TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

1338 Arlegui St., Quiapo, Manila

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

A DESIGN OF BLOWER FOR DANN’S AID LABORATORIES INC.’S

ADDITIONAL WINE FILLING CLEAN ROOMS

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in the Course ME 510

Submitted by:

Aportadera, Carlo C.
Baguhin, Lorenzo M.
Famadico, Leo Neil F.
Feliciano, Niño Justine V.
Timbang, Ericsson L.

Submitted to:
Engr. Nicanor L. Serrano
(Mechanical Engineering Department Head)

Under the Guidance of:

Engr. Lydell B. Asdillo

March 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As the proponents of this design, it is our proud privilege to release the feeling of our gratitude to several
persons who helped us directly or indirectly to conduct our design project. First of all, we, the proponents,
would like to thank the Almighty Creator for giving the support and guidance to overcome the circumstances
the proponents have faced upon completion of this design.
The proponents would like to thank Engr. Lydell Asdillo, for his guidance to every group throughout the
semester and for the additional knowledge he taught the proponents.
The proponents would also like to acknowledge the efforts of Engr. Benjamin Tiglao for accommodating and
giving inputs to the proponents during their consultation.
And lastly, the proponents would like to thank their parents and friends for their unending support and
encouragement. Through their positive actions, the proponents were motivated to finish the design project.

ii
 ABSTRACT
A clean room is an environment, typically used in manufacturing, that has a low level of environmental
pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes, aerosols particles and chemical vapors. More accurately, a clean
room has a controlled level of contamination that is specified by the number of particles per cubic meter at a
specified particle size. As per the regulations specified by regulating authority Food & Drug Administration it
is necessary to implement specified norms for all pharmaceutical & food industries. Numerous air changes
must be done inside a clean room facility. This requires air handling unit that will supply the required air flow
rate based upon the required air changes per hour. Blowers are one of the equipment ideal for supplying air
in such facility. In order to prevent air contaminants from entering the clean room, air filters are needed
specifically HEPA filters.

iii
 Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
The Project 1
The Client 2
Statement of the Problem 4
Project Objectives 4
Project Scope and Delimitation 4
Project Development 5

CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS 6

General Concepts and Theories 6
Design Parameters 14
Alternative Design 1: Manufacturer’s Data 16
Alternative Design 2: Manufacturer’s Data 17

CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESIGN 18

Alternative Design 1 18
Alternative Design 2 18

CHAPTER 4: CODES, STANDARDS, CONSTRAINTS AND TRADE – OFFS 19

Codes and Standards 19
Design Constraints 22
Constraints and Trade – offs 26

CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN 30

Conclusion 30

APPENDIX A 32
APPENDIX B 33
APPENDIX C 42
APPENDIC D 52

iv
 List of Figures
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Figure 1- 1: Location Map of Dann's Aid Laboratory Inc. 2
Figure 1 – 2: Dann’s Aid Laboratories, INC 3
Figure 1-3: Dann's Aid Laboratory, INC Logo 3

CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS

Figure 2-1: Centrifugal Fan 6
Figure 2-2: Axial Fan 6
Figure 2-3: Radial Fan 7
Figure 2-4: Forward-curved Fan 8
Figure 2-5: Backward-inclined Fan 8
Figure 2-6: Vane axial fans 9
Figure 2-7: Tube axial fans 10
Figure 2-8: Propeller fans 10
Figure 2 - 9: Construction of Air Filter 13
Figure 2 - 10: HEPA Filter 16
Figure 2 - 11: SISW Centrifugal Blower 16
Figure 2 - 12: HEPA Filter 17
Figure 2 - 14: SISW Centrifugal Blower 17

CHAPTER 4: CODES, STANDARDS, CONSTRAINTS AND TRADE – OFFS

Figure 4 – 1: Permissible Noise Exposure 21
Figure 4- 2: Equipment Life Expectancy Chart, ASHRAE 2013 21
Figure 4 - 3: Weight distribution for Criteria for Constraints 25
Figure 4 – 4: Constraints and Trade – Offs 29

CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN

Figure 5 – 1: HEPA Filter 30
Figure 5 – 2: SISW Centrifugal Blower 30

APPENDIX B
Figure B-1: Centrifugal Blowers Selection Chart 34
Figure B-2: Block Diagram for Design Alternative 1 38
APPENDIX C
Figure C-1: Centrifugal Blowers Selection Chart 44
Figure C-2: Block Diagram for Design Alternative 2 48
APPENDIX D
Figure D -1: Floor Plan 52
Figure D -2: Floor Plan 52

v
 List of Tables
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS
Table 2-1: Fan Efficiencies 7
Table 2 -2: ISO Classifications of Clean Room 11
Table 2 - 3: Common Applications and Approximate Filter Requirements 12
Table 2 - 4: Air Changes Rate per Hour 14
Table 2 – 5: HEPA Filter Specifications 16
Table 2 – 6: Centrifugal Blower Specifications 16
Table 2 – 7: HEPA Filter Specifications 17
Table 2 – 8: Centrifugal Blower Specifications 17

CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESIGN

Table 3 – 1: Summary of Computations for Alternative Design 1 18
Table 3 – 2: Summary of Computations for Alternative Design 2 18

CHAPTER 4: CODES, STANDARDS, CONSTRAINTS AND TRADE – OFFS

Table 4 – 1: ISO Classifications of Clean Room 19
Table 4 – 2: Air Changes Rate per Hour 19
Table 4 – 3: Pairwise Comparison Chart 23
Table 4 - 4: Ranking of Top Constraints 24
Table 4 - 5: Percent Weight of Constraints 25
Table 4 - 6: Criteria for Constraints and Consideration 25
Table 4 – 7: Health and Safety Trade – Offs 26
Table 4 – 8: Health and safety Trade-Offs Justification 26
Table 4 – 9: Economical Trade – Offs 27
Table 4 – 10: Economical Trade-Offs Justification 27
Table 4 – 11: Health and Safety Trade – Offs 28
Table 4 – 12: Health and safety Trade-Offs Justification 28
Table 4 – 13: Overall Trade – Offs 28
Table 4 -13: Alternative Design Ranking 29

CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN

Table 5 – 1: HEPA Filter Specifications 31
Table 5 – 2: Centrifugal Blower Specifications 31
Table 5 – 3: Summary of Computations for Alternative Design 1 31

APPENDIX A
Figure A -1: Air Changes Rate per Hour 32

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The Project

Blowers are mechanical or electro-mechanical devices used to induce gas flow through ducting, process
stacks, etc.--wherever flow is needed for exhausting, aspirating, cooling, ventilating, conveying, and so on.
Many blowers fall under the classifications of Industrial Blowers, Industrial Cooling Fans, Industrial Exhaust
Fan, Industrial Fan Blower, Industrial Fans and Industrial Ventilation Fans. Key specifications include
intended application, blower type, port design, as well as the parameters of flow capacity, electrical ratings,
and dimensions.

Indoor air quality is of paramount importance for human comfort and health. Air, whether it is from outside or
re-circulated within the area, acts as a vehicle for airborne contaminants brought in by the movement of
people, material, etc. Since many of these airborne contaminants are harmful either to products or people
working in such environments their removal is necessary on industrial and medical grounds.

As defined by ISO14644-1, a cleanroom is a room in which the concentration of airborne particles is

controlled, and which is constructed and used in a manner to minimize the introduction, generation, and
retention of particles inside the room and in which other relevant parameters, e.g. temperature, humidity, and
pressure, are controlled as necessary.

1
The Client

Company Profile
Dann’s Aid Laboratories, Incorporated is a drug and wine establishment engaged in the manufacturing of
galenical products and red wine. It is located at First Valenzuela Industrial Park, Bancal Extension,
Meycauayan, Bulacan. It is composed of three separate buildings; the office and the RM/packaging
warehouse, the canteen, and the main building where production and other relevant activities pertaining to
manufacturing operations is performed. The production area consists of three production lines. Line A is for
internal preparations while Line B and C is for external. All lines or division is designed in such a way that
production operation conforms the Current Good Manufacturing Practice.

Additional Information
Company Location: 1st Industrial Subd., Bancal Ext., Meycuayan, Bulacan

Figure 1- 1: Location Map of Dann's Aid Laboratory Inc.

(Source: Google Map, 2018)

2
Site Description
Dann’s Aid Laboratories Inc. is located at First Valenzuela Industrial Park, Bancal Extension
Meycauayan, Bulacan. The structure is newly renovated and designed according to
pharmaceutical/manufacturing standards. It is surrounded by different manufacturing and distribution
industries engaged in manufacturing of candies, furniture, garments, others.

Figure 1 – 2: Dann’s Aid Laboratories, INC

Figure 1-3: Dann's Aid Laboratory, INC Logo

3
Statement of the Problem
Dann’s Aid Laboratories, INC is originally a pharmaceutical company. As a growing company, they decided
to go into food manufacturing industry, specifically wine manufacturing. Additional wine filling rooms were
needed for the company expansion. These additional rooms must adhere with the Philippine Food and Drug
Administration standards with regards to the air flow circulation. The proponents therefore decided to design
a blower needed for the clean rooms in accordance with the food and drug administration standards.

Project Objectives
General Objectives
To provide a blower design for Dann’s Aid Laboratories’ wine filling clean rooms in compliance with the
Philippine Food and Drug Administration standards.

Specific Objectives
➢ To provide a computational analysis on the performance of the centrifugal blower based on its
specifications needed in the operation.
➢ For the first alternative, installing a total of two centrifugal blowers, one for each wine filling rooms.
➢ For the second alternative, installing one centrifugal blower for the two wine filling rooms.
➢ To select the best alternative design appropriate for Dann’s Aid Laboratories’ wine filling rooms by
means of constraints and trade – offs.

Project Scope and Delimitation

The aim of this project is to propose a blower design for Dann’s Aide Laboratories, INC to attain the clean
room standards. The design is intended to remove the airborne contaminants or particles from the outside
area to be circulated to the clean rooms. The Philippine FDA standards for clean rooms for Beverages and
Food Industries was taken into great consideration for this design project. The proponents utilized the data
based on the standards of clean room in selecting the most appropriate design to be used in the clean room
blower design.

This study only focuses on the blower/fan design needed for the wine filling rooms of Dann’s Aide
Laboratories. The Ducting system of the facility will not be covered by this study. The exhaust fans to be used
are also not covered in this project design.

4
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

5
 CHAPTER 2
DESIGN INPUTS

GENERAL CONCEPT AND THEORIES

Fans
Fans are one of the most widely used industrial machines nowadays, it provides air ventilation and industrial
process requirements. Fans generate a pressure to move air or gases against a resistance caused by ducts,
dampers, or other components in a fan system. The key purpose of a fan is to move air by means of
circulating, blowing or extracting to make the environment safe, comfortable & healthy for human survival,
provide and accommodate large flow of air or gas to various parts of buildings and different structures.

Types of Fan
• Centrifugal Fans
- Air enters parallel to the axis of the fan and turns through 90º and is discharged radially through the
blades. The blade force is tangential causing the air to spin with the blades and the main pressure
is attributed to this centrifugal force

Figure 2-1: Centrifugal Fan

• Axial Fans
- Air flows through the impeller parallel to, and at a constant distance from the axis. The pressure rise
is provided by the direct action of the blades

Figure 2-2: Axial Fan

6
 Type of Fan Peak Efficiency Range
Centrifugal Fans
Airfoil, backward curved/inclined 79-83
Modified radial 72-79
Radial 69-75
Pressure blower 58-68
Forward curved 60-65
Axial Fans
Vane axial 78-85
Tube axial 67-72
Propeller 45-50

Table 2-1: Fan Efficiencies

(Source: https://www.beeindia.gov.in)
Radial Fans
Radial fans are industrial workhorses because of their high static pressures (up to 1400 mm WC) and ability
to handle heavily contaminated airstreams. Because of their simple design, radial fans are well suited for
high temperatures and medium blade tip speeds.

Figure 2-3: Radial Fan

Advantages
• Suitable for high static pressures and high temperatures
• Can operate at low air flows without vibration problems
• High durability
• Have large running clearances, which is useful for airborne solids (dust, wood chips and metal
scraps) handling services
Disadvantages
• Only suitable for low–medium airflow rates
Applications
• Industrial/mining/petrochemical
• Dust extraction applications
• High-pressure applications

7
Forward-curved Fans
Forward-curved fans are used in clean environments and operate at lower temperatures. They are well suited
for low tip speed and high-airflow work - they are best suited for moving large volumes of air against relatively
low pressures.

Figure 2-4: Forward-curved Fan

Advantages
• Can move large air volumes against relatively low pressure
• Relatively small size
• Low noise level (due to low speed)
Disadvantages
• Only suitable for clean service applications but not for high pressure and harsh services
• Fan output is difficult to adjust accurately
• Driver must be selected carefully to avoid motor overload because power curve increases steadily
with airflow
Applications
• HVAC/industrial
• Clean air supply & and extraction

Backward-inclined Fans
Backward-inclined fans are more efficient than forward-curved fans. Backward-inclined fans reach their peak
power consumption and then power demand drops off well within their useable airflow range. Backward-
inclined fans are known as "non-overloading" because changes in static pressure do not overload the motor.

Figure 2-5: Backward-inclined Fan

8
Advantages
• Can operate with changing static pressure (as this does not overload the motor)
• Suitable when system behavior at high air flow is uncertain
• Suitable for forced-draft services
Disadvantages
• Not suitable for dirty air streams (as fan shape promotes accumulation of dust)
Applications
• HVAC/industrial
• Clean air supply & and extraction

Vane axial fans

Vane axial fans are similar to tube axial, but with addition of guide vanes that improve efficiency by directing
and straightening the flow. As a result, they have a higher static pressure with less dependence on the duct
static pressure. Such fans are used generally for pressures up to 500 mm WC. Vane axial is typically the
most energy-efficient fans available and should be used whenever possible.

Figure 2-6: Vane axial fans

Advantages
• Suited for medium/high pressures
• Quick acceleration
• Suited for direct motor shaft connection
Disadvantages
• Expensive
Applications
• HVAC/industrial
• High pressure application

Tube axial fans

Tube axial fans have a wheel inside a cylindrical housing, with close clearance between blade and housing
to improve airflow efficiency. The wheel turns faster than propeller fans, enabling operation under high-
pressures 250 – 400 mm WC. The efficiency is up to 65%.

9
 Figure 2-7: Tube axial fans
Advantages
• High pressures to overcome duct losses
• Suited for medium-pressure, high airflow rates
• Quick acceleration
• Space efficient
Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Moderate noise
Applications
• HVAC/industrial
• Drying ovens and exhaust systems

Propeller fans
Propeller fans usually run at low speeds and moderate temperatures. They experience a large change in
airflow with small changes in static pressure. They handle large volumes of air at low pressure or free delivery.
Propeller fans are often used indoors as exhaust fans. Outdoor applications include air-cooled condensers
and cooling towers. Efficiency is low – approximately 50% or less.

Figure 2-8: Propeller fans

Advantages
• High airflow at low pressure
• little ductwork

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 • Inexpensive
• Suited for rooftop ventilation
• Reverse flow
Disadvantages
• Low energy efficiency
• Noisy
Applications
• Air circulation attend
• ventilation
• exhaust

(Sources: https://www.grainger.com, https://www.beeindia.gov.in, https://www.sciencedirect.com)

CLEAN ROOM
A cleanroom is a controlled environment that has a low level of pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes,
aerosol particles, and chemical vapors. To be exact, a cleanroom has a controlled level of contamination that
is specified by the number of particles per cubic meter at a specified particle size.
Food Manufacturing is an industry where product safety, quality, and integrity are paramount. As such, clean
rooms are vital in the food manufacturing industry to ensure food product quality and to adhere to FDA
standards and requirements. In food manufacturing, clean rooms must generally meet ISO Class 6
Standards.
Table 2 -2: ISO Classifications of Clean Room

The table above shows the maximum concentration limits (particles/m3 of air) of each clean room
classifications.
11
FILTRATION SYSTEM
Any air introduced in the controlled zone needs to be filtered. Air filtration involves the separation of
"particles" from airstreams. Their removal method is almost as diverse as the size ranges of the particulates
generated. Understanding separation techniques requires an exact definition of what particles are. As
particles become very small, they cease to behave so much like particles as they do gas phase molecules.
It is difficult to tell whether such small particles are actually suspended in air (particles) or diffused throughout
it (gas or vapor). The bottom boundary where particles act as true particles is about 0.01 micron. The normal
theory of separation does not apply to particles below this size and removing them from air requires
techniques reserved for gaseous materials. Particles above 0.01 micron are usually considered to be
filterable.

Industrial Air Filters

Industrial air filters are devices designed to remove solid particulates and molecular contaminants
for the purpose of improving air quality in a system or environment. Air filters can be used in any application
requiring the use of clean air. All air entering a cleanroom must be treated by one or more filters. High-
efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) filters are the most common filters used
in cleanroom applications.

Table 2 - 3: Common Applications and Approximate Filter Requirements

12
High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters
The HEPA filters work on diffusion principle to remove particulate matter and are extremely important
for maintaining contamination control. These filter particles as small as 0.3 μm (microns) with a 99.97%
minimum particle-collective efficiency.

All HEPA Filters are disposable, rigid frame filters that typically feature media comprised of
interwoven fiberglass fibers. Since the media functions as a depth filter, particles are retained throughout the
filter medium rather than just on the surface.

Air Filter Construction

Figure 2 - 9: Construction of Air Filter

Air filters are constructed of filter media, sealants, a frame, and sometimes a faceguard and/or gasket.
1) Media is the filtering material. Common types of media include glass fiber, synthetic fiber, non-woven fiber,
and PTFE. High efficiency filters use sub-micron glass fiber media housed in an aluminum framework.
2) Sealant is the adhesive material that creates a leak-proof seal between the filter media and the frame.
3) Frame is where the filter media is inserted. It can be made from a variety of materials including aluminum,
stainless steel, plastic or wood.
4) Faceguard is a screen attached to the filter to protect the filter media during handling and installation.
5) Gasket is a rubber or sponge like material used to prevent air leaks between the filter and its housing by
compressing the two together.
Air enters the filter through the upstream side. It flows through the filter, contaminants are taken out of the
air, and the ‘clean’ air exits through the downstream side.

13
Airflow based on Air Change Rate (ACR)
Air change rate is a measure of how quickly the air in an interior space is replaced by outside (or conditioned)
air. The required air change rate per hour is determined by the ISO class to be met, as shown below. Air
flow rate is measured in appropriate units such as cubic feet per minute (CFM) and is given by

Table 2 - 4: Air Changes Rate per Hour

(Source: www.terrauniversal.com)

Number of HEPA Filters

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 =
𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤

Design Parameters

1. Total Fan Efficiency

- The fan efficiency is the ratio between power transferred to airflow and the power used by the fan

𝐺𝑃
𝑒𝑡 = × 100%
𝐵𝑃

2. Fan Power
- Fan power output is the power delivered to the air by the fan. It is a function of the fan air volume
flow rate and the fan total pressure.

𝐺𝑃 = 𝑉𝛿𝑓 𝐻𝑓

3. Total Fan Head

- The sum of the fan static head and the velocity head at the fan discharge corresponding to a given
quantity of airflow.

𝐻𝑓 = ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑣

14
Where:
𝑉02
ℎ𝑣 =
2𝑔

𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤
ℎ𝑠 =
𝛾𝑎

FAN LAWS
According to Bureau of Energy Efficiency (2011), the fans operate under a predictable set of laws concerning
speed, power, and pressure. A change in speed (RPM) of any fan will predictably change the pressure rise
and power necessary to operate it at the new rpm.

15
Design Alternative 1: Manufacturer’s Data

Figure 2 - 10: HEPA Filter

Table 2 – 5: HEPA Filter Specifications
Model Name VGXL13-610X610X292-P-PS
Filter Class H13
Width 610 mm
Height 610 mm
Depth 292 mm
Media Area m2 38
Air Flow 4000 m3/hr.
Pressure Drop 240 Pa

Figure 2 - 11: SISW Centrifugal Blower

Table 2 – 6: Centrifugal Blower Specifications
Brake Power 60 HP
Rated Flow Rate 22,000 CFM
Pressure inches W.G. 25 inches
Diameter 10 in WG
Equipment Cost $ 8,500 per unit
Noise Emission 82 dB(A)

16
Design Alternative 2: Manufacturer’s Data

Figure 2 - 12: HEPA Filter

Table 2 – 7: HEPA Filter Specifications
Model Name VGXL14-762X610X292-P-PS
Filter Class H14
Width 762 mm
Height 610 mm
Depth 292 mm
Media Area m2 46
Air Flow 6000 m3/hr
Pressure Drop 260 Pa

Figure 2 - 14: SISW Centrifugal Blower

Table 2 – 8: Centrifugal Blower Specifications
Brake Power 150 HP
Rated Flow Rate 40,000 CFM
Pressure inches W.G. 35 inches
Diameter 12 in WG
Equipment Cost $ 20,350 per unit
Noise Emission 148 dB(A)

17
 CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DESIGN
Alternative Design 1: Installing a total of two centrifugal blowers, one for each wine filling rooms.
Table 3 – 1: Summary of Computations for Alternative Design 1
PARAMETERS VALUE
No. of HEPA Filters per Blower 9
Total Head 270.0689 m
Volume Flow Rate 10.3908 m3/s
Air Power 32.4841 kW
Brake Power 44.76 kW
Mechanical Efficiency 72.57 %
Annual Energy Consumption 206, 254.08 (kW∙hr)/year
ECONOMICS
Annual Energy Cost Php 1,204,523.827
Cost of Equipment Php 890,279.8
Total HEPA Filter Cost Php 279,395.4727
Capital Cost Php 1,169,675.273
Refer to Appendix B for computations.

Alternative Design 2: Installing one centrifugal blower for the two wine filling rooms.
Table 3 – 2: Summary of Computations for Alternative Design 2
PARAMETERS VALUE
No. of HEPA Filters per Blower 11
Total Head 305.4497 m
Volume Flow Rate 18.8924 m3/s
Air Power 66.7997 kW
Brake Power 111.9 kW
Mechanical Efficiency 59.6959 %
Annual Energy Consumption 257,817.6 (kW∙hr)/year
ECONOMICS
Annual Energy Cost Php 1,505,654.784
Cost of Equipment Php 1,065,717.29
Total HEPA Filter Cost Php 206,687.2851
Capital Cost Php 1, 272,404.575

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 CHAPTER 4
CODES, STANDARDS, CONSTRAINTS AND TRADE-OFFS
ISO 14644-1 Cleanroom Standards
CLEANROOM CLASSIFICATION PARTICLE COUNT
The basis of cleanroom standards is the micrometer, or micron for short (µm), which is the size of the particles
to be filtered. As stated before, cleanrooms are classified by how clean the air is, according to the quantity
and size of particles per volume of air. The cleanroom classification table below shows the maximum
concentration limits (particles/m3 of air) for particles equal to and larger than the considered sizes shown.

Some classifications do not require certain particle sizes to be tested because the respective concentrations
are too low or too high to be tested, but they should not be zero.

Table 4 – 1: ISO Classifications of Clean Room

Table 4 – 2: Air Changes Rate per Hour

(Source: www.terrauniversal.com)

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IEST-RP-CC001: HEPA AND ULPA FILTERS
This Recommended Practice (RP), IEST-RP-CC001.6, covers basic provisions for HEPA (high efficiency
particulate air) and ULPA (ultra-low penetration air) filter units as a basis for agreement between customers
and suppliers.
HEPA filters and ULPA filters that meet the requirements of this RP are suitable for use in clean air devices
and cleanrooms that fall within the scope of ISO 14644 and for use in supply air and contaminated exhaust
systems that require extremely high filter efficiency (99.97% or higher) for submicrometer (μm) particles.
This RP describes 11 levels of filter performance and six grades of filter construction. The customer’s
purchase order should specify the level of performance and grade of construction required. The customer
should also specify the filter efficiency required if it is not covered by the performance levels specified in
this RP.

PPHILIPPINE MECHANICAL CODE

CHAPTER 9 - Heating, Ventilating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
Section 7.0 Air Filters
7.1 Air filters shall be of approved types that will not burn freely or emit large volumes of smoke or other
objectionable products.
Liquid adhesive tanks into which removable filters are dipped should preferably be located outside the
building or in a separate fire resistive room.
Liquid adhesive coatings used on air filters shall have a flash point not lower than 177OC. Air filters shall
have a minimum rating of 60% filtering efficiency and higher efficiency for special applications.
Filters shall be sized to provide not less than 0.093 m2 of total face area per 142 Ips of air and shall be readily
accessible for cleaning or replacement.

ISO 5801, Industrial Fans—Performance Testing Using Standardized Airways.

For the third edition, the contents were reorganized to define and allow all possible configurations of defined
component parts as standardized test setups. A further significant reduction of volume has been achieved
by streamlining the content. Essential features of this document are as follows.

ISO 5801:2017 specifies procedures for the determination of the performance of fans of all types except
those designed solely for air circulation, e.g. ceiling fans and table fans. Testing of jet fans is described in
ISO 13350.

ISO 5801:2017 provides estimates of uncertainty of measurement and rules for the conversion, within
specified limits, of test results for changes in speed, gas handled and, in the case of model tests, size are
given.

20
OSH STANDARDS
1074.01: Threshold Limit Values for Noise
The threshold limit values refer to sound pressure that represents conditions under which it is believed that
nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect on their ability to hear and understand
normal speech.
(1) Feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized when workers are exposed to sound levels
exceeding those specified in Table 8b hereof when measured on a scale of a standard sound level meter at
slow response. If such controls fail to reduce sound within the specified levels, ear protective devices capable
of bringing the sound level to permissible noise exposure shall be provided by the employer and used by the
worker.
1074:02: Permissible Noise Exposure

Figure 4 – 1: Permissible Noise Exposure

ASHRAE Equipment Life Expectancy Chart

Figure 4- 2: Equipment Life Expectancy Chart, ASHRAE 2013

21
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

For this design project, the proponents identified the following multiple realistic constraints. Out of these
constraints, the proponents applied the Pairwise Comparison to narrow down the top three constraints to be
used.

➢ Economic
➢ Environmental
➢ Health and Safety
➢ Manufacturability
➢ Sustainability

1. Economic
Relates to the project budget. Takes into consideration the cost of equipment needed for the project.
If the budget is inadequate, then it can have a negative impact on the success of the project in terms of
quality, safety, functionality and performance.

2. Environmental
Gives consideration to the possible effects of the project into the environment. Comprise limiting
factors concerning environmental problems.

3. Health and Safety

Health and safety constraints involves all of the people who may reasonably be expected to be
harmed by the system during the operation. This refers to the degree to which illness, injury, and death
are prevented, detected, and properly reacted to.

4. Manufacturability
Refers in designing of a product with efficient, reliable and acceptable cost of resources possible to
produce in terms of constructability. Also, in producing few resources on parts, labor, and maintenance
with high quality standards.

5. Sustainability
Concerned with the expected longevity of the project upon installation of the equipment. The
equipment’s useful life is taken into consideration.

22
 Table 4 – 3: Pairwise Comparison Chart

Health and Safety

Manufacturability
Environmental

Sustainability
Economical
Total
Criteria for Constraints Rank
Score

Economical - 1 0 1 1 3 2nd
Environmental 0 - 0 0 0 0 5th
Health and Safety 1 1 - 1 1 4 1st
Manufacturability 0 1 0 - 0 1 4th
Sustainability 0 1 0 1 - 2 3rd

Economical Vs Environmental
The proponents have given priority the economical rather than environmental because the
environmental effects of the design options are minimal and can be neglected. Another reason is that the
project should be cost-effective for the clients.

Economical Vs Health and Safety

Health & Safety constraint was given more priority over economical constraint because as engineers,
the most important thing that should be guaranteed is the health and safety of employees.

Economical Vs Manufacturability
Economical constraint was given more priority over manufacturability constraint because as
engineers, we should know that cost of the project determines whether the project design can be
manufactured or built.

Economical Vs Sustainability
The proponents have prioritized the economical over sustainability. The capability of the project to
be sustainable for the needs is important but the cost of the project must be taken into great consideration
first.

Environmental Vs Health and Safety

The possible effect of the project is very minimal and can be neglected. And also, as a future
mechanical engineer, we must uphold the safety and health. Therefore, the proponents have given priority
to health and safety.

Environmental Vs Manufacturability
As stated before, environmental effects of the project are negligible. Assurance to the client that the
project is manufacturable has given priority by the proponents.

Environmental Vs Sustainability
The ability of the project to sustain the needs of the client for a long period of time was greatly
considered by the proponents, prioritizing it over the environmental constraint.

23
Health and Safety Vs Manufacturability
By giving more importance to health and safety over manufacturability of the project, the proponents
guarantee the welfare of the employees and personnel as the topmost priority.

Health and Safety Vs Sustainability

Selecting the suitable equipment with the capability to provide and sustain the needs of the company
is a great factor to be considered. But without taking into consideration the health and safety of the employees
and workers, the project will not be feasible. Therefore, the proponents have selected health and safety over
sustainability.

Manufacturability Vs Sustainability
Selection of equipment for the design project is important. But, ensuring that the project can sustain
the needs of the client during its whole operation is more important. Thus, the proponents chose sustainability
more than manufacturability.

Table 4 - 4: Ranking of Top Constraints

CONSTRAINTS RANK
Health & Safety 1st
Economical 2nd
Sustainability 3rd

The top three constraints will be subjected to reference comparison in order to determine each respective
weight which will be relevant in comparing the options for each alternative design.

Reference Comparison
A good alternative to the Paired Comparison is the Reference Comparison method. Given a set of evaluation
criteria, choose the evaluation criterion that is most significant in the set. Assign this criterion a value of 3.
Using this as a reference, weigh the remaining criteria as follows:
➢ 1 = the criterion is much less important than the “reference criterion”
➢ 2 = the criterion is slightly less important as the “reference criterion”
➢ 3 = the criterion is as important as the “reference criterion”
Then, normalize these values so that they sum to 1. (MITRE, 2017)
Sustainability = 1
Economical = 2
Health and Safety =3

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥 100%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
But,
Total Weight = 3 + 2 + 1
Total Weight = 6
Then,
2
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (% 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) = 𝑥 100%
6

24
 𝑬𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 (% 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕) = 𝟑𝟑%
Therefore,
Table 4 - 5: Percent Weight of Constraints
CONSTRAINTS RANK WEIGHT (%)
Health & Safety 1st 50 %
Economical 2nd 33%
Sustainability 3rd 17%

Percent Weight

17%
Health and Safety
50% Economical
Sustainability
33%

Figure 4 - 3: Weight distribution for Criteria for Constraints

Table 4 - 6: Criteria for Constraints and Consideration

CONSTRAINTS CONSIDERATIONS
• Filter Efficiency
Health and Safety • OSH STANDARDS 1074.01: Threshold Limit
Values for Noise
• Cost of HEPA Filters
Economical • Capital Cost
• Annual Energy Cost
• Fan Efficiency
Sustainability
• Equipment Life Expectancy

25
CONSTRAINTS AND TRADE-OFFS
The proponents have utilized the Likert Scale method to assess the two proposed designs. For this project
design, Likert Scale has the range from 1 to 2. The proponents have defined that the rating 2 as favorable
and the rating 1 being not favorable.

HEALTH AND SAFETY TRADE – OFFS (50%)

Table 4 – 7: Health and Safety Trade – Offs

CONSIDERATION ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 1 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 2

Filter Efficiency 1 2
OSH STANDARDS 1074.01:
Threshold Limit Values for Noise. 2 1
Limit of 105dbA per hour.
TOTAL RATING 0.75 0.75
HEALTH AND SAFETY (50%) 37.5 % 37.5 %

Table 4 – 8: Health and safety Trade-Offs Justification

CONSIDERATION ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 1 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 2

Filter Efficiency Based from the Manufacturer’s Based from the Manufacturer’s
Data, the Filter type for alternative Data, the Filter type for alternative
design 2 is H13 that has a filter design 1 is H14 that has a filter
efficiency of 99.95% efficiency of 99.995%
OSH STANDARDS 1074.01: Referring to the Manufacturer’s Referring to the Manufacturer’s
Threshold Limit Values for Noise. Data, the noise emission is at 82 Data, the noise emission is at 148
Limit of 105dbA per hour.
dB(A). dB(A).

26
ECONOMICAL TRADE – OFFS (33%)
Table 4 – 9: Economical Trade – Offs

CONSIDERATION ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 1 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 2

HEPA Filter Cost 1 2
Equipment Cost 2 1
Annual Energy Cost 2 1
TOTAL RATING 0.83 0.67
ECONOMICAL (33%) 27.39 % 22.11%

Table 4 – 10: Economical Trade-Offs Justification

CONSIDERATION ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 1 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 2

HEPA Filter Cost Based on Appendix B, the HEPA Based on Appendix B, the HEPA
Filter Cost is Php 279,395.4727. Filter Cost is Php 206,687.2851
Equipment Cost Referring to Appendix B, the Referring to Appendix B, the
Equipment cost is Php 890,279.8 Equipment cost is Php
1,065,717.29
Annual Energy Cost Based on Appendix B, the Annual Based on Appendix B, the Annual
Energy Cost is Php Energy Cost is Php
1,204,523.827 1,505,654.784

27
SUSTAINABILITY TRADE – OFFS (17%)
Table 4 – 11: Health and Safety Trade – Offs

CONSIDERATION ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 1 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 2

Fan Efficiency 2 1
Equipment Life Expectancy 2 2
TOTAL RATING 1 0.75
SUSTAINABILITY (17%) 17% 12.75%

Table 4 – 12: Health and safety Trade-Offs Justification

CONSIDERATION ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 1 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 2

Based from the computations in Based from the computations in
Fan Efficiency Appendix B, the fan efficiency is Appendix C, the fan efficiency is
72.57%. 59.6959 %.
According to ASHRAE, the According to ASHRAE, the
Equipment Life Expectancy Equipment Life Expectancy of Equipment Life Expectancy of
centrifugal fans is 25 years. centrifugal fans is 25 years.

OVERALL TRADE – OFFS

Table 4 – 13: Overall Trade – Offs
CONSTRAINTS ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 1 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 2
HEALTH AND SAFETY (50%) 37.5% 37.5%
ECONOMICAL (33%) 27.39% 22.11%
SUSTAINABILITY (17%) 17% 12.75%
TOTAL PERCENTAGE 81.89% 72.36%

28
 90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00% Sustainability
Economical
40.00%
Health and Safety
30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
Alternative Design 1 Alternative Design 2

Figure 4 – 4: Constraints and Trade – Offs

Table 4 -13: Alternative Design Ranking

RANK DESIGN OPTION

1st Alternative Design 1

2nd Alternative Design 2

Based on the table above, alternative design 1 gained the 1st rank and has the highest percentage in terms
of the considered constraints. This means that the alternative design 1 is the best and suitable blower design
for Dann’s Aid Laboratories additional wine filling rooms. The design is composed of a total of two centrifugal
blowers, one for each wine filling rooms. The filter utilized in this design is H14 HEPA Filter Type.

29
 CHAPTER 5
FINAL DESIGN
Conclusion
After assessing the two proposed alternative designs with the use of constraints and trade-offs, the
proponents were able to identify the most suitable blower design for Dann’s Aid Laboratories’ additional wine
filling clean rooms. The identified design will be using a total of two centrifugal blowers, one for each wine
filling room. Based from the constraints and trade-offs, Alternative Design 1 is the ideal design compared to
alternative design 2 in terms of Health and Safety, Economical and Sustainability.

Figure 5 – 1: HEPA Filter

Figure 5 – 2: SISW Centrifugal Blower

30
 Table 5 – 1: HEPA Filter Specifications
Model Name VGXL13-610X610X292-P-PS
Filter Class H13
Width 610 mm
Height 610 mm
Depth 292 mm
Media Area m 2 38
Air Flow 4000 m3/hr.
Pressure Drop 240 Pa

Table 5 – 2: Centrifugal Blower Specifications

Brake Power 60 HP
Rated Flow Rate 22,000 CFM
Pressure inches W.G. 25 inches
Diameter 10 in WG
Equipment Cost $ 8,500 per unit
Noise Emission 82 dB(A)

Table 5 – 3: Summary of Computations for Alternative Design 1

PARAMETERS VALUE
No. of HEPA Filters per Blower 9
Total Head 270.0689 m
Volume Flow Rate 10.3908 m3/s
Air Power 32.4841 kW
Brake Power 44.76 kW
Mechanical Efficiency 72.57 %
Annual Energy Consumption 206, 254.08 (kW∙hr)/year
ECONOMICS
Annual Energy Cost Php 1,204,523.827
Cost of Equipment Php 890,279.8
Total HEPA Filter Cost Php 279,395.4727
Capital Cost Php 1,169,675.273
Refer to Appendix B for computations.

31
 APPENDIX A
Required Air Flow Rate

Figure A -1: Air Changes Rate per Hour

In Food Manufacturing, the clean room is classified as ISO Class 6.

To compute for the air flow rate needed for the clean room, we have

𝑄𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚1 = 𝑄𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚2 = Air Flow Rate =

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚1 = 𝑉𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚2

150 + 240
( ) ℎ𝑟 × (6𝑚 × 5.5𝑚 × 5𝑚)
𝑄𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚1 = 2
60

𝑚3
𝑄𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚1 = 536.25
𝑚𝑖𝑛

32
 APPENDIX B
ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 1: Using a total of two centrifugal blowers, one for each wine filling rooms.

For the number of HEPA Filters to be used,

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 =
𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤

Based from the Manufacturer’s Data for the HEPA Filter, the rated air flow is 4,000 m3/hr.

32,175 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 =
𝑚3
4,000 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟
ℎ𝑟

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 8.0438 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝑬𝑷𝑨 𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 ≅ 𝟗 𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔

For Fan Selection,

𝑃𝑑𝑇 = (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)(𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟)
Where:
𝑃𝑑𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝

𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝐺
𝑃𝑑𝑇 = (9 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠) (240 ) (0.00402 )
𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑃𝑎

𝑷𝒅𝑻 = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟖𝟑𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝑾𝑮

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟗𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝑪𝑭𝑴

33
 Figure B-1: Centrifugal Blowers Selection Chart

Specifications:
Power = 60 HP
Q = 22,000 CFM
Pressure inches W.G. = 10 in WG
Diameter = 25 inches
Equipment Cost = $ 8,500 per unit

34
For Computation of Velocity,
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
Where;
𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷
4
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

From Manufacturer’s Data,

𝑓𝑡 3 1 𝑚 3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 22,000 ×( ) ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 3.28 𝑓𝑡 60 𝑠

𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟖
𝒔
Therefore,
𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴

𝑚3
10.3908 𝑠
𝑉= 2
𝜋 𝑐𝑚 𝑚
(4 ) [(25 𝑖𝑛) (2.54 1 𝑖𝑛) (1 100 𝑐𝑚)]

𝒎
𝑽 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝒔

For the Total Fan Head Computation,

𝐻𝑓 = ℎ𝑣 + ℎ𝑠

Where;
𝑉2
ℎ𝑣 =
2𝑔
𝜌𝑤 ℎ𝑤
ℎ𝑠 =
𝜌𝑎

35
 𝑚 2
(32.8104 𝑠 )
ℎ𝑣 = 𝑚
2 (9.8066 2 )
𝑠

𝒉𝒗 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟕𝟔 𝒎
For the Density of air,
𝑃
𝜌𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑘𝑁
101.325
𝜌𝑎 = 𝑚2
𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(0.28708 ) (26 + 273) 𝐾
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

𝒌𝒈
𝝆𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟒
𝒎𝟑
Therefore,

𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚
(1000 ) (10 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝐺) (2.54
1 𝑖𝑛 100 𝑐𝑚)
3 ) (
𝑚
ℎ𝑠 =
𝑘𝑔
(1.1804 3 )
𝑚

𝒉𝒔 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟑 𝒎

𝐻𝑓 = ℎ𝑣 + ℎ𝑠

𝐻𝑓 = 54.8876 𝑚 + 215.1813 𝑚

𝑯𝒇 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟗 𝒎

36
For Air Power,
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑄𝐻𝑓

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1 𝑚3
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = (1.1804 ) (9.8066 ) ( ) (10.3908 ) (270.0689 𝑚)
𝑚3 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚 𝑆
1000
𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑠 2

𝑷𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑾

For the Mechanical Efficiency,

𝑷𝒂𝒊𝒓
ŋ𝒎 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑷𝒇𝒂𝒏

32.4841 𝑘𝑊
ŋ𝑚 = × 100%
0.746 𝑘𝑊
(60 𝐻𝑃 ) ( )
1 𝐻𝑃

ŋ𝒎 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝟕%

37
For mass balance,
Block Diagram

Figure B-2: Block Diagram for Design Alternative 1

𝑚`𝐼𝑛 = 𝑚`𝑂𝑢𝑡
𝑚`𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

At point 1, outside air conditions are:

𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 26 ℃
𝑅𝐻 = 75 %
Using Psychrometric Chart,
𝑚3
𝜈 = 0.8696
𝑘𝑔
For the density of air,
𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑎
Where:
𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 26 + 273 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑅𝑎 = 0.28708
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
Therefore,
𝑘𝑁
101.325
𝜌𝑎 = 𝑚2
𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(0.28708 ) (26 + 273) 𝐾
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

38
 𝒌𝒈
𝝆𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟒
𝒎𝟑

For the supplied air,

𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝜌𝑎 =
𝑄𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

Where:
1
𝜌𝑎 =
𝜈
By substitution:
1 𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
=
𝜈 𝑄𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

1
𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 ( )
𝜈

𝑚3 1
𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 10.3908 ( )
𝑠 𝑚3
0.8696
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 11.9489
𝑠

39
ECONOMICS for Alternative Design 1
For Annual Energy Consumption,
𝐴𝐸𝐶 = (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠) ( 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)

0.746 𝑘𝑊 8 ℎ𝑟𝑠 24 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 12 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠

𝐴𝐸𝐶 = (2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)(60 𝐻𝑃) ( )( )( )( )
1 𝐻𝑃 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝒌𝑾 ∙ 𝒉𝒓
𝑨𝑬𝑪 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔, 𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟎𝟖
𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓
For Annual Energy Cost,
In terms of electricity rates to industries, the country charges Php 5.84 per kW-hr
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑘𝑊 ∙ ℎ𝑟 𝑃ℎ𝑝 5.84
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (206,254.08 )( )
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑘𝑊 ∙ ℎ𝑟

𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟕

For the Capital Cost,

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

Where:
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)

$8,500 52.3694 𝑃ℎ𝑝

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ( ) (2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) ( )
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 1$

𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟖𝟗𝟎, 𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟖

40
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟)(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)

$0.725 2
3.28 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( ) (38𝑚 ) ( )
𝑓𝑡 2 1𝑚

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 = $ 296.3939

$ 296.3939 52.3694 𝑃ℎ𝑝

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = ( )( ) (9 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)(2)
𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 $

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝑬𝑷𝑨 𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟐𝟕𝟗, 𝟑𝟗𝟓. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟕

Therefore,
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 890,279.8 + 𝑃ℎ𝑝 279,395.4727

𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏, 𝟏𝟔𝟗, 𝟔𝟕𝟓. 𝟐𝟕𝟑

41
 APPENDIX C

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN 2: Using one centrifugal blower for all the wine filling rooms.

For number of HEPA Filters to be used,

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 =
𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑚3
Based from the Manufacturer’s Data for HEPA Filter, the rated air flow is 6,0000 ℎ𝑟

For the Total Air Flow Rate,

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 1 + 𝑄𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 2

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄𝑇 = 536.25 + 536.25
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑚3 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄𝑇 = 1072.5 ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑟

𝑚3
𝑄𝑇 = 64,350
ℎ𝑟

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 =
𝑚3
6,0000
ℎ𝑟

𝑚3
64,350
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = ℎ𝑟
𝑚3
6,0000
ℎ𝑟⁄
𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 10.725 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 ≈ 11 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

42
For fan selection,

𝑃𝐷𝑇 = (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)(𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟)

Where:

𝑃𝐷𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝

260 𝑃𝑎 0.00402 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝐺
𝑃𝐷𝑇 = (11 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)( )( )
𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝐷𝑇 = 11.4972 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝐺

𝑚3 3.28 𝑓𝑡 3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑄𝑇 = 64,350 ×( ) ×
ℎ𝑟 1𝑚 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑄𝑇 = 37, 845.8995 𝐶𝐹𝑀

43
 Figure C-1: Centrifugal Blowers Selection Chart

Specifications:
Power = 150 HP
Q = 40,000 CFM
Pressure inches W.G. = 12 in WG
Diameter = 35 inches
Equipment Cost = $ 20,350 per unit

44
For Computation of Velocity,
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
Where;
𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷
4
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

From Manufacturer’s Data,

𝑓𝑡 3 1 𝑚 3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 40,000 ×( ) ×
𝑚𝑖𝑛 3.28 𝑓𝑡 60 𝑠

𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟒
𝒔
Therefore,
𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴

𝑚3
18.8924 𝑠
𝑉= 2
𝜋 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚
( 4 ) [(35 𝑖𝑛) (2.54 1 𝑖𝑛) (100 𝑐𝑚)]

𝒎
𝑽 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟒
𝒔

For the Total Fan Head Computation,

𝐻𝑓 = ℎ𝑣 + ℎ𝑠

Where;
𝑉2
ℎ𝑣 =
2𝑔
𝜌𝑤 ℎ𝑤
ℎ𝑠 =
𝜌𝑎

45
 𝑚 2
(30.4364 𝑠 )
ℎ𝑣 = 𝑚
2 (9.8066 2 )
𝑠

𝒉𝒗 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟏 𝒎
For the Density of air,
𝑃
𝜌𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑘𝑁
101.325
𝜌𝑎 = 𝑚2
𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(0.28708 ) (26 + 273) 𝐾
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

𝒌𝒈
𝝆𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟒
𝒎𝟑
Therefore,

𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚
(1000 ) (12 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝐺) (2.54
1 𝑖𝑛 100 𝑐𝑚)
3 ) (
𝑚
ℎ𝑠 =
𝑘𝑔
(1.1804 3 )
𝑚

𝒉𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝒎

𝐻𝑓 = ℎ𝑣 + ℎ𝑠

𝐻𝑓 = 47.2321 𝑚 + 258. 2176 𝑚

𝑯𝒇 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓. 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟕 𝒎

46
For Air Power,
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑄𝐻𝑓

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1 𝑚3
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = (1.1804 ) (9.8066 ) ( ) (18.8924 ) ( 305.4497 𝑚)
𝑚3 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚 𝑠
1000
𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑠 2

𝑷𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑾

For the Mechanical Efficiency,

𝑷𝒂𝒊𝒓
ŋ𝒎 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑷𝒇𝒂𝒏

66.7997 𝑘𝑊
ŋ𝑚 = × 100%
0.746 𝑘𝑊
(150 𝐻𝑃 ) ( )
1 𝐻𝑃

ŋ𝒎 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟗 %

47
For mass balance,
Block Diagram

Figure C-2: Block Diagram for Design Alternative 2

𝑚`𝐼𝑛 = 𝑚`𝑂𝑢𝑡
𝑚`𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

At point 1, outside air conditions are:

𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 26 ℃
𝑅𝐻 = 75 %
Using Psychrometric Chart,
𝑚3
𝜈 = 0.8696
𝑘𝑔
For the density of air,
𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑎
Where:
𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 26 + 273 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑅𝑎 = 0.28708
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
Therefore,

48
 𝑘𝑁
101.325
𝜌𝑎 = 𝑚2
𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(0.28708 ) (26 + 273) 𝐾
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

𝒌𝒈
𝝆𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟒
𝒎𝟑
For the supplied air,
𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝜌𝑎 =
𝑄𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

Where:
1
𝜌𝑎 =
𝜈
By substitution:
1 𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
=
𝜈 𝑄𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

1
𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 ( )
𝜈

𝑚3 1
𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 18.8924 ( )
𝑠 𝑚3
0.8696
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚`𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 21.7254
𝑠

49
ECONOMICS for Alternative Design 2
For Annual Energy Consumption,
𝐴𝐸𝐶 = (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠) ( 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)

150 𝐻𝑃 0.746 𝑘𝑊 8 ℎ𝑟𝑠 24 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 12 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠

𝐴𝐸𝐶 = (1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) ( )( )( )( )( )
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 1 𝐻𝑃 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝒌𝑾 ∙ 𝒉𝒓
𝑨𝑬𝑪 = 𝟐𝟓𝟕, 𝟖𝟏𝟕. 𝟔
𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓
For Annual Energy Cost,
In terms of electricity rates to industries, the country charges Php 5.84 per kW-hr
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑘𝑊 ∙ ℎ𝑟 𝑃ℎ𝑝 5.84
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (257,817.6 )( )
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑘𝑊 ∙ ℎ𝑟

𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏, 𝟓𝟎𝟓, 𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟖𝟒

𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 =
𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓

For the Capital Cost,

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

Where:
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡)(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)

$20,350 52.3694 𝑃ℎ𝑝

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ( ) (1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠) ( )
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 1$

𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏, 𝟎𝟔𝟓, 𝟕𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟗

50
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟)(𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)

$0.725 2
3.28 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( ) (46𝑚 ) ( )
𝑓𝑡 2 1𝑚

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 = $ 358.7926

$ 358.7926 52.3694 𝑃ℎ𝑝

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = ( )( ) (11 𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)
𝐻𝐸𝑃𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 $

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝑬𝑷𝑨 𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟐𝟎𝟔, 𝟔𝟖𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟏

Therefore,
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 1,065,717.29 + 𝑃ℎ𝑝 206,687.2851

𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟏, 𝟐𝟕𝟐, 𝟒𝟎𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝟓

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 APPENDIX D
Floor Plan Layout

Figure D -1: Floor Plan

Figure D -2: Floor Plan

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