities.
Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni

Mind map : learning made simple Chapter-17

• Two plates move
towards each other.

• Two plates move away

from each other.

• Two plates move

horizontally past each other.
r

• Northern most range is

known as Himadri or the

a
Inner Himalayas.

t
• Range south of the Himadri
• Lies close to the Malabar is known as Himachal or the
Lesser Himalayas.
coast of Kerala. Physical Features • Outermost range is called
• Small coral islands.
• Kavaratti island is the of India the Shiwaliks.
administrative headquarters. • Kashmir & Himachal
Himalaya from west to east.
• Kumaon Himalayas lying
between Satluj & Kali rivers.
• Big in size, numerous • Nepal Himalayas lying
& scattered. between Kali & Tista rivers.
• An elevated portion of • Assam Himalayas between
submarine mountains. Tista & Dihang rivers.
• Purvachal Himalayas.
• Konkan Coast W
• Kannad Plain b
• Malabar Coast • The Indus, the Ganga
e & the Brahmaputra.
a

[ 17
• Northern Circar
• Coromandel
• The Punjab Plain, the Ganga
Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni

18 ]
Mind map : learning made simple Chapter-18
• Rises in Tibet, near Lake
Mansarowar.

• Rises in Tibet
east of Lake
Mansarowar.

S
I
• Fed by Gangotri
Glacier.

he
• Due to growing
domestic, municipal, R • Rises in the
industrial, agricultural Amarkantak hills in MP.
demand.

t • Rises in the
i Satpura ranges in MP.

m
Drainage s • Rises from the
• Basic natural resource
slopes of
• Attracted settlers from
Westerns Ghats.
ancient times.
• Used for irrigation,
k

navigation, etc.
a
• Rises in the
highlands of
• Eg. - Guru Chhattisgarh.

s
Gobind Sagar • Eg. - Chilika lake,
Pulicat lake,
Kolleru lake. • Rises from a spring
e

• Rises in the Brahmagri near Mahabaleshwar.

• Eg. - Wular lake, range of Western Ghats.
Dal lake, Bhimtal, etc. • Eg. - Sambhar lake.

Mr Abhijit Ashok Kulkarni