20 Jan 2015 Vol 8 No.

1 North American Journal of Medicine and Science

Review

Autism Spectrum Disorder Related TCM

Symptoms and TCM Herbs Prescriptions:
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jun-Long Cai, MS;1,2 Jin-Qing Lu, MS;1,2* Gang Lu, MD, MS, PhD;3,4*
Sheng-Nan Guo, MS;1,2 Li-Juan Wan, BS;1,2 Qiang Li, MS; 1,2 Jun-Jie Xu, BS1,2
1
Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
2
Medicinal Plant Research and Development Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
3
Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
4
American Chinese Medical Exchange Society, Burlington, MA

The purpose of this research is aimed at finding effective classical herbs prescriptions and providing
references for further research on the autism treatment by consulting modern literature, ancient books and
monographs. We took full advantage of CiteSeer, CNKI, PubMed, VIP and other literature databases as
the major methods in this study to review the modern literature of autism during 1989-2014 and
summarized them. We have also sorted out many prescriptions which used to treat autism in modern
literature. In the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) terms, the highest frequency of symptoms used to
diagnose autism are "dullness", "mutistic", "soliloquy", "five kinds of retardation", "five weaknesses",
"fetal toxicity" and "infantile metopism". By consulting ancient books and monographs, we found TCM
associated with treatment of the aforementioned autism descriptors used by TCM. The results of this
research is as following: Collecting over 4,706 research articles about autism spanning approximately 26
years, we reviewed the research of autism with respect to TCM and western medicine regarding its etiology,
symptoms and treatment. We found the highest frequency TCM terms used to describe diagnostic
symptoms of autism are "dullness", "mutistic", "soliloquy", "five kinds of retardation", "five weaknesses",
"fetal toxicity" and "infantile metopism". Those descriptors were used as keywords to search related
prescriptions from ancient books and monographs. More than 300 prescriptions were obtained. Finally, we
verified clinical applications of these prescriptions, noting the frequency of use as a single medicine. We
also collated pharmacological effects of the prescriptions, and the frequency of usage in the treatment of
autism symptoms. The conclusion has been reached that TCM emphasizes a holistic treatment strategy
with comprehensive aftercare. In addition, ancient physicians recorded many prescriptions about
treatment of autism related symptoms in the ancient books and monographs, and some prescriptions are
still applied in clinical autism treatment in current practices. In conclusion, seeking effective prescriptions
and medicine from the perspective of TCM is of great importance.
[N A J Med Sci. 2015;8(1):20-30. DOI: 10.7156/najms.2015.0801020]

Key Words: Autism, prescriptions, herbs, TCM

INTRODUCTION
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental
disability which occurs before the age of three and is usually
diagnosed after one year old. The main symptoms are
language development disorders of different levels,
interpersonal communication barriers, narrow interests and
inflexible behavior patterns. Even to the extent that some
children suffer from epilepsy, gastrointestinal diseases and
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Received: 06/15/2014; Revised: 11/17/2014; Accepted: 12/30/2014
*Corresponding Author:
[Jin-qing Lu] Medicinal Plant Research Center/Department, Hubei
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
430065. Tel: 086-13871312439.
(Email: ljq59169@163.com)
[Gang Lu] American Chinese Medical Exchange Society, 15 New England
Executive Park, Burlington, MA 01803 USA, Tel: 781-791-5066.
(Email: ganglu888@hotmail.com)
sleep disorders. This is a lifelong disorder of increasing
prevalence and community concern.1
Based on the community Report on Autism (March 2014)
from the Center of Disease Control (CDC) in the USA, about
1 in 68 children were identified by the data from 11 Autism
and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) sites
and the data covering 2012.2 According to other data
published in 2014 from USA, the total number of global
autism patients had reached 67 million.3 At present, the
incidence of autism is rising, but the effect of treatment and
prognosis are still not satisfactory.
The ancient time mentioned in this review refers to the period
before 1911 which was the end of year of last Chinese
North American Journal of Medicine and Science
dynasty of Qing. in that period, the TCM did not have a
disease called autism, however, it had the records of the
symptoms associated with autism, such as "dullness",
"mutistic", "soliloquy", "five kinds of retardation", "five
weaknesses", "fetal toxicity" and "infantile metopism".
Dullness, also known as dementia, is a result of abnormal
digestive function of the spleen and stomach by TCM theory.
Spleen and stomach damages lead to inner sputum and
dampness, blinding the heart, and then impacting on
intelligence. From model medicine perspectives, mutistic is
mainly caused by genetic predisposition. Symptoms of
mutistic are unwillingness to speak and reply. Soliloquy
means absence of mind and muttering and its cause is
deficiency of “heart qi” which meant the “state of mind” here
and lack of physical recuperation. Five kinds of retardation
include slowness in standing, walking, hair growth, tooth
eruption and speech. These five kinds of retardation are
caused by the parents’ unhealthy body which led to the
congenital deficiency of infants. The Five weaknesses refer
to flaccid head, flaccid nape, flaccid hands and feet, infantile
flaccidity of muscle and flaccid mouth. Their causes are
insufficiency of essence and blood. Fetal toxicity that refers
Figure 1. PRISMA flow chart for the literature search and collection process.
METHODS
Search Strategy and the Goals
To overcome the challenges on searching the effective TCM
herbs prescription for treating autism from ancient Chinese
medical books, the first step is to setup a rational of search
strategy as autism has not been defined in TCM. This search
starts with modern medical literature with “Autism” as a
keyword in Chinese against two major medical literature
Jan 2015 Vol 8 No.1 21
to environmental factors including exposure to certain toxic
substances during pregnancy.4 Infantile metopism is a
congenital disfigurement of the forehead in which the frontal
suture unclosed.
TCM treats autism according to different pathological lesions,
time of the disease and place of morbidity. Chinese medicine
prescriptions for treating autism stress the principle of
"monarch, minister, assistant and guide" 5,130 that are the well-
known principles for the composition of prescriptions.
"Monarch drug" is the key ingredient in the prescription,
"minister drug" promotes the "monarch drug" to exert
curative effect, and "assistant drug" strengthens the effect of
the prescription or restrict toxin, and "guide drug" directs
other ingredients to work on the affected part. This principle
could not only make reasonable use of each herb, but also
make the prescription by appropriately adding and
subtracting in specific circumstances, which has important
instructive significance for rational clinical use of medicines.
Therefore, this article aims to find effective prescriptions and
provide reference for better treatment of autism through
collecting modern literature and ancient medical books.
Figure 2. PRISMA flow chart for the ancient books search and collection process.
databases including the China Knowledge Resource
Integrated Database (CNKI) and Chinese Scientific Journals
Database (VIP).
Also, using “Autism” and “Chinese medicine” as keywords
in English against two major data based used in the
worldwide, PubMed and CiteSeer. The results describing
autism related TCM symptoms will be used for a further
22 Jan 2015 Vol 8 No.1 North American Journal of Medicine and Science

search against the ancient Chinese medical books database to

collect the ancient herbal prescriptions that treat those
symptoms.

The goals of this search are:

1. To find the records that has herbs prescriptions, then to
identify the effective herb medicine to treat the autism.
2. To find the TCM symptoms that been used currently to
diagnose Autism. Those will be the key to use in the
further search against the ancient Chinese medical
books to collect the ancient herb prescriptions that used
to treat autism related TCM symptoms.
3. To review the updated information on the etiology of
autism. That will be used to identify the valuable herbs
that provide effective treatment regarding the cause of
autism.
4. To review the updated information on biomarkers for
autism diagnosis. This will be very useful information to Figure 3. Number of published literature of autism by year.
help development of the next generation of herbal
prescriptions as a tool for measuring effectiveness and RESULTS
accuracy of the herb medicine. Etiology and Treatment of Autism
We made full use of CiteSeer, CNKI, PubMed, VIP and
Selection Criteria and Work Flow other literature databases to review modern literature on
We systematically reviewed and observed the studies and autism subject to over 4,706 articles during 1989-2014, and
related ancient books of TCM. The selection processes were the number of published papers increased every year
divided into three groups: exponentially. As it shows in Figure 3, through the literature
we found out research of autism on TCM and western
1. The selection of autism treatment by using herbs medicine on the aspects of etiology, symptoms, and treatment.
prescription.
For the autism treatment by using herbs prescription, the 1. Autism etiology
search time range was 25 years, from 1989 to 2014. The Nowadays, many scholars think it is probably a complex
PRISMA work flow has been used in our review process combination of genetic and environmental factors which
for the literatures search, see Figure 1. causes autism. Moreover, there are toxic exposure,
2. Ancient Chinese medicine literature search immunocompromised nerve function disorder and other
For the ancient Chinese medicine literature search, the factors.
keywords of the TCM symptoms have been used to
search and select the ancient herbs prescriptions against 1.1. Genetic factors
the ancient Chinese medicine literature database6 and At present, TCM believed it is the deficiency of the
other library books resources. That part actually is an congenital and kidney-essence that leads to minds blocked,
original data mining research work that has added into spirits nonnutritive, and failure of the liver-qi’s free coursing
this review. The following PRISMA flow chart indicates and ascending,7 which contribute to the causes of autism.
this process, Figure 2. Furthermore, Liu Wuli8 and Liu Gang9 argued that autism is
3. Update information on etiology and biomarkers of
relevant to brain lesions，such as injury, and genetic factors.
autism
Western Medicine insists that the etiology of autism is
Even many records in the first group can be used, but
complex, and the key pathogenic factor is genetic factor.10
this review exclusion process filtered out many valuable
Recently, Mitchell et al11 reported that the bioactivefolate is
literatures that specific on the etiology and biomarkers
deficient in some cases of autism, and may possibly
of autism. This search process will collect more specific
beinfluenced by B vitamin-related genes in select
subjects on etiology and biomarkers of autism for last 5
neurodevelopmental syndromes. Nardone et al12 reported that
years data range using PubMed database. Using
the locus encompassing C11orf21/TSPAN32 has multiple
“autism or ASD” as keywords, 14,876 records have
hypomethylated CpGs in the autistic, which suggest a
been found and narrow down to the time rang for 2014
possible role for epigenetic processes in the etiology of ASD.
only, 4,224 have been found including 380 reviews.
Wittkowski et al13 reported a novel study-specific criterion
Around additional 40 papers have been selected with
for ‘genome-wide significance’ and found axonal guidance
etiology and biomarkers of autism related contents.
and calcium signaling are involved in autism.
All of the research works in this review will be summarized
However, research on genetic factors of autism are mainly
into three sections, current etiology and treatment, the usage
centralized on family and twin studies etc. and those were
of herbs prescriptions and the pharmacological effects of
mostly in molecular genetics level.
Chinese medicine in prescriptions.
North American Journal of Medicine and Science Jan 2015 Vol 8 No.1
1.2. Environmental factors
Family environment and the condition in which child is
raised are also the risk factors of autism.14 Exposure to
valproate,15 an antiepileptic drugs16 can increase the risk of
disease. Especially valproate, which will seriously influence
the development of the cognitive function,17 bringing
neurological problem, finally causing autism. Environmental
factors were also the cause of "mutistic" and "soliloquy" in
TCM, which caused psychological and physiological changes
of children by receiving certain stimuli, and then symptoms
of autism occur.
1.3. Toxic exposure in the pregnancy and perinatal period
Medical history and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy,
premature delivery, expired produces, cesarean section, low
birth weight, neonatal asphyxia and jaundice may be
associated with autism.18 These etiologies are closely related
with "fetal faint" and "fetal toxicity" in TCM, and they have
the same pathological characteristics. Recent review[19],
arranged the related literature into three categories as
following:
(a) studies examining estimated toxicant exposures in the
environment during the preconceptional, gestational and
early childhood periods; (b) studies investigating biomarkers
of toxicants; and (c) studies examining potential genetic
susceptibilities to toxicants. They found 92% of the fall into
the toxicant exposures in the environment. Toxicants
implicated in ASD included pesticides, phthalates,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), solvents, toxic waste sites,
air pollutants and heavy metals, with the strongest evidence
found for air pollutants and pesticides. They concluded that
the etiology of ASD may involve, at least in a subset of
children, complex interactions between genetic factors and
certain environmental toxicants that may act synergistically
or in parallel during critical periods of neurodevelopment, in
a manner that increases the likelihood of developing ASD.
1.4. Immune dysfunction
Research on immunology about autism mainly refer to nerve
immunology, immunogenetics, autoimmune, immune cells,
cytokines, gastrointestinal factors and immunodeficiency.20
The different cell types in CNS that have both roles, the brain
function and the CNS immune response. Abnormal immune
responses in the brain cells in ASD patient may influence
neural function and development.
1.5. Nerve functional disturbance
TCM thinks that autism occurs in the brain, and western
medicine also demonstrates that the abnormal growth and
density change of neurons in the brain may be main causes of
autism. Coordination among brain regions decreased or
correlation between brain nerve insufficient may cause
autism.21 The role of the P50 component of the auditory
event-related potential in early sensory processing has been
examined in relation to the gating of irrelevant or repetitive
stimulus information (‘sensory gating’).22,23 Lv et ai4 reported
that that P50 sensory gating is deficient in children with
ASD. The function of sensory gating in children with ASD
didn’t change with the age, but only with the speed of
processing conditioned stimulus (S1) increased with the age.
23
1.6. Metabolic disorder
Some studies have found that autism may be associated with
metabolic disorders of some metal elements.
Tetrahydrobiopterin is an essential cofactor for critical
metabolic pathways, including those involved in the
production of monoamine neurotransmitters and nitric oxide.
A recent report indicated that a series of ASD who were
found to have CNS tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency.25 The lack
and impaired absorption of trace elements such as calcium,
iron in the brain lead to abnormal neural cells in the process
of proliferation and differentiation. Excretion disorder of lead
and mercury may cause brain damage.26 The causes of autism
are also related to folate metabolism.27 Some research
indicate that the effects of secretin, neurotoxin in the
gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system may be
associated with autism.28,29 These symptoms are related with
"five kinds of retardation" and "five weaknesses" in TCM.
Both of them have the same pathological symptoms like
hypoplasia and retardation due to psychological and
physiological disease caused by metabolic disorders.
1.7. Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress may affect mitochondrial function, and
impaired mitochondria in turn increases oxidative stress. It
was oxidative stress product which stimulate autoimmune
process of organism and attack nerve cells in the brain that
make contribution to the development of autism spectrum
disorders (ASD).30
2. Research progress on the biomarker
The underlying mechanism of ADS development is still
unknown. Many recently research efforts could be concluded
into the exploring the biomarkers category to markedly
improving classification, detailed measurement or
predication accuracy of degree of ASD.
2.1. Neuroimaging
ADS patient MRI data analysis found significant differences
in groups by age of the interaction in sulcal-based
morphometric analysis at the sub-lobar scale and also
observed sulcal abnormalities were localized in regions
where cortical thickness was increased.31 This strongly
suggests that sulcal shape differences could be the signature
of disrupted maturational process that affects this pathology.
Another team using MRI looked for differences between
Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) participants, controls and
unaffected siblings of ASC participants, the results showed
differences in the cerebellum, parietal lobule, left occipital,
left angular gyrus and, to a lesser extent in other regions.32
Zhou et al.33 using the small-world network analysis based on
the cortical thickness revealed reduced total and global
efficiency in ASD, they concluded that caudate volume,
caudate-cortical fcMRI and IFG pars opercularis as well as
triangularis fcMRI to be highly predictive of phenotypic
features in ASD.
2.2. Cortical function
Corradi-Dell’Acqua et al34 using fMRI compared the control
participants with ASD and found that spared low-spatial
frequency(LSF) face processing in ASD while cortical
24 Jan 2015 Vol 8 No.1
analysis of high-spatial frequency(HSF) expression cues
appears affected, then suggesting that ASD might be
characterized by a difficulty in integrating multiple local
information and cause global processing troubles
unexplained by losses in low spatial frequency input. Kim et
al.35 reviewed recent findings regarding differentiation of
cortical neurons from human pluripotent stems cells and
efforts to establish in vitro model systems to study ASD
using personalized neurons. Using induced pluripotent stem
(iPSC) technology, it is possible to generate limitless
supplies of human ASD-special cortical neurons, which can
revolutionize experimental analysis of ASD.
2.3. Brain connectivity
Bos et al 201436 reported that using fMRI technique, subtle
changes in network connectivity in patients with ASD, the
global architecture of resting-state networks appears to be
intact. This argues against recent suggestions that changes in
connectivity in ASD may be most prominent during
development. Kana et al.37 2014, summarized the past 10
years including 2014’s literature on brain connectivity in
autism. Neuroimaging and postmortem studies have provided
evidence for disruptions in functional and structural
connectivity in the brains of individual with ASD, but still
struggle with methodological and conceptual issues inherent
to discover relationships between brain and behavior.
Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI)
studies suggest that differential findings are not only region-
or network-specific, but also state-specific, then suggesting
that research on brain connectivity in autism should be
placed in a developmental framework in order to more
precisely pin-point the sources of age-related group
differences in functional connectivity. Mcgrath and
colleagues found that altered white matter microstructure is
related to disruptions in functional connectivity during
visuospatial processing, especially in connections between
left occipital lobe and five paired regions in the left
hemisphere.
2.4. EEG for the automatic identification and MEG for the
auditory response
Elderidge et al.38 2014 reported that based on the children
with ASD exhibit hype-reactivity or hypo-reactivity to
sensory stimuli, however, they found that with an objectively
superior method of comprehensive artifact rejection that
apples to every electroencephalography (EEG) study likely
does not exist, therefore, their research reported that a
streamlined approach to artifact rejection combined with
robust feature leads to highest classification accuracy for
ADS patients. Edgar et al.39 2014, reported that using
magnetoencephalography(MEG) recording whole cortex
activities by auditory stimulation, the result showed that M50
responses were delayed in ASD compared to typical
development (TD) group bilaterally. They also found that for
an 11 years old patient, if a long inter-trial interval is used,
lack of a left and especially right M100 offers
neurobiological insight into abnormal sensory processing that
may underlie language or cognitive impairment in ASD.
North American Journal of Medicine and Science
3. Treatments for autism
3.1. TCM therapy
Chinese medicine treatments usually used Chinese medicine,
acupuncture, acupoint massage and comprehensive therapy
and other treatments for autism.
For instance, Li Aiwu40 used the compound of Si Ni Bei as
the basic prescription, adding and subtracting prescription at
the right time, with an appropriate amount to treat autism.
Children’s understanding and language ability significantly
improved after treatment. Lan Sheng rong41 treated autism
children with sleep disorders by Tian Ma Gou Teng yin with
foot massage method, which enhanced the children’s
independence and sleep quality. Acupuncture treatments, for
example, Luo Guang Feng42 and Wu Zhifeng43 applied "Jin's
Three-needle" therapy to autism children, and the curative
effect was obvious. Zhang Quanming,44 Li Huimin,45 treated
children with autism through acupuncture, and after
treatment, the IQ of children, behavior quotient of the social
adaptation and the language ability were markedly improved.
Li Congming46 combined TCM with acupoint massage to
treat autism, which obtained a certain curative effect.
Moreover, as the children were initially out of the autistic
state, other accompanied symptoms also got better. In the
treatment of 30 cases, Li Nuo47 adopted TCM five lines of
music with acupuncture and massage therapy,
communication ability and intelligence of children improved
significantly after treatment.
3.2. Western medicine therapy
Western medicine mainly includes western medicines, stem
cell transplantation, hyperbaric oxygen combined with
rehabilitation training, sensory integration training,
psychological intervention for the treatment of autism.48
At present, western medicine in the treatment of autism
include antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, and 5-selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors, oxytocin.49 But their effects are
not obvious, producing some side effects; some even have
serious drug dependence At present, the early treatments of
autism are mainly about intervention therapy, sensory
integration training and behavior modification; in addition,
medication is needed as well.
The Herbs Prescriptions for the Treatment of Autism
Prescriptions collecting
By consulting ancient books and monographs based on the
seven kinds of symptoms that related to autism which
mentioned above, 392 prescriptions for the treatment of those
symptoms were found from 70 ancient books and
monographs. The Figure 4 showed the distribution of 392
herbs prescriptions in the different Chinese Dynasties.
The ancient books and monographs
The summary data, in Figure 5, showed that the autism
symptoms have been treated in China more than 2000 years
ago. The total number of books that have the prescriptions
for treating the autism symptoms increased from Song to
North American Journal of Medicine and Science Jan 2015 Vol 8 No.1
Qing dynasty for the ancient books and monographs category.
The total numbers of prescriptions showed higher since Ming
dynasty.
Figure 4. The summary data for the books that have the prescriptions to treat
the 7 symptoms of autism by Chinese dynasty.
Figure 5. The distribution of 70 selected ancient Chinese Medical Books in
Chinese Dynasties.
The herbs prescriptions
There are 392 classic ancient herbs prescriptions that used to
treat the 7 symptoms of autism. See Figure 6.
Modern clinical application of the prescriptions
The modern clinical applications of the collected
prescriptions have been reviewed in the study. We have
found that there are 23 prescriptions still used to treat autism
from 28 papers. The most of them reported that using the
prescriptions had positive improvement for treating the
patients’ symptoms. We have also found that those 23
prescriptions have been collected in the Chinese
Pharmacopoeia or People's Republic of China Ministry of
Health pharmaceutical standards of Chinese medicine
prescription preparations 2010 Edition.50,51
25
Figure 6. The summary data of 392 classic ancient herbs prescriptions that
used to treat the 7 symptoms of autism.
Some prescriptions, such as Hu Gu pill, Bu Zhong Yi Qi
decoction, Chang Pu pill, Zuo Gui pill and so on were still
used in modern clinic to treat autism and its associated traits.
Ye Jianfei52 created "Anti-Autism Number 1”on the basis of
Di Huang Yin Zi, Kai Xin powder and Tong Qiao Huo Xue
decoction, and reported the prescription showed certain
curative effect in the treatment of children with autism.
Yong53 employed Chai Hu Gui Zhi Long Gu Mu Li decoction
in treatment of autism, there was some gratifying progress
after treatment, for instance, problems of sensory integration,
hyperactivity, enuresis, and sleep had a certain improvement.
Yan Yufen54 linked Jia Wei Wen Dan decoction with
teaching and training programs to correct 25 cases of
children with autism. After treatment, symptoms took a turn
for the better. The hyperactivity reduced, the span of
concentration increased. In addition, self-injury, shocking
head, screaming, smirking, rotation and other abnormal
behaviors diminished. Its total effective rate was 84%. Li
Dexing55 used Hu Gu pill to treat a patient who had an
inflexible tongue and unclear pronunciation and other similar
symptoms. After three months of medication, the patient
spoke more clearly than before, and half a year later, the
patients speak fluently and could join into normal social
interaction. Zhou Zhongying56 adpoted Bu Zhong Yi Qi
decoction to treat a patient who had stiff tongue and couldn’t
speak clearly. After taking the medicine for a week, patient
could speak clearly without recurrence during the next six
months. Gu Mingming57 combined Liu Wei Di Huang pill
with Chang Pu pill to cure a 6 year old child. After a month
of medication, the patient could speak more fluently and
recovered after another three months of medication. Through
the observation of curative effect of Liu Wei Di Huang pill
on 50 cases of patient with dementia, Qing Zhaoqian[58]
found that it had some positive effect in improving the
patient's intelligence, life skills and memory, etc. Yang
Shizhen[59] applied Zuo Gui pill to treat a patient who was
sluggish in eyes and slow in response. It worked well after
taking this medicine for two months and basically recovered
with the following 3 months of medication. Zhang Yu60
26 Jan 2015 Vol 8 No.1 North American Journal of Medicine and Science

treated a variety of psychiatric disorders based on Zhi Zi Chi
decoction, the efficacy was satisfactory. Zhou Ronggen 61
treated 23 cases of patients with dementia by Bai Hu
decoction. Through this process of treatment, the symptoms
like memory loss, aphasia agnosia, abnormal behavior and
reading difficulties were improved obviously. Chen
Jianhong62 utilized Si Jun Zi decoction and Huang Lian Jie
Du decoction to treat 30 cases of patients with dementia. The
curative effect was good and the total effective rate was
80.3%.

Table 1. Frequency of use of Chinese medicine.

Disease Medicine Frequency (%) Disease Medicine Frequency (%)

Poria cocos 36. 7 Angelicae sinensis radix 36. 2
Rehmanniae radix praeparata 33. 3 Acorus tatarinowii 34. 0
Panax ginseng 30. 0 Poria cocos 34. 0
Glycyrrhiza uralensis 30. 0 five kinds of Paeoniae radix rubra 31. 9
five weakness
Rhizoma dioscoreae 26. 7 retardation Rehmanniae radixpraeparata 29. 8
Rhizoma atractylodes macrocephala 23. 3 Ophiopogon japonicus 25. 5
Rhizoma chuanxiong 20. 0 Panax ginseng 25. 5
Radix astragali 20. 0 Glycyrrhiza uralensis 25. 5
Glycyrrhiza uralensis 55. 6 Acorus tatarinowii 80. 0
Panax ginseng 44. 4 Poria cocos 60. 0
Cinnamomi ramulus 44. 4 Panax ginseng 50. 0
Rheum officinale 22. 2 Angelicae sinensis radix 45. 0
soliloquy dullness
Ophiopogon japonicus 22. 2 Rehmanniae radix praeparata 45. 0
Mangnolia officinalis 22. 2 polygala tenuifolia 40. 0
Rehmanniae radix praeparata 22. 2 Alpiniae oxyphyllae semen 35. 0
Poria cocos 22. 2 Rhizoma dioscoreae 30. 0
Panax ginseng 85. 7 Artemisiae scopariae herba 56. 4
semen zizyphi spinosae 57. 1 Glycyrrhiza uralensis 45. 3
Coptis chinensis 57. 1 Poria cocos 29. 9
Cinnamomi ramulus 42. 9 Gardeniae fructus 29. 1
mutistic fetal toxicosis
Acorus tatarinowii 42. 9 Saposhnikovia radix 26. 5
polygala tenuifolia 28. 6 Paeoniae radix rubra 23. 1
Platycladi semen 28. 6 Rheum officinale 20. 5
Prunus semen 28. 6 Rhizoma atractylodes macrocephala 19. 7
Poria cocos 52. 3 Rehmanniae radix praeparata 30. 8
infantile Rhizoma dioscoreae 31. 8 infantile Achyranthis bidentatae radix 23. 4
metopism Rehmanniae radix 30. 8 metopism Moutan Cortex 23. 4
Alismatis rhizoma 30. 8 Zingiberis rhizoma recens 22. 4

Use Frequency and Pharmacological Effects of Chinese
Medicine in Prescriptions
Frequency of use of Chinese medicine
Filtering Chinese medicine of high frequency of use from
more than 300 prescriptions, we received 32 kinds of Chinese
medicines with high frequency of use, such as Acorus
gramineus Soland, Poria, Angelica, ginseng, etc. The results
are shown in Table 1.
pharmacological research results and showed that the
pharmacological action of these Chinese medicines might
improve the treatment of autism and its associated symptoms
based on the etiology that we have known so far. We thought
that the prescriptions and Chinese medicines of TCM could
be as a breakthrough point to further research of autism for
effective drug in treatment of autism, and we believed that it
would be the most valuable work.

Pharmacological effects of Chinese medicine
We verified pharmacological effects of these 32 kinds of
Chinese medicines with high frequency of use through
literature review, which were mainly improving the immune
system, calming the nerves, improving gastrointestinal tract,
enhancing memory, and so on. These pharmacological
effects were closely associated with the treating the cause of
autism. The results were shown in Table 2.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
We summarized symptoms and their targeted prescriptions
related to autism in the ancient books, and have found some
of the prescriptions were still being used to treat autism in
modern times, such as Hu Gu pill, Bu Zhong Yi Qi decoction,
Chang Pu pill, Zuo Gui pill and so on. In addition, we also
consulted the Chinese medicines which have high frequency
of use in the prescriptions and mapping with modern
TCM has made it clear that autism occurs in the brain, and
closely related with heart, spleen, liver and kidney. In TCM
therapy of autism, Chinese medicine follows the overall
thoughts of Chinese medicine to treat autism by invigorating
the spleen, eliminating phlegm, opening mind, tonifying the
kidney, nourishing the heart, building the brain. Treating
autism is mainly tonifying spleen, eliminating phlegm,
inducing resuscitation, tonifying kidney, nourishing heart,
and invigorating brain.
Chinese herbal medicine compound takes effect with multi
components, multi target, multi mechanism and multi-
tache synthetically. It could adjust organism function and
change its usage when faced with different diseases, and its
side effects are slight. Hence, compound Chinese medicine in
the treatment of autism has irreplaceable advantages
compared with Western medicine. Therefore, it is feasible
North American Journal of Medicine and Science Jan 2015 Vol 8 No.1 27

from the perspective of Chinese medicine to search the functions of improving immunity, protecting the brain
prescriptions and Chinese medicines to cure autism. Studies and nervous tissue, adjusting gastrointestinal, in a word, they
have shown that Chinese medicines we collated chiefly have can improve related symptoms of autism.

Table 2. Use frequency and pharmacological effects of Chinese medicine in prescriptions.

Pharmacological effects Literature

Chinese medicine name A B C D E F G H I sources
Poria cocos + + + [63-68]
Rehmanniae radix praeparata + + + [69-71]
Panax ginseng + + [72-73]
Glycyrrhiza uralensis + + [74-76]
Rhizoma dioscoreae + + + [77-78]
Rhizoma atractylodes macrocephala + + + [79]
Rhizoma chuanxiong + + + [80-84]
Radix astragali + + [85]
Paeoniae radix alba + + + + [86-90]
Cinnamomi ramulus + + [91]
Rheum officinale + + [92-93]
Ophiopogon japonicus + [94]
Mangnolia officinalis + + [95-96]
Radix scutellariae + + + + [97]
semen zizyphi spinosae + + + + [98-100]
Coptis chinensis + + + + [101-103]
Acorus tatarinowii + + + [104-105]
polygala tenuifolia + + + [106]
Platycladi semen + + + + [107-108]
Prunus semen + + [109]
Angelicae sinensis radix + + [110-112]
Alpiniae oxyphyllae semen + + + [113-115]
Corni fructus + [116]
Cuscutae semen + [117-118]
Artemisiae scopariae herba + + [119-120]
Gardeniae fructus + + [121-122]
Saposhnikovia radix + [123]
Schizonepetae herba + + + [124-125]
Alismatis rhizoma + + [126]
Achyranthis bidentatae radix + + + [127]
Moutan Cortex + + + [128]
Zingiberis rhizoma recens + + [129]

Note: A: Improve immune, B: Protect the nerve, C: anti-inflam-matory, D: Antiall-ergic, E: Calm down nerves, F: Improve the
gastrointestinal, G: Elimin-ating phlegm, H: Enhance memory, I: Protect liver

As we have learned from this review, recently biomarkers for
the autism measurements have been extensively investigated
in different perspectives. That is not only for helping on more
precisely diagnoses the autism, but also can be used to
measure the effectiveness of herbs medicinal treatment
However, the traditional prescriptions have disadvantages of
large dose, perishable, inconvenient carrying. Also the
outcome of effects of using compound the Chinese herbal
medicine still needs to be determined. Therefore, in the
absence of effective drugs and treatments, it is of far-
reaching significance to create new forms of Chinese
medicines which are convenient of carrying and taking on the
foundation of the prescriptions and medicines to extract
active ingredients.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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