Principles of Underwater

Sensors
By group 5 : ESTOPITO
GRAJO
JUNIO
IDULSA
Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs)

 are wireless networks of autonomous sensor-aided devices, called motes or

sensor nodes, deployed over a region of water for the collaborative
execution of a given task. Nearly 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by
water, mainly oceans
To fully gather data underwater, the choice
of energy is determined by three factors:

 1. Range of penetration in the medium.

A measure of how deeply light can penetrate into a
medium. It is defined as the depth at which the intensity
of the radiation inside the medium falls
 2. Ability to differentiate between various objects in the
medium.
A skills on identifying the things in dept ocean.
 3. Speed of propagation.
is the distance the wave travels in a given time, which is
one wavelength in a time of one period
The Sound Wave

 Sound waves travel faster in denser substances because neighboring

particles will more easily bump into one another. Take water, for example.
There are about 800 times more particles in a bottle of water than there are
in the same bottle filled with air. Thus, sound waves travel much faster in
water than they do in air
SONAR

 Hydrographic surveys use sonar to collect highly accurate water depth and
bottom contour information. These echo sounding systems are based on
the principle that when a sound signal is sent into the water it will be
reflected back when it strikes an object. An instrument, called a transducer,
sends a sound pulse straight down into the water. The pulse moves down
through the water and bounces off the seafloor
 Kinds of sonar

 Single Beam Sonar

The earliest sonar technology to be applied to seafloor exploration was single-beam
sonar, consisting of piezoelectric crystals or ceramic transducers to generate and receive
acoustic signals
 Multibeam Sonar
Multibeam, as it means, can transmit a fan of beams simultaneously and
receive echo signals to obtain signals over a swath of seafloor. It is more
accurate and efficient than single-beam sonar
 Side-Scan Sonar
Side-scan sonar is composed of two transducers equipped on
towfish, ships, or submersibles, as shown in Figure a & b.
Conventional side-scan sonar transmits sonar signals from both sides
by transducers. Usually, rugged, rough, raised seafloor leads to
stronger echo while soft, smooth, or depressed seafloor results in
weaker echo.
Comparison of single beam, side scan,
and multi-beam sonar
The SONAR Equation

 The key to success in underwater navigation is initial detection. An

understanding of sonar can only be achieved through a comprehension of the
sonar equations and the concept called figure of merit. Many of the
phenomena and effects associated with underwater sound may conveniently
and logically be related in a quantitative manner by the sonar equations. The
sonar equations are the working relationships that tie together the effects of the
medium, the target, and the equipment, so that the operator can effectively
use and understand the information received and provide prediction tools for
additional information

S - N > DT
This equation is the foundation upon which all the versions of
the sonar equations are based, and is simply a specialized
statement of the law of conservation of energy.