Practical Research 1 – Grade 11

Quarter 2 – Module 3: Sampling Procedures

First Edition, 2020

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Practical
Research 1
11
Quarter 2
Self-Learning Module 3
Sampling Procedures
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to Practical Research 1 Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 3 on

Sampling Procedures

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to Practical Research 1 Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 3 on

Sampling Procedures

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module aims to describe the various sampling procedures in

qualitative research. It will help you understand how these strategies are
employed in different research scenarios.

In this lesson, we will examine the various strategies or procedures

that qualitative researchers typically employ when sampling.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the sampling procedures in qualitative research;
2. classify the sampling procedure for different research scenario; and
3. examine sample qualitative researches depicting its participants

PRETEST

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the best answer
in your notebook.

1. What sampling procedure groups participants according to

preselected criteria relevant to a particular research question?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling
D. Convenience Sampling

2. Which of the following describes snowball sampling procedure?

A. A researcher relies on the initial participants to help identify
additional study participants.
B. A researcher draws sample from that part of the population which
is close to hand – readily available and convenient.
C. A researcher decides while designing the study how many people
with which characteristics to include as participants.
D. A researcher begins with specific perspectives in mind that he or
she wishes to examine and then seeks out research participants
who cover that full range of perspectives.
3. What sampling procedure is typically used by journalists who need
quick and easy access to people from their population of interest?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling
D. Convenience Sampling

4. A researcher who wanted to study how people with genital herpes

cope with their medical condition has been referred by the first
interviewee to another potential subject. What sampling procedure is
employed?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling
D. Convenience Sampling

5. A case study that seeks to examine the financial and economic lives of
Philippine indigenous people was conducted by interviewing 16
participants from three selected indigenous communities in the
Philippines with the following characteristics: four elderly (2 males, 2
females), four adolescents (2 male and 2 female), and the remaining
eight informants were household heads and their spouses. What
sampling procedure was used?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling
D. Convenience Sampling
 RECAP

In the previous module, you have learned about samples and

determining the effective sample size for your research study. Can you
still recall these?

Answer the crossword puzzle below to recollect the important

information that you may also apply in the lesson that will be
discussed in this module.

3 5

DOWN ACROSS
1. It is the group from which you 2. It is the cluster of people,
actually collect data. events, things, or other
phenomena that you are most
interested in.

3. It is the process or technique of 4. It is the point at which no new

choosing a sample from a information is emerging in the
population to participate in the data.
study.

5. Sample size for interviewing key

informants according to the rule
of thumb based on data
collection method.
 LESSON

Let’s say that you want to start a qualitative research, but how do you
select the sample for your study? It is important to choose a sample
systematically to ensure the credibility of your research study.

Read closely the conceptual information on different sampling

procedures qualitative researchers undertake.

SAMPLING PROCEDURES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

As there are difficulties in determining the sample size for a qualitative

research, so it is when it comes to selecting a sampling procedure or
strategy. The sampling procedure adopted by qualitative researcher is
driven by the:1) Research question(s)/purpose; 2) Time frame of your study;
3) Resources available.
Sampling in qualitative research includes purposive sampling, quota
sampling, snowball sampling and convenience sampling procedures. The
reasons for a qualitative researcher to employ a particular sampling strategy
are discussed below.

1. Purposive Sampling. This is the most common sampling procedure,

wherein participants are selected according to pre-selected criteria based on
the particular research question. To perform this sampling, a researcher
begins with specific perspectives in mind that he or she wishes to examine
and then seeks out research participants who cover that full range of
perspectives.

Example: A researcher is conducting a phenomenology to explore the

perspectives and experiences of patients with hypertension while
living with this disease. He selects only hypertensive patients to
participate in his study. Patients without hypertension were not
included in the study.

2. Quota Sampling. In this sampling procedure, participant quotas are

preset prior to sampling. To perform this sampling, the researcher gathers
data from only those participants who meet certain characteristics that may
include things such as age, place of residence, gender, class, profession,
marital status, etc.
 Example: In a case study that compares the academic performance of
senior high school students in public and private schools, the
researcher divides a sample size of 500 students into grade levels and
tracks taken as follows; 250 students each for grade 11 and grade 12,
300 students taking Academic track, 100 students taking TVL and
100 students taking Sports and Arts.

3. Snowball Sampling. This sampling procedure is also called chain referral

sampling. To perform this sampling, the researcher recruits study
participants by asking prior participants to refer others who may be able to
potentially contribute or participate in the study. Thus, the researcher’s
sample builds and becomes larger as the study continues, much as a
snowball builds and becomes larger as it rolls through the snow. This
method often helps researchers find and recruit participants that may
otherwise be hard to reach.

Example: A researcher who wanted to explore the lives of the

previously convicted people (“ex-convicts”) in terms of their social and
emotional context toward society started with an acquainted
participant who then refers his inmates as another potential subjects.

4. Convenience Sampling. This sampling procedure is also called

haphazard sampling and is most useful in exploratory research. To perform
this sampling, a researcher simply collects data from those people or other
relevant elements to which he or she has most convenient access.

Example: A fast food chain wants to improve the quality of its

products and services according to the customers’ feedback by
conducting a brief interview on those willing customers currently
dining in.
 ACTIVITIES

After what you have learned on qualitative research sampling

procedures, you are now ready to do the following tasks. Write your answers
in your notebook.

1. Provide a brief description in your own words for each sampling

procedures discussed in the lesson. Use the table below as a guide.

Sampling Procedure Description

Purposive Sampling
Quota Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling

2. Identify the sampling method in each of the following situations:

a. A case study about students’ satisfaction with their living
quarters on campus was conducted by recruiting those students
who stay in each of the different types or locations of on-
campus housing only. Those who are living on student
dorms/quarters but outside the campus were not included.
b. A researcher who sought to examine a certain issue regarding
same sex marriage found a suitable participant for the study
thru social media. The participant is willing to be interviewed
and even refers his acquaintances who may also be potential
subjects.
c. In a research conducted by a group of NGO volunteers regarding
good lifestyle of people, participants were recruited by asking
people who dress good and look healthy in a certain mall.
d. The supreme student government of the school would like to
form a group that will help fellow students to pass all their
subjects within the school year. They first determine the most
common causes why students fail in exams by conducting
interviews from the two least performing students for each
section from each grade level.
e. An on-site reporter was able to gather information regarding the
road traffic accident that occurs just a few hours before he
arrived at the scene by interviewing the street vendors and
pedestrians present during the accident.
 3. Look for at least 1 example of qualitative research that employs
any of the sampling procedures you have learned. Use the table
below as your guide.

Research Title
Researcher’s Name
Sampling Procedure
Process Done by the
Researcher

WRAP – UP

To summarize, copy the diagram below in your notebook then fill up

the empty boxes by enumerating the different sampling procedures
discussed in this lesson. Follow each sampling procedure with appropriate
key ideas and/or examples. You may add more boxes if you wish to.

Sampling Procedures
 VALUING

Ponder on the questions below. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. Imagine you are about to conduct a study of the effect of COVID
pandemic to people’s mental health. Explain how you could employ
each of the sampling procedures or techniques described previously to
recruit a sample for your study. Use the table below as your guide.

Sampling Procedure Sample (Participants)

Purposive Sampling
Quota Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Convenience Sampling

2. Of the four sampling techniques described, which seems strongest to

you? Which seems weakest? Give your explanation.

POSTTEST

Directions: Read the statements carefully. Write the letter of the best answer
in your notebook.

1. How does quota sampling differ with purposive sampling procedure?

A. The two sampling procedures do not have any differences.
B. Quota sampling seeks to identify participants based on selected
criteria.
C. Purposive sampling is more specific with respect to sizes and
proportions of subsamples.
D. Quota sampling is more specific with respect to sizes and
proportions of subsamples.
2. Which best describes purposive sampling procedure?
A. The researcher seeks out elements that meet specific criteria.
B. The researcher selects cases from within several different
subgroups.
C. The researcher gathers data from whatever cases happen to be
convenient.
D. The researcher relies on participant referrals to recruit new
participants.

3. Which of the following would probably use convenience sampling in

recruiting participants?
A. A survey about what smart phone brand they prefer to use
B. Contact tracers looking for direct physical contacts of COVID
patients
C. Brands and organizations to measure their perception of their
image in the market
D. Interviews of young people about their workplace sexual
harassment experiences

4. Participants of a case study on working street children were recruited

by two former street working children who recommended some of their
friends on the street to participate in the study. Which method was
used?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling
D. Convenience Sampling

5. A researcher conducts a case study entitled “Effect of Study Circle on

Moral Attitudes of Filipino Senior High School Students”, wherein ten
(10) participants are selected from each Senior High Public Schools in
Pasig City and were further divided into subgroups according to their
grade levels and gender. What sampling procedure was used?
A. Quota Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Purposive Sampling
D. Convenience Sampling
 KEY TO CORRECTION

References

Blackstone, Amy. 2012. Sociological Inquiry Principles: Qualitative and

Quantitative Methods. Boston, MA: FlatWorld

Mack, Natasha, Cynthia Woodsong, Emily Namey, Greg Guest, and Kathleen
M. Macqueen.2005. Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s
Field Guide. Research Triangle Park, NC: Family Health International

Practical Research 1 Teacher's Guide. 2016. Manila: Department of

Education

Wanjohi, Anthony M. 2012. Sampling Procedures. Kenya Project

Organization, August 25, 2012. http://www.kenpro.org/sampling-
procedures/