Copy-Of-Q2 STE Advanced Chemistry

SMILE
(SIMPLIFIED MODULE INTENDED FOR LEARNING ENCOUNTERS)
Learner’s Packet
ADVANCED
CHEMISTRY
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
1
SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name: _________________________________________ ______________________________
Section: ________________________________________ Date: ___________________
ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
(Q2_LP1)
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:
Do you know that the number of molecules in a single droplet of water is roughly 100 billion
times greater than the number of people on earth?
The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains, but by
the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are
alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However,
because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule,
which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties. Today, we possess
sophisticated instruments that allow the direct measurement of these defining microscopic traits;
however, the same traits were originally derived from the measurement of macroscopic properties (the
masses and volumes of bulk quantities of matter) using relatively simple tools (balances and volumetric
glassware). This experimental approach required the introduction of a new unit for amount of
substances, the mole, which remains indispensable in modern chemical science.
The mole is an amount unit similar to familiar units like pair, dozen, gross, etc. It provides a
specific measure of the number of atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of matter. A mole is defined as
the amount of substance containing the same number of discrete entities (such as atoms, molecules,
and ions) as the number of atoms in a sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12 g. One Latin connotation
for the word “mole” is “large mass” or “bulk,” which is consistent with its use as the name for this unit.
The mole provides a link between an easily measured macroscopic property, bulk mass, and an
extremely important fundamental property, number of atoms, molecules, and so forth.
LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE:
MELC: Distinguish among molar mass, formula mass, formula units, moles, molecules, and
number of atoms in a compound
CG LC/ Code:
1. Define the amount of substance in mole and its related quantity in Avogadro’s number
2. Calculate the molar masses of compounds
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3. Calculate the amount of substance and number of particles (ions, atoms, molecules and
other formula units) from a given mass of sample and vice versa
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES:
ACTIVITY 1: Pre - Test
INSTRUCTIONS/ GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. How many moles does each substance have?
Figure 1-1. Sample substances with their masses
2. The amount of a substance equal in grams to the sum of the atomic masses is a(n)
________________________.
3. How many molecules are in 1 mole of water?

4. What is the mass of 1 mole of water?
5. How do chemists use the mole?
a. It is a way for scientists to measure things that are so small we can't see them.
b. It is a way to make chemistry students hate chemistry.
c. It is a way for scientists to measure very large molecules.
d. It is a way for chemists to stay busy and get paid lots of money.
6. What is Avogadro's Number in regular notation with 3 significant figures? (no commas)
7. What is the difference between formula mass and molecular mass?
8. How many molecules are there in 3.5 x 10-5 mole of vitamin C, ascorbic acid, C6H8O6?
9. While a molecule is the smallest representative particle of a molecular compound, a formula
unit is the smallest particle in a/an
a. ionic compound c. diatomic element
b. monoatomic element d. ion
10. What is the molar mass of calcium nitrate, Ca (NO3)2?
a. 165 g/mol c. 170 g
b. 164.1 g/mol d. 164.8 g/mol
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ACTIVITY 2: Now you try…
From our previous discussions, you have learned that the periodic table provides average masses for
every element, and from this we can state:
• the average atomic mass for a single carbon atom is 12.011 amu (atomic mass unit)
• the mass of one mole of carbon atoms is 12.011 grams
• 1 mole of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number, NA)
Now, try to answer the following questions:

1. Using the values for atomic masses of elements from the Periodic Table, calculate the molar mass
of each of the following compounds:
a. hydrogen fluoride, HF
b. ammonia, NH3
c. nitric acid, HNO3
d. silver sulfate, Ag2SO4
e. boric acid, B(OH)3
2. Compare 1 mole of H2, 1 mole of O2, and 1 mole of F2.

f. Which has the largest number of molecules? Explain why.
g. Which has the greatest mass? Explain why.
ACTIVITY 3: MOLAR MASS

Please read on to know more about mass and molar mass…
As what you have learned, the atoms of different elements have different masses. The mass of
an atom expressed relative to the mass assigned to carbon-12 is the atomic mass of the atom. Now that
you know how to describe the atomic mass, in amu, how do you think would you find the mass of an
entire molecule of a compound?
Let us take a look at a molecule of water H2O. It contains two hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen
atom. You know from the periodic table that the atomic mass of a hydrogen atom is 1.0 amu. To find
the atomic mass of 2 hydrogen atoms then, you would multiply the atomic mass of single hydrogen
atom by 2. Thus, the atomic mass of 2 hydrogen atoms is 2.0 amu (2x1.0 amu). The atomic mass of 1
oxygen atom is 16.0 amu.
To find the total mass of the water molecule, you would add the mass of each atom in the
molecule. Hence, adding the atomic masses of all atoms in the water molecule yields a mass of 18.0
amu.( 2.0 amu+ 16.0 amu). The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a compound is called the
formula mass of the compound.
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Formula units are the number of particles on the subatomic scale. They refer to a particle that
can't be broken down into any other particles without changing what they are. Formula units can be
electrons, ions, atoms or molecules.
Formula Mass for Covalent Substances
For covalent substances, the formula represents the numbers and types of atoms composing a
single molecule of the substance; therefore, the formula mass may be correctly referred to as a
molecular mass.
Consider chloroform (CHCl3), a covalent compound once used as a surgical anesthetic and now
primarily used in the production of the “anti-stick” polymer, Teflon. The molecular formula of
chloroform indicates that a single molecule contains one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, and three
chlorine atoms. The average molecular mass of a chloroform molecule is therefore equal to the sum of
the average atomic masses of these atoms. Figure 1-2 outlines the calculations used to derive the
molecular mass of chloroform, which is 119.37 amu.
Figure 1-2. The average mass of a chloroform molecule, CHCl3, is 119.37 amu, which is the sum of the average atomic
masses of each of its constituent atoms. The model shows the molecular structure of chloroform.
Likewise, the molecular mass of an aspirin molecule, C9H8O4, is the sum of the atomic masses
of nine carbon atoms, eight hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms, which amounts to 180.15 amu
(Figure 1-3).
Figure 1-3. The average mass of an aspirin molecule is 180.15 amu. The model shows the molecular structure of aspirin,
C9H8O4.
Formula Mass for Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are composed of discrete cations and anions combined in ratios to yield
electrically neutral bulk matter. The formula mass for an ionic compound is calculated in the same way
as the formula mass for covalent compounds: by summing the average atomic masses of all the atoms
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in the compound’s formula. Keep in mind, however, that the formula for an ionic compound does not
represent the composition of a discrete molecule, so it may not correctly be referred to as the “molecular
mass.”
As an example, consider sodium chloride, NaCl, the chemical name for common table salt.
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound composed of sodium cations, Na+, and chloride anions, Cl−,
combined in a 1:1 ratio. The formula mass for this compound is computed as 58.44 amu (see Figure 1-
4).
Figure 1-4. Table salt, NaCl, contains an array of sodium and chloride ions combined in a 1:1 ratio. Its formula mass is
58.44 amu.
The molar mass of a substance is the mass of one mole of that substance. Because of the nature
of the mole, the atomic mass of an element in atomic mass units is equal to the molar mass of that
substance in grams. Molar mass is useful in finding the number of moles of a substance within a given
sample.
To find the molar mass of a compound:
1. Use the chemical formula to determine the number of each type of atom present in the compound.
2. Multiply the atomic weight (from the periodic table) of each element by the number of atoms of that
element present in the compound.
3. Add it all together and put units of grams/mole after the number
Molar mass for O atoms = 16.00 g/mol
Molar mass for O2 molecules =
2 x (molar mass of O atoms) = 2 x (16.00 g/mol) = 32.00 g/mol
Molar mass for CO2 molecules =
1 x (molar mass of C atoms) = 1 x (12.01 g/mol) = 12.01 g/mol
+ 2 x (molar mass of O atoms) = 2 x (16.00 g/mol) = 32.00 g/mol
44.01 g/mol
Example 1. Computing Molecular Mass for a Covalent Compound

Ibuprofen, C13H18O2, is a covalent compound and the active ingredient in several popular
nonprescription pain medications, such as Advil and Motrin. What is the molecular mass (amu) for this
compound?
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Solution
Molecules of this compound are comprised of 13 carbon atoms, 18 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen
atoms. Following the approach described above, the average molecular mass for this compound is
therefore:
Figure 1-5. Computation for molecular mass of Ibuprofen
Check Your Understanding

1. Acetaminophen, C8H9NO2, is a covalent compound and the active ingredient in several popular
nonprescription pain medications, such as Tylenol. What is the molecular mass (amu) for this
compound?
Example 2. Computing Formula Mass for an Ionic Compound
Aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, is an ionic compound that is used in the manufacture of paper and in
various water purification processes. What is the formula mass (amu) of this compound?
Solution
The formula for this compound indicates it contains Al3+ and SO42− ions combined in a 2:3 ratio. For
purposes of computing a formula mass, it is helpful to rewrite the formula in the simpler format,
Al2S3O12. Following the approach outlined above, the formula mass for this compound is calculated as
follows:
Figure 1-6. Computation for molecular mass of Al2S3O12

2. Calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, is an ionic compound and a common anti-caking agent added to food
products. What is the formula mass (amu) of calcium phosphate?
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ACTIVITY 4: THE MOLE CONCEPT
Read thoroughly the concept of mole and its relationship to mass and number of molecules below and
answer the given questions.
THE MOLE CONCEPT

Recall that mole is introduced to you as the amount of substance containing the same number
of atoms, molecules, ions, or other entities as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of 12C.
The number of entities composing a mole has been experimentally determined to be

6.02214179 × 1023, a fundamental constant named Avogadro’s number (NA) or the Avogadro
constant in honor of Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. This constant is properly reported with an
explicit unit of “per mole,” a conveniently rounded version being 6.022 × 1023/mol.
Consistent with its definition as an amount unit, 1 mole of any element contains the same
number of atoms as 1 mole of any other element. The masses of 1 mole of different elements, however,
are different, since the masses of the individual atoms are drastically different.
The relationships between formula mass, the mole, and Avogadro’s number can be applied to
compute various quantities that describe the composition of substances and compounds. For example,
if we know the mass and chemical composition of a substance, we can determine the number of moles
and calculate number of atoms or molecules in the sample. Likewise, if we know the number of moles
of a substance, we can derive the number of atoms or molecules and calculate the substance’s mass.
Look again at how these quantities are related.
55.847 g of iron = 6.022 x1023 iron atoms = 1 mol of iron
32.066 g of sulfur = 6.022 x 1023 sulfur atoms = 1 mol of sulfur
Table 1. Molar Masses of Common Elements and the Number of Particles in One Mole
Element Average Atomic Mass (amu) Molar Mass (g/mol) Atoms/Mole
C 12.01 12.01 6.022 × 1023
H 1.008 1.008 6.022 × 1023
O 16.00 16.00 6.022 × 1023
Na 22.99 22.99 6.022 × 1023
Cl 35.45 33.45 6.022 × 1023
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THE MASS-MOLE RELATIONSHIP
The number of moles is computed by dividing its mass (g) by its atomic mass if it’s an element and
molar mass (g/mol) if it’s a compound. Mathematically, this can be written as
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
1. No. of moles = (if the substance is an element)
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
or by using symbols
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
n = 𝑨𝒕.𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2. No. of moles = (if the substance is a compound)
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
or by using symbols
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
n = 𝑴𝒐𝒍.𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
Example 3. Deriving Mass from number of Moles

According to nutritional guidelines from the US Department of Agriculture, the estimated average
requirement for dietary potassium is 4.7 g. What is the estimated average requirement of potassium in
moles?
Solution
The mass of K is provided, and the corresponding amount of K in moles is requested. Referring to the
periodic table, the atomic mass of K is 39.10 amu, and so its molar mass is 39.10 g/mol. The given
mass of K (4.7 g) is a bit more than one-tenth the molar mass (39.10 g), so a reasonable “ballpark”
estimate of the number of moles would be slightly greater than 0.1 mol.
Figure 1-7. Solution for deriving mass of K atoms from the given number of moles
𝟒.𝟕 𝒈
n=
𝟑𝟗.𝟏𝟎 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
n = 0.12 mol
The factor-label method supports this mathematical approach since the unit “g” cancels and the answer
has units of “mol:”
The calculated magnitude (0.12 mol K) is consistent with our ballpark expectation, since it is a bit
greater than 0.1 mol.

3. Beryllium is a light metal used to fabricate transparent X-ray windows for medical imaging
instruments. How many moles of Be are in a thin-foil window weighing 3.24 g?
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Problem: How many grams are in 0.762 mol of CO2?
Solution: We use dimensional analysis and the molar mass of carbon dioxide to solve this
problem. Earlier, we found the molar mass of CO2 to be 44.01 g/mol.
Figure 1-8. Solution for deriving the mass of CO2 from the given number of moles

A liter of air contains 9.2 × 10−4 mol argon. What is the mass of Ar in a liter of air?
Solution
The molar amount of Ar is provided and must be used to derive the corresponding mass in grams. Since
the amount of Ar is less than 1 mole, the mass will be less than the mass of 1 mole of Ar, approximately
40 g. The molar amount in question is approximately one-one thousandth (~10−3) of a mole, and so the
corresponding mass should be roughly one-one thousandth of the molar mass (~0.04 g):
Figure 1-9. Solution for deriving the mass of Ar atoms from the given number of moles
9.2 × 10−4 mol x 40 g/mol = 0.04 g

The result agrees with our expectations, around 0.04 g Ar.

4. What is the mass of 2.561 mol of gold?
THE MOLE-NUMBER OF PARTICLES RELATIONSHIP

The mole concept provides conversion factors that establish the relationship of the moles of
substances and the number of particles they actually contain. When we say particles, we mean atoms
(for element) and molecules (for compounds).
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As mentioned earlier, one mole of any substance contains a number of particles which is equal
to 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules (Avogadro’s number, symbol N). From this relationship, we can
conclude that the number of atoms or molecules contained in a given mass of a substance may be
computed as follows:
1. Number of atoms (if the given substance is an element)
# atoms = no. of moles x Avogadro’s number
or
# atoms = n x N
and since n= mass/atomic mass and N= 6.02 x 1023 atoms/mol, the above formula will become
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
# atoms = ( 𝑨𝒕.𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔) 6.02 x 1023 atoms/mol
2. Number of molecules (if the given substance is a compound)

# molecules = no. of moles x Avogadro’s number
or by using symbols
# molecules = n x N
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
and since n= 𝑴𝒐𝒍.𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 and N= 6.02 x 1023 molecules/mol, the above equation may also be written as
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
# molecules = (𝑴𝒐𝒍.𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 ) 6.02 x 1023 molecules/mol
Example 6. Deriving number of Moles from number of atoms of an element

Problem: How many atoms are in 2.15 mol of solid sodium metal?
Solution: We use dimensional analysis and an equivalent term for Avogadro’s number to solve this
problem.
Figure 1-10. Solution for deriving the number of moles of Na from its number of atoms
Example 7. Deriving number of atoms from Mass for an Element

Copper is commonly used to fabricate electrical wire. How many copper atoms are in 5.00 g of
copper wire?
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Solution:
Figure 1-11. Solution for deriving the number of Cu atoms from its given mass
Considering that the provided sample mass (5.00 g) is a little less than one-tenth the mass of 1 mole of
Cu (~64 g), a reasonable estimate for the number of atoms in the sample would be on the order of one-
tenth NA, or approximately 1022 Cu atoms. Carrying out the two-step computation yields:
𝟓.𝟎𝟎 𝒈
# atoms of Cu = ( 𝟔𝟒 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍) 6.02 x 1023 atoms/mol
# atoms of Cu = 4.74 x 1022

The factor-label method yields the desired cancellation of units, and the computed result is on the order
of 1022 as expected.
5. A prospector panning for gold in a river collects 15.00 g of pure gold. How many Au atoms are in
this quantity of gold?
Example 8. Deriving the Number of Atoms and Molecules from the Mass of a Compound
A packet of an artificial sweetener contains 40.0 mg of saccharin (C7H5NO3S), which has the
structural formula:
Figure 1-12. Structural formula of saccharin
Given that saccharin has a molar mass of 183.18 g/mol, how many saccharin molecules are in a
40.0 mg (0.0400-g) sample of saccharin? How many carbon atoms are in the same sample?
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Solution
Figure 1-13. Solution for deriving the number of saccharin molecules from its given mass
Using the provided mass and molar mass for saccharin yields:
(𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐠
# molecules = ( ) 6.02 x 1023 molecules/mol
𝟏𝟖𝟑.𝟏𝟖 𝐠/𝐦𝐨𝐥
# molecules = 1.31 x 1020
The compound’s formula shows that each molecule contains seven carbon atoms, and so the number
of C atoms in the provided sample is:
# C atoms = 1.31 x 1020 x 7
# C atoms = 9.20 x 1021

6. How many C4H10 molecules are contained in 9.213 g of this compound? How many hydrogen
atoms?
ACTIVITY 5: STUDY CHECK

I. Calculate the molar mass for each of the following compounds:

a. Fe2O3
b. AgNO3
c. Pb(Cr2O7)2
d. Ca(ClO4)
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II. Determine the number of moles in
a. 6 g Ne
b. 75 g K2SO4
c. 160 g Ca
d. 400 g MgO
III. How many atoms /molecules are contained in
a. 12 moles Co c. 15 g Au
b. 7 moles AlCl3 d. 10 g CaH2
IV. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following amounts:
a. 17.0 mol of germanium
b. 0.6144 mol of copper
c. 3.02 mol of tin
V. Calculate the number of molecules or formula units in each of the following
masses:
a. 285 g of iron (III) phosphate, FePO4
b. 0.0084 g of C5H5N
c. 85 mg of 2-methyl-1-propanol, (CH3)2CHCH2OH
d. 4.6 _ 10_4 g of mercury (II) acetate, Hg(C2H3O2)2
REFLECTION:
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REFERENCES FOR LEARNERS:
Textbooks:
Books:
Soriano, Emil F., et.al.2000 Chemistry for the New Millennium: Science and Technology Textbook for Third
Year High School, Chapter 4 pages 102-109
H. Eugene Lemay, Jr. et al Chemistry: Connections to Our Changing World, Chapter 5 pages 159-171
Internet Sources:
Chapter 7. The Mole Concept. Retrieved August 12,2021 from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-mcc-introductorychemistry/chapter/formula-mass-and-mole-concept-
from-che151/
Pearson (Last updated: Feb 10, 2021). Mole Concept Trivia: Chemistry Quiz! , Retrieved August 10,2021
from https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/quizshow.php?title=mtg5nzywmwq6xf&q=3
Rachel Bain. Chemistry Activities , Retrieved August 13,2021 from

https://wisc.pb.unizin.org/chemactivities/chapter/the-mole-and-molar-masses/
Study.com -How do you convert formula units to moles? Retrieved August 13, 2021 from
https://study.com/academy/answer/how-do-you-convert-formula-units-to-moles.html
Chemistry Mole and Molar Mass. Retrieved August 10, 2021 from OnlineMathLearning.com
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/mole-molar-mass.html
Socratic Q&A: What is the difference between molecular mass and formula mass? Retrieved August 14, 2021
from https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-molecular-mass-and-formula-mass-1
Russell Geanangel , Chapter 3. Stoichiometry: Mole-Mass Relationships in

Chemical Reactions. Retrieved August 10, 2021 from https://uh.edu/~chem1p/c3/index.htm
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Holt Chemistry, Skills Worksheet: Problem Solving. Retrieved August 14, 2021
from https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~mcnemar/CPchem/worksheets/molewkst_3.pdf
ANSWER KEY:
Activity 1. Pre-test
1. 1 mole
2. mole
3. 6.02214179 × 1023 molecules
4. 18 g
5. a
6. 6.022 × 1023
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7. Formula mass is defined as the sum of atomic masses of the ions present in the formula unit of an ionic
compound while molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule.
8. 2.1 x 1019 molecules C6H8O6
9. a
10. b
Activity 2. Now you try…
1. molar mass
a. 19.99 g/mol
b. 17.03 g/mol
c. 62.97 g/mol
d. 311.74 g/mol
e. 61.78 g/mol
2.
a. 1 mole of H2, 1 mole of O2, and 1 mole of F2 have the same number of molecules since 1 mole
of any substance is equal to 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules
b. F2 has the greatest mass because 1 mole of F2 is 38 g while 1 mole of O2 is 32 g and 1 mole of
H2 weighs 2 g.

1. 151.16 amu 4. 504.4 g
2. 310.18 amu 5. 4.586 × 1022 Au atoms
3. 0.360 mol 6. 9.545 × 1022 molecules C4 H10; 9.545 × 1023 atoms H
Activity 5. Study Check

I. a. The molar mass of Fe2O3 is 159.7 g/mol.
Fe 2 x 55.85 = 111.70
O 3 x 16.0 = + 48.0
Molar mass= 159.7 g/mol
16
b. The molar mass of AgNO3 is 169.9 g/mol.
Ag 1 x 107.9 = 107.9
N 1 x 14.0 = 14.0
O 3 x 16.0 = +48.0
Molar mass = 169.9 g/mol
c. The molar mass of Pb(Cr2O7)2 is 639.2 g/mol.
Pb 1 x 207.2 = 207.2
Cr 4 x 52.0 = 208.0
O 14 x 16.0 = +224.0
d. The molar mass of Ca (ClO4)2 is 239.1 g/mol.
Ca 1 x 40.1 = 40.1
Cl 2 x 35.5 = 71.0
O 8 x 16.0 = + 128.0
II.
a. 0.29 mol
b. 0.43 mol
c. 3.99 mol
d. 9.92 mol
III.
a. 7.22 x 1024 atoms c. 0.4214 x 1023 atoms
b. 4.21 x 1024 molecules d. 1.3846 x 1023 molecules
IV.
a. 1.02 x1025 atoms Ge
b. 3.700 x 1023 atoms Cu
c. 1.82 x 1024 atoms Sn
V.
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a. 1.14 x 1024 formula units FePO4
b. 6.4 x 1019 molecules C5H5N
c. 6.9 x 1020 molecules (CH3)2CHCH2OH
d. 8.7 x 1017 formula units Hg(C2H3O2)2
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SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name: _________________________________________ ______________________________
Section: ________________________________________ Date: ___________________
ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
(Q2_LP 2)
Chemical reaction is a process in which a substance/s is changed to one or more new substances.
The reacting substances are called reactants while the substances formed are called products. The
chemists have devised a standard way to represent chemical reaction by using chemical equation. In a
chemical equation, the reactants are written on the left side of the arrow while the products are on the
right.
Example: H2 + O2 H2 O
reactants product
Consider the example above, when hydrogen gas (H2) burns in the air with oxygen (O2) to form
water (H2O). In the reactants, there are two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms while in the product
side there are two hydrogen atoms and only one oxygen atom. Therefore, the equation is not complete
because there are twice as many O2 atoms on the left side of the arrow as on the right side. To conform
with the Law of Conservation of Mass, there must be the same number of atoms on both sides of the
arrow. Therefore, in the example above, there is a need to balance the equation.
Take note of the different symbols used in writing chemical equations.
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MELC: Balance chemical equation.
CG LC/ Code:
4. discuss chemical reaction and chemical equation
5. balance chemical equations
6. transform chemical reactions to balanced chemical equations
We can balance chemical equations by placing coefficients before the symbols of the reactants
and/or products. In the chemical equation below, we balance it by placing the coefficients 2 on
hydrogen atom and 2 on water molecule.
Example: H2 + O2 H2 O
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Let us now check if the equation is balanced by counting the number of each atom on both sides
of the arrow. We just have to multiply the coefficient with the subscript of each element. There are
now 4 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atom on both sides. Therefore, we can say that the chemical
equation is balanced.
Let us have the following examples. Study and list down certain techniques on how to balance
them.
UNBALANCED EQUATION BALANCED EQUATION
Al + O2 Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
1 = Al = 2 4 = Al = 4
2 = O = 3 6 = O = 6
__________________________________________________________________________
KClO3 KCl + O2 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
1 = K = 2 2 = K = 2
1 = Cl = 1 2 = Cl = 2
3 = O = 2 6 = O = 6
__________________________________________________________________________
20
Mg + AgNO3 Mg (NO3)2 + Ag Mg + 2AgNO3 Mg (NO3)2 + 2Ag
1 = Mg = 1 1 = Mg = 1
1 = Ag = 1 2 = Ag = 2
1 = NO3 = 2 2 = NO3 = 2
__________________________________________________________________________
Let us discuss the solution in number 1 of our previous activity, Al + O2 Al2O3. List down
the symbol of elements or polyatomic molecules in the equation and write the number of atoms on each
side as shown in the examples above.
Al + O2 Al2O3.
1 = Al = 2
2 = O = 3
As you can see, the equation is not balanced. The element O has the largest number of atoms
on the left. Let us balance the O first. The LCM of the 2 and 3 is 6. So we have to produce 6 atoms of
O on each side of the equations. To produce 6 atoms of O on the left side of the equation, multiply the
2 atoms of O by 3. On the other side, to produce 6 atoms of O, we have to multiply 3 atoms of O by 2.
The balance is shown below.
Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
The coefficient of 2 placed before Al2O3 which is intended for O, affects the number of atoms
of Al on the right. There are now 4 atoms of Al on the right while 1 atom of Al on the left. Therefore,
to balance the no. of atoms of Al, we have to multiply 1 atom of Al on the left by 4. The balance is
shown below. Then, check the number of atoms again.
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
4 = Al = 4
6 = O = 6
Since the number of atoms for each element on the left is equal to that of the right, then we can
say that the chemical equation is balanced.
ACTIVITY 1: BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Try to balance the following chemical equations and show your solution. Write the balanced
equation on the blank provided.
1. Na + H2 NaOH + H2 ________________________________
21
2. N2 + H2 NH3 ________________________________
3. Al + HCl H2 + AlCl3 ________________________________
4. K2O + H2O KOH ________________________________
5. (NH4)2SO4 + Fe (NO3)3 Fe2(SO4)3 + NH4NO3

________________________________
Now, that you are done with the activity. We know that chemical equations are balanced by
trial and error and by certain techniques depending on the forms of equations. The following rules are
helpful:
1. In most cases, it is advisable to start the balancing with the element having the largest number
of atoms.
2. If the element to be balanced appears in only one substance on one side of the equation and
in another substance on the other side, get the least common multiple (LCM) of the numbers of atoms
of this element. The LCM is also the number of atoms at which the element balances.
3. If an element appears in more than one substance on a side of an equation, it is in most cases
advisable to make an odd number of atoms even by multiplying it by 2.
4. In cases wherein the atoms of a certain polyatomic ion on one side of the equation appear
to be intact and the same ion is found on the other side of the equation, consider the polyatomic ion as
one entity.
5. Any coefficient placed before the chemical formula is a multiple of the subscript of each
element.
ACTIVITY 2: BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION

Balance the following chemical equations by writing their respective coefficients.
1. ___K + ___O2 ___K2O
2. ___Al + ___ZnCl2 ___AlCl3 + ___Zn
22
3. ___Mg + ___O2 ___MgO
4. ___Na + ___S ___Na2S
5. ___Na2CO3 + ___Mg (NO3)2 ___NaNO3 + ___MgCO3
6. ___C3H7OH + ___O2 ___CO2 + ___H2O
7. ___C2H5OH + ___O2 ___CO2 + ___H2O
8. ___P4O10 + ___H2O ___H3PO4
9. ___CaO + ___H2O ___ Ca (OH)2
10. ___LiO2 + ___H2O ___LiOH
The next activity is to transform chemical reactions into chemical equations to test if you have
already mastered writing chemical formulas and balancing chemical equations. To transform, we have
to identify first the reactants and products. Remember that elements are called free elements if they are
in their free state, meaning, they are not in combination with another element in the equation. They can
be monoatomic or diatomic. There are only seven diatomic free elements. Remember the acronym
BRINCLHOF, bromine (B2), iodine (I2), nitrogen (N2), chlorine (Cl2), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2) and
fluorine (F2). You will be writing these seven diatomic elements’ symbol with 2 as their subscripts.
Study the example of transforming chemical reactions into chemical equations below and do the next
activity.
Example: Chemical Reaction: Nitrogen and hydrogen reacts to form ammonia
Chemical equation: N2 + H2 NH3
Balanced Equation: N2 + 3H2 2NH3
ACTIVITY 3: TRANSFORMING CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Transform chemical reactions into balanced chemical equations.
1. Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
2. The reaction of ammonia and hydrogen chloride yields to ammonium chloride
3. Ethane reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water.
4. Applied heat to hydrogen peroxide decomposes it into water and oxygen gas.
5. When nitrogen monoxide and oxygen react, they form nitrogen dioxide.
23
6. The decomposition reaction of potassium bicarbonates when heated produces potassium carbonate,
water and carbon dioxide.
7. Magnesium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid to produce magnesium nitrate and water.
8. Sodium chlorate decomposes to potassium chloride and oxygen.
9. The reaction of aluminum and hydrochloric acid yields to aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas.
10. Barium chloride and water are the products when hydrochloric acid neutralizes with barium
hydroxide
ACTIVITY 4: LET’S LEVEL UP!

Balance the following equations.
1. ___Fe + ___O2 ___Fe2O3
2. iron + hydrochloric acid iron (II) chloride + hydrogen gas
3. ___CaO + ___H2O ___Ca(OH)2
4. magnesium bromide + chlorine magnesium chloride + bromine
5. ___NH4NO2 ___N2 + ___ H2O
6. sodium chloride + sulphuric acid sodium sulfate + hydrogen chloride
7. ___C3H8 + ___O2 ___CO2 + ___H2O
8. aluminum + iron (III) oxide aluminium oxide + iron
9. ___Na2CO3 + ___CaCl2 ___ CaCO3 + NaCl
10. perchloric acid + tetraphosphorus decoxide phosphoric acid + dichlorine

heptoxide
REFLECTION:
Congratulations! You have done a great job in finishing this learning packet. This time, share
your insights and questions by completing the prompts below.
Things I have learned today: _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
24
I wish to ask about _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Villamar, Rufino Jr. A. Chemistry, Latest Edition. Quezon City, Metro Manila. St Bernadette Publishing House,
2012.
Chang, Raymund. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 5th Edition. New York USA, McGraw Hill
Companies Inc., 2008.
ANSWER KEY:
ACTIVITY 1:
1. Na + H2O NaOH + H2 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
1 = Na = 1 2 = Na = 2
2 = H = 3 4 = H = 4
1 = O = 1 2 = O = 2
2. N2 + H2 NH3 N2 + 3H2 2NH3
2 = N = 1 2 = N = 2
2 = H = 3 6 = H = 6
3. Al + HCl H2 + AlCl3 2Al + 6HCl 3H2 + 2AlCl3
1 = Al = 1 2 = Al = 2
1 = H = 2 6 = H = 6
1 = Cl = 3 6 = Cl = 6
4. K2O + H2O KOH K2O + H2O 2KOH
2 = K = 1 2 = K = 2
25
2 = H = 1 4 = H = 4
2 = O = 1 2 = O = 2
5. (NH4)2SO4 + Fe (NO3)3 Fe2(SO4)3 + NH4NO3
2 = NH4 = 1
1 = SO4 = 3
1 = Fe = 2
3 = NO3 = 1
Answer: 3(NH4)2SO4 + 2Fe (NO3)3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 6NH4NO3
6 = NH4 = 6
3 = SO4 = 3
2 = Fe = 2
6 = NO3 = 6
ACTIVITY 2:
1. _4_K + ___O2 _2_K2O
2. _2_Al + _3_ZnCl2 _2_AlCl3 + _3_Zn
3. _2_Mg + ___O2 _2_MgO
4. _2_Na + ___S ___Na2S
5. ___Na2CO3 + ___Mg(NO3)2 _2_NaNO3 + ___MgCO3
6. _2_C3H7OH + _9_O2 _6_CO2 + _8_H2O
7. ___C2H5OH + _3_O2 _2_CO2 + _3_H2O
8. ___P4O10 + _6_H2O _4_H3PO4
9. _2_CaO + _2_H2O _2_Ca (OH)2
10. ___Li2O + ___H2O _2_LiOH
ACTIVITY 3:
1. Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas
Ans. 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH
2. The reaction of ammonia and hydrogen chloride yields to ammonium chloride
26
Ans. NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
3. Ethane reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water.
Ans. 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
4. Applied heat to hydrogen peroxide decomposes it into water and oxygen gas
Ans. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
5. When nitrogen monoxide and oxygen react, they form nitrogen dioxide.
Ans: 2NO + O2 2NO2
6. The decomposition reaction of potassium bicarbonates when heated produces potassium
carbonate, water and carbon dioxide.
Ans. 2KHCO3 K2CO3 + H2O + CO2
7. Magnesium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid to produce magnesium nitrate and water.
Ans: Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O
8. Sodium chlorate decomposes to sodium chloride and oxygen.
Ans. 2NaClO3 2NaCl + 3O2
9. The reaction of aluminum and hydrochloric acid yields to aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas.
Ans. 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
10. Barium chloride and water are the products when hydrochloric acid neutralizes with barium
hydroxide
Ans. 2HCl + Ba (OH)2 BaCl2 + 2H2O
ACTIVITY 4:
1. _4_Fe + _3_O2 _2_Fe2O3
2. iron + hydrochloric acid iron (II) chloride + hydrogen gas
___Fe + _2_HCl ___FeCl2 + H2
3. ___CaO + ___H2O ___Ca (OH)2
4. magnesium bromide + chlorine magnesium chloride + bromine
___MgBr2 + _2_Cl ___MgCl2 + _2_Br
5. ___NH4NO2 ___N2 + _2_ H2O
6. sodium chloride + sulphuric acid sodium sulfate + hydrogen chloride
_2_NaCl + ___H2SO4 ___Na2SO4 + _2_ HCl
7. ___C3H8 + _7_O2 _3_CO2 + _4_H2O
8. aluminum + iron (III) oxide aluminium oxide + iron
_2_Al + __Fe2O3 __Al2O3 + _2_Fe
9. ___Na2CO3 + ___CaCl2 ___ CaCO3 + _2_NaCl
10. perchloric acid + tetraphosphorus decoxide phosphoric acid + dichlorine
27
heptoxide
_12_HClO4 + ___P4O10 _4_H3PO4 + _6_Cl2O7
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author/ Writer: Jonathan

Belinda D.DeRavalo,
la Cruz,
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Lirio,Bade
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P. NazBalute,
Language
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28
SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name: _________________________________________ __________________________
Section: ________________________________________ Date: ___________________
ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
(Q2_LP 3)
In our previous lessons, you have learned that chemists count quantities of elements and
compounds in terms of moles and that they relate moles of a substance to mass by using the molar
mass. In addition, you have learned to write chemical equations so that they represent the
rearrangement of atoms that take place during chemical reactions, and you have learned to balance
these equations.
In this lesson, you will be able to put these separate skills together to make predictions about
the quantities of substances that react or are given off as products and relate those quantities to one
another based on balanced equations. This process of relating quantities of reactants and products
in a chemical reaction to one another is called stoichiometry. It is derived from the Ancient Greek
words ``stoicheion” which means element and “metron” which means to measure.
MELC: Perform stoichiometric calculations.
CG LC/ Code:
1. Use a graphic organizer to construct a solution to a stoichiometry problem.

2. Solve mole-mole, mole-mass, and mass-mass stoichiometry problems.
ACTIVITY 1: WHAT’S IN?
A balanced chemical equation shows us the numerical relationships between each of the
species involved in the chemical change. We can use these numerical relationships to write
29
mole ratios, which are essential in stoichiometric calculations. So, let us refresh what you have
learned in your previous lesson on balancing chemical reactions.
Examine the balanced equation below and answer the questions that follow.
Fe2O3(s)+2Al(s)→2Fe(l)+Al2O3(s)
1. How many moles of Aluminum are used to produce 1 mole of aluminum oxide?
2. If 2 moles of Fe2O3(s)will be used, how many moles of Fe(l) will be produced?
3. How many moles of Al(s) is needed to react with 2 moles of Fe2O3(s) to obtain 2 moles of
Al2O3(s)?
4. How many grams of aluminum was used in the reaction?
5. How many grams of Iron was obtained from the reaction?
ACTIVITY 2: WHAT’S NEW?

Now, you are ready to explore the world of stoichiometry! So, try the following
activities.
General Direction: Read and analyze the given problem for each activity. Fill up the graphic
organizer following each problem to show the process for solving it. Show how each given
step is done by writing your answer/solution in the box following the indicated step. Indicate
the unit for your answer.
2.1 - MOLE TO MOLE RELATIONSHIP

Problem: Ammonia is made industrially by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure,
at high temperature, and in the presence of a catalyst. The equation is
If 4.0 mol of H2 reacts, how many moles of NH3 will be produced?
30
Activity 2.2 – Mole to Mass Relationship
Problem: If you dissolve lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide in water, they will react to form
lead(II) iodide and potassium nitrate. The equation for the reaction is
Calculate the mass in grams of lead (II) iodide that could be produced from 5 moles of
potassium iodide.
Activity 2.3 – Mass to Mass Relationship

Problem: If 75 grams of potassium iodide is used in the reaction in Activity 2.2, how many
grams of lead (II) iodide can be produced?
31
Activity 2.4 – Mass to Volume Relationship
In this activity, you have to take note that at standard temperature and pressure (STP),
1 mole of any gas will occupy a volume of 22.4 L.
Now, try again this problem.
Problem: Solid carbon combines with oxygen gas to make gaseous carbon monoxide. How
many liters of oxygen is needed to make 700 grams of carbon monoxide.
A. ACTIVITY 3: WHAT’S MORE?

The following are the steps that you have employed in solving stoichiometric
problems as guided by the graphic organizer.
1. Write a complete balanced equation.
2. Identify the given and the unknown. (both element/compound & its quantity)
32
3. Convert from the given units to moles. (disregard if the quantity of the given is in mole
already)
4. Convert from moles of a given quantity to moles of the desired/unknown quantity using
the mole ratio from the balanced equation.
5. Convert from moles of the new quantity to the desired units, using formula weight,
density, Avogadro's number, and so on.
The Stoichiometry Road Map below will also help you figure out the process in doing
stoichiometry problems. Remember to pay careful attention to what the given
is, and what you are trying to find.
https://www.expii.com/t/extended-reaction-stoichiometry-road-map-examples-11085
At this point, try to answer a more challenging problem.
Activity 3.1
Direction: Determine the following in the problem below
a. given d. solution
b. required e. final answer
c. flowchart of the steps
1. From the reaction:
a. what mass of O2 will be needed to burn 36.1 g of B2H6?

b. how many moles of water are produced from 19.2 g of B2H6?
Activity 3.2
Direction: Identify what is asked or described in each item then write the letter of the correct
answer in your answer sheet.
33
1. In the reaction shown, what is the mole ratio that would be used to determine the number
of moles of oxygen needed to react with 3.2 moles of C4H10?
a. 2 moles C4H10 c. 3.2 moles C4H10

13 moles O2 13 moles O2
b. 2 moles C4H10 d. 13 moles O2

3.2 moles O2 2 moles C4H10
2. How many grams of C will be consumed when 5.00 grams of Na2SO4 react according to
the balanced reaction shown?
a. 0.038 g b. 0.211 g c. 0.844 g d. 1.69 g

3. In the reaction
how many moles of carbon are needed to produce 66.0 g of carbon monoxide?
a. 0.424 mol b. 1.18 mol c. 2.36 mol d. 4.71
4. The balanced equation given below means?
a. One mole of methane reacts with two moles of oxygen to produce one mole of
carbon dioxide and two moles of water.
b. One gram of methane reacts with two grams of oxygen to produce one gram of
carbon dioxide and two grams of water.
c. One molecule of methane reacts with two molecules of oxygen to produce one
molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water.
d. both a and c are correct
5. Interpret in words the equation:
a. One mole of solid tetraphosphorus decaoxide reacts with six moles of liquid water
to produce four moles of phosphoric acid solution.
b. Zero moles of solid phosphoric acid dissolve in six moles of water to produce four
moles of phosphorous acid.
c. One mole of phosphorus(X) oxide combines with six moles of water to produce
four moles of solution of hydrogen phosphate.
d. Four atoms of phosphorus, 16 atoms of oxygen and 12 atoms of hydrogen
rearrange to produce four molecules of phosphoric acid.
34
REFLECTION:
Complete the statement below.
In the activity, I learned that _______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
I enjoyed most on________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
I want to learn more _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
Textbooks:
Redmore, F.H. Fundamentals of Chemistry: Special Philippine Edition. Reliable Publishing
House, Inc. 1980.
Internet Sources:
Stoichiometry Road Map. Retrieved from https://www.expii.com/t/extended-reaction-
stoichiometry-road-map-examples-11085
ANSWER KEY:
A. Activity 1.
1. 2 2. 4 3. 4 4. 54 g 5. 112 g
B. Activity 2.1
35
Activity 2.2
Activity 2.3
Activity 2.4 – Mass to Volume Relationship
Activity 3.1.
a. Given: 36. 1 g B2H6

Required: mass of O2
Solution:
36.1 g B2H6 x 1mol B2H6 x 3mol O2 x 32 g O2
28 g B2H6 1 mol B2H6 1 mol O2
Answer: 123.8 g O2
b. Given: 19.2 g B2H6
36
Required: mol of H2O
Solution:
19.2 g B2H6 x 1mol B2H6 x 2mol H2O
28 g B2H6 1 mol B2H6
Answer: 1.4 mol H2O
Activity 3.2
1. d 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. a
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author/ Writer: Belinda D. Ravalo, Ronalyn M. Lirio,

Ma. Rowena Balute, Leonie C. Mujal
Content Editor: Ebrahim M. Manrique
Language Editor: Lisa L. Penaflor
37
SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name: _________________________________________ ______________________________
Section: ________________________________________ Date: ___________________
ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
(Q2_LP 4)
One of the important classes of compounds are acids and bases. But what makes them different? They
differ physically and chemically. According to Arrhenius definition, acids ionize in water to produce a
hydronium ion and bases dissociate in water to produce hydroxide ions.
Physical differences can be detected by the senses, including taste and touch. Acids have a
sour or tart taste and can produce a stinging sensation to broken skin. Many acids are found in foods
and even in our body. Bases have a bitter taste and a slippery feel. Soap and many cleaning agents are
bases.
Reactions with acids and bases vary depending on the substances being reacted. They react
differently. The strength of their acidity or basicity can be determined using indicators such as litmus
paper, pH meter, phenolphthalein and methyl orange solution. Based on this strength, acids and bases
can be classified as strong or weak.
For us to fully understand the nature of acids and bases, let us explore this lesson!
MELC: Discuss general properties of acids and bases and identify strong and weak acids
and bases
CG LC/ Code:
1. Differentiate between acids and bases.
2. Classify substances as acid or base based on its properties.
3. Identify acids and bases as to strong or weak.
38
ACTIVITY 1: LOOP A WORD

Direction: Find the following words/phrase in the grid below by enclosing it in a loop. Words
can go horizontally, vertically and diagonally.
Search These Words!
bitter sour electrolytes
slippery proton donor proton acceptor
hydroxide ion hydrogen ion neutralize acids
neutralize bases
A U T O N E U T R A L I Z E B A S E S
F R Y A P I P E T T E T I P I O R T R
C O M I N G S C A B E A A H T R E E L
Q P R O T O N D O N O R U L T Z Y S S
A B C D E F G H I I J B U F E E R T L
K L M N H O T P L A T E O P R T R T I
S E L E C T R O L Y T E S Y Z H B U P
A G P E R R I D I S H K S P A E C B P
F L B U C A T C H U P E A I M R I E E
E A O I N P R O T O N A C C E P T O R
T S M S C I E N T I A G E N E O I N Y
Y S D Y E D R O P P E R S A D M C D L
G R A D U A T E D C Y L I N D E R O A
N E U T R A L I Z E A C I D S T O R S
G D N A L O A D I N G D Y E G E S K K
H Y D R O X I D E I O N E N T R C I F
L N R E A G E N T B O T T L E S O V B
E C E N T R I F H Y D R O G E N I O N
ACTIVITY 2: PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
Activity 2.1 – Physical Properties of Acid and Base

Classify the following substances/chemicals as to acid or base by writing its corresponding
number in the second column beside its classification and write its common
properties in the third column.
39
Group Number Common properties
Acid
Base
Activity 2.2 – pH Value

The substances given in Activity 1 are few examples of the acids and bases that we encounter
every day. The acidity or basicity of a substance can be determined using indicators such as
phenolphthalein, methyl orange, bromothymol blue, pH meter and litmus paper. Among these,
the most commonly used is the litmus paper which has been treated with a specific indicator —a
mixture of 10 to 15 natural dyes obtained from lichens. It that turns red in response to acidic
condition and blue for basic condition.
40
Below is a pH scale chart which is used to determine the pH value of a substance.
Figure 1. The pH scale measures acidity. It ranges from 1-14.

https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/3-12-acids-and-bases/
Direction: Classify the following substances as either acidic or basic by identifying its pH value
in the chart below. Refer to the pH scale on figure 1. Write you answer in the table.
Substance pH value Acidic / Basic

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Activity 2.3 – Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases

Another way to identify an acid and a base is on how they behave in a chemical reaction.
This activity will help you understand their chemical properties.
Direction: Identify at least three chemical properties each for acid and base by interpreting the
given chemical reactions in the table.
41
Answers:
Acid
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
Base
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
Activity 2.4 – Weak and Strong Acid and Base

Acid and base can be strong or weak. The determinants for these are:
1. Strong acid or base completely ionizes or dissociates in aqueous solution thus considered a
strong electrolyte.
2. Weak acid or base is partially ionized or dissociates in aqueous solution.
3. Weak acid or base undergoes reversible reaction which is indicated by double arrow
in a chemical reaction equation
5. Ionization constant value is used to determine their strength of weak acids and bases.
Weak acids with relatively higher Ka values are stronger than acids with relatively
lower Ka values. Weak bases with relatively higher Kb values are stronger than bases with
relatively lower Kb values.
6. For oxyacid, the greater the number of oxygen, the more acidic it is.
A. Direction: Determine the following as to strong or weak acid or base. Write SA for strong
acid, WA for weak acid, SB for strong base and WB for weak base on the blank provided.
1.______________________________
2.______________________________
3.______________________________
4.______________________________
5.______________________________
__________
B. Direction: Compare the strength of the following acids and bases by placing < or > on the
blank provided.
1. H2SO3 ________ H2SO4
2. CH3COOH ________ HCN (Ka CH3COOH=1.8 x 10 -5 ; Ka HCN=4.9 x 10-10)
3. C5H5N ________ CH3COO- (Kb C5H5N= 1.7 x 10-9 ; Kb CH3COO- =5.6 x10-10)
4. H2NCONH2 ________ F− (Kb H2NCONH2= 1.5 × 10−14; Kb F− =1.4 × 10−11)
5. HClO ________ HClO2
42
ACTIVITY 3: LET’S LEVEL UP!
The table below shows the properties of acids and bases.
Acid and base are classified strong if it is completely ionized, and weak if partially ionized.
Weak acids and bases tend to undergo reversible reactions. The strength of weak acids and bases
can be determined using the ionization constant value. Weak acids with relatively higher Ka values
are stronger than acids with relatively lower Ka values. Weak bases with relatively
higher Kb values are stronger than bases with relatively lower Kb values.
Common strong acids and bases are listed below.
At this point, try to answer a more challenging problem.
43
Activity 3.1 – Direction: Use the clues to identify the six key words/phrases by combining the
set of letters in the grid. Write the number combination of your answer on the blank
provided.
Activity 3.2 - Direction: Write the properties of the acid in the left circle of the Venn
diagram, the properties of base in the right circle and the common properties in the
overlapping area of the circles.
44
REFLECTION:
Complete the statement below.
In the activity, I learned that _______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
I enjoyed most on________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
I want to learn more _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Textbooks:
Redmore, F.H. Fundamentals of Chemistry: Special Philippine Edition. Reliable Publishing
House, Inc. 1980.
Internet Sources:
Acids and Bases. Retrieved from https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/3-12-acids-
and-bases/
ANSWER KEY:
A. Activity 1.
A U T O N E U T R A L I Z E B A S E S
F R Y A P I P E T T E T I P I O R T R
C O M I N G S C A B E A A H T R E E L
Q P R O T O N D O N O R U L T Z Y S S
A B C D E F G H I I J B U F E E R T L
K L M N H O T P L A T E O P R T R T I
S E L E C T R O L Y T E S Y Z H B U P
A G P E R R I D I S H K S P A E C B P
F L B U C A T C H U P E A I M R I E E
E A O I N P R O T O N A C C E P T O R
T S M S C I E N T I A G E N E O I N Y
Y S D Y E D R O P P E R S A D M C D L
G R A D U A T E D C Y L I N D E R O A
N E U T R A L I Z E A C I D S T O R S
G D N A L O A D I N G D Y E G E S K K
H Y D R O X I D E I O N E N T R C I F
L N R E A G E N T B O T T L E S O V B
E C E N T R I F H Y D R O G E N I O N
45
B. Activity 2.1
Group Number Common properties

Tastes sour, sticky, mostly
Acid 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 found in food
Tastes bitter, slippery,
Base 1, 2, 6, 8, 12 mostly cleansing agent
Activity 2.2
Substance estimated pH value Acidic / Basic
1. muriatic acid 1 Acidic
2. lemon juice 2 Acidic
3. vinegar 3 Acidic
4. tomatoes 5 Acidic
5. shampoo 6 Acidic
6. water 7 Neutral
7. soap 9 Basic
8. Clorox 10 Basic
9. ammonia 11 Basic
10. sodium hydroxide 14 Basic
Activity 2.3 (possible answers)

Acid
1. electrolytes in aqueous form
2. produce H+ ions when mixed with water
3. reacts with carbonates to form salt, water and carbon dioxide
4. reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas
5. reacts with base to form salt and water in a neutralization reaction
Base
1. electrolytes in aqueous solution
2. produce OH- when mixed with water
3. reacts with metal oxide to form salt and water
4. reacts with acid to form salt and water in a neutralization reaction
Activity 2.4 – Weak and Strong Acid and Base

A. 1. SB 2. WA 3. SA 4. WB 5. SB
B. 1. < 2. > 3. > 4. < 5. <
Activity 3.1
1. 14-9-15
2. 4-6-3
3. 11-13-12
4. 16-7
5. 10-1-8
Activity 3.2
46
47
SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name: _________________________________________ ______________________________
Section: ________________________________________ Date: ___________________
ADVANCE CHEMISTRY
(Q2_LP5)
Introductory Concept
In 1923, the Danish chemist Johannes Bronsted (1879-1947) and the English chemist Thomas
Lowry (1874-1936) independently proposed a new definition of acids and bases. The Brønsted-Lowry
theory describes acid-base interactions in terms of proton transfer between chemical species. The
Bronsted-Lowry theory defines an acid as a hydrogen-ion donor. Similarly, Bronsted-Lowry base
is a hydrogen-ion acceptor.
Using the Brønsted-Lowry definition, an acid-base reaction is any reaction in which a proton is
transferred from an acid to a base. We can use the Brønsted-Lowry definitions to discuss acid-base
reactions in any solvent, as well as those that occur in the gas phase.
Water is amphoteric, which means it can act as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Brønsted-
Lowry base. Strong acids and bases ionize completely in aqueous solution, while weak acids and bases
ionize only partially. The conjugate base of a Brønsted-Lowry acid is the species formed after an acid
donates a proton. The conjugate acid of a Brønsted-Lowry base is the species formed after a base
accepts a proton. The two species in a conjugate acid-base pair have the same molecular formula except
the acid has an extra, H, compared to the conjugate base. When a Brønsted acid dissociates, it increases
the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution, conversely, Brønsted bases dissociate by taking a
proton from the solvent (water) to generate [OH−].
MELC: Illustrate with equations the Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases and solve problems involving
acids and bases.
CG LC/ Code:
48
1. Identify Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases in a chemical equation.
2. Describe a conjugate acid-base pair.
3. Perform scientific calculations on acid-base neutralization.
ACTIVITY 1: Pre-Test
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.
_______1. Which of the ff. is a Bronsted-Lowry definition?

a. A base is an electron-pair donor c. A base is OH- producer.
b. An acid is an H+ producer d. An acid is a H+ donor.
-
_______2. Which is a conjugate acid of HCO3 ?
a. H3O+ c. CH3COOH
b. H2CO3 d. HCO2
_______3. What is the gram equivalent mass of CH3COOH?
a. 30 g/equiv c. 50 g/equiv
b. 40 g/equiv d. 60 g/equiv
_______4. How many ml of 3N KOH are needed to prepare 870 ml of 0.20N KOH?
a. 58 ml c. 150 ml
b. 25 ml d. 75 ml
_______5. How many equivalents are there in 9.8 g H3PO4?
a. 0.20 c. 0.30
b. 0.10 d. 0.15
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
For example, consider the reaction of ammonia gas, NH3(g) with hydrogen chloride
gas, HCl(g) to form solid ammonium chloride, NH4Cl(s).
NH3(g)+HCl(g)→NH4Cl(s)
This reaction can also be represented using the Lewis structures of the reactants and products,
as seen below:
49
In this reaction, HCl donates its proton to NH3. Therefore, HCl is acting as a Brønsted-
Lowry acid. Since NH3 has a lone pair which it uses to accept a proton, NH3 is a Brønsted-Lowry
base.
ACTIVITY 2: ACIDS and BASES
INSTRUCTIONS: Box the Bronsted-Lowry acid and encircle the Bronsted-Lowry base in the
reaction:
HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + NO3−(aq)
1. NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + OH−(aq)

2. HCO3- + HOH H2CO3 + OH-
3. HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl¯
4. C6H5NH2(aq) + H2O(ℓ)↽−−⇀C6H5NH+3(aq)+OH−(aq)
5. CH3CH2OH + H2SO4 <=> CH3CH2OH2+ + HSO4−
In a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction, a conjugate acid is the species formed after the
base accepts a proton. By contrast, a conjugate base is the species formed after an acid donates its
proton. The two species in a conjugate acid-base pair have the same molecular formula except the acid
has an extra H+, compared to the conjugate base.
ACTIVITY 3: CONJUGATE ACID-BASE PAIR
INSTRUCTIONS: Explain the conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction in ACTIVITY NO.2. The
first one is done for you.
Ex. HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

Acid base
1. After HCl donates its proton, the Cl− ion is formed; thus, Cl− is the conjugate base of HCl. When
water accepts a proton, H3O+ is formed. Therefore, H3O+ is the conjugate acid of H2O.
2.
3.
4.
5
50
The Relative Strengths of Some Common Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
A solution is neutral when it contains equal concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide

ions. When we mix solutions of an acid and a base, an acid-base neutralization reaction occurs.
However, even if we mix stoichiometrically equivalent quantities, we may find that the resulting
solution is not neutral. It could contain either an excess of hydronium ions or an excess of hydroxide
ions because the nature of the salt formed determines whether the solution is acidic, neutral, or basic.
The following four situations illustrate how solutions with various pH values can arise
following a neutralization reaction using stoichiometrically equivalent quantities:
1. A strong acid and a strong base will react to form a neutral solution since the conjugate partners
produced are of negligible strength.
2. A strong acid and a weak base yield a weakly acidic solution, not because of the strong acid
involved, but because of the conjugate acid of the weak base.
3. A weak acid and a strong base yield a weakly basic solution. A solution of a weak acid reacts
with a solution of a strong base to form the conjugate base of the weak acid and the conjugate
acid of the strong base. The conjugate acid of the strong base is a weaker acid than water and
has no effect on the acidity of the resulting solution. However, the conjugate base of the weak
acid is a weak base and ionizes slightly in water. This increases the amount of hydroxide ion in
the solution produced in the reaction and renders it slightly basic.
4. A weak acid plus a weak base can yield either an acidic, basic, or neutral solution. This is the
most complex of the four types of reactions. When the conjugate acid and the conjugate base
are of unequal strengths, the solution can be either acidic or basic, depending on the relative
strengths of the two conjugates. Occasionally the weak acid and the weak base will have
the same strength, so their respective conjugate base and acid will have the same strength, and
51
the solution will be neutral. To predict whether a particular combination will be acidic, basic or
neutral, tabulated K values of the conjugates must be compared.
This is the general format for a neutralization reaction:
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
It is important to note that neutralization reactions are just a specific type of double displacement
redox reaction. Remember the rules for writing displacement reactions.
1. Figure out what the reactants and products will be.

o The cations will switch places in the products for double replacement
reactions.
o The element will replace the cation in the reacting compound and result in
a new product for single replacement reactions.
2. Make sure that all of the compound formulas are correctly written based on the
oxidation state of the elements involved.
3. Balance the equation.
ACTIVITY 4: WORD SERIES

INSTRUCTIONS: Determine the correct term for the ff. descriptions needed in solving problems
about acid-base neutralization.
1.
T R T N
The process of adding a known amount solution of known concentration to determine the
concentration of another solution.
2.
Q V E
Amount of acid (or base) that will give one mole of hydrogen (or hydroxide ions).
3.
R M L Y
Number of equivalents of solute in one-liter solution.
4.
S N D R
Solution of known concentration.
52
5.
S
Product of acid-base neutralization reactions.
PROBLEM SOLVING FOR ACID-BASE NEUTRALIZATION

Study the steps in calculations.
1. How many moles of sulfuric acid are required to neutralize 0.50 mol of sodium hydroxide?
H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) +2H2O (l)
A. LIST THE KNOWN (what are given in the problem) AND UNKNOWN (what
will be solved in the problem)
Known=
Mol NaOH=0.50 mol
2 mol NaOH/mol H2SO4 (aq)

(based from balanced equation; see coefficients)
Unknown=mol H2SO4
B. Calculate: show solutions

0.50 mol NaOH x 1 mol H2SO4 = 0.25 mol H2SO4
2 mol NaOH
C. Final Answer (must be checked)
0.25 mol H2SO4 are required to neutralize 0.50 mol NaOH
2. What is the mass of 1 equivalent of calcium hydroxide? Molar mass 74g/mol

A. LIST THE KNOWN (what are given in the problem) AND UNKNOWN (what
will be solved in the problem)
Known=
Molar mass Ca (OH)2 = 74 g/mol
Unknown=gram equivalent mass Ca (OH)2= g/equiv
53
Because each formula unit of Ca (OH)2 gives two hydroxide ions, the molar mass
must be divided by 2 equiv/mol to find the gram equivalent mass
gram equivalent mass Ca (OH)2=74 g/mol = 37 g/equiv

2 equiv/mol

37 g/equiv
3. You need to make 250 ml of 0.10 N sodium hydroxide from a stock solution that is
2.0 N sodium hydroxide? How many ml of the stock solution must you dilute to get the
required solution?
A. LIST THE KNOWN (what are given in the problem) AND UNKNOWN
(what will be solved in the problem)
Known:
N1=2.0 N N2=0.10 N V2=250ml
Unknown=V1

N1xV1 = N2x V2
V1 = N2x V2
N1
V1 = 0.10 N x 250ml
2.0 N
= 13 ml

Dilute 13 ml of 2.0 N sodium hydroxide to 250ml make of 0.10 N sodium
hydroxide
ACTIVITY 5: ANALYSIS
INSTRUCTIONS: After understanding the above examples of problems involving acid
and base, be able to give the importance or relationships to the different calculations:
54
MOLE EQUIVALENT NORMALITY
CONCEPT
ACID AND BASES Solutions of acids
and bases are
mixed in the mole
ratios specified by
a balanced
equation.
UNITS gram/equiv
FORMULA N1xV1 = N2xV2
NEUTRALIZATION Equivalents of acid

must equal the
equivalents of base.
ACTIVITY 6: APPLICATION
INSTRUCTIONS: Solve the ff. problem. Follow the steps in calculations.
1. How many moles of potassium hydroxide are needed to completely neutralize 1.56 phosphoric acid?
2. What is the mass of 1 equivalent of NaOH?
3. How many equivalents is 14.6 g of sulfuric acid?
4. How would you prepare 500 ml of 0.20 N sulfuric acid from a stock solution of 4.0 N sulfuric acid?
5. If you need 50.0 ml of 0.152 N hydrochloric acid to neutralize 29.2 ml Ca(OH)2, what is the
normality of the base?
ACTIVITY 7: ABSTRACTION
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer the following questions;
1. Define acids and bases according to Bronsted and Lowry?

2. Give examples of Conjugate acid-base pair.
3. How do neutralization occur?
ACTIVITY 8: Post-Test
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.
_______1 Which of the ff. is a Bronsted-Lowry definition?

a. An acid is an electron-pair acceptor c. A base is OH- producer.
b. An acid is an H+ donor d. An acid is a H+ producer.
55
______2. Which is a conjugate base of H3O+?
a. OH- c. H3O
b. H+ d. H2O
_______3. How many moles of NaOH are required to neutralize 0.20 mol of nitric acid?
a. 0.20 mol c. 0.40 mol
b. 0.30 mol d. 0.10 mol
_______4. What is N of a solution of a base if 25 ml is neutralized by 75 ml of 0.40 N acid?
a. 2.5 N c. 3.4 N
b. 0.5 N d. 1.2 N
_______5. How many equivalents are there in 19.6 g H2SO4?
a. 0.20 c. 0.40
b. 0.10 d. 0.30
REFLECTION:
Write an essay by completing the sentences below. Expand your thoughts.
I have learned that
I wish to learn more about
Textbooks:
Wilbraham, Antony C.et al Chemistry Addison-Wesley. Fifth Edition
Internet Sources:
Acids and Base. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-
Physical and Theoretical. Retrieved from https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical and

Theoretical
56
ANSWER KEY:
PRE-TEST 1. D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C

ACTIVITY 1:
1. NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + OH−(aq)
2. HCO3- + HOH H2CO3 + OH-
3. HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl¯
4. C6H5NH2(aq) + H2O(ℓ)↽−−⇀C6H5NH+3(aq)+OH−(aq)
5. H2SO4 + CH3CH2OH <=> CH3CH2OH2+ + HSO4−
ACT 2
1. After H2O donates its proton, the OH− ion is formed; thus, OH−is the conjugate base
of H2O. When NH3 accepts a proton, NH4+ is formed. Therefore, NH4+ is the conjugate acid
of NH3.
2.. After HOH donates its proton, the OH- ion is formed; thus, OH-is the conjugate base
of HOH. When HCO3- accepts a proton, H2CO3 is formed. Therefore, H2CO3 is the
conjugate acid of HCO3- .
4. After H2O donates its proton, the OH−t ion is formed; thus, OH−is the conjugate base
of H2O. When C6H5NH2 accepts a proton, CH3CH2OH2+ is formed. Therefore,
CH3CH2OH2+ is the conjugate acid of C6H5NH2.
5. After H2SO4 donates its proton, the HSO4−ion is formed; thus, HSO4−is the conjugate
base of H2SO4. When CH3CH2OH accepts a proton, CH3CH2OH2+is formed. Therefore,
CH3CH2OH2+is the conjugate acid of CH3CH2OH.
ACT 3
1.TITRATION
2.EQUIVALENT
3.NORMALITY
3.STANDARD
5.SALT
57
ANALYSIS
MOLE CONCEPT EQUIVALENT NORMALITY
ACID AND BASES Solutions of acids Amount of acid (or Concentration of the
and bases are mixed base) that will give solution used to
in the mole ratios one mole of express the
specified by a hydrogen (or equivalents of acid
balanced equation. hydroxide ions). and base
UNITS mol gram/equiv equiv/L, N

FORMULA Mol of given x mole Molar mass N1xV1 = N2x V2
ratio Equiv/mole
NEUTRALIZATION Acids and bases in Equivalents of acid Solutions of known
aq solutions produce must equal the normality can be
salt and water equivalents of base. made less by
considering molar diluting them with
quantities. water.
APPLICATION-
1. 4.68 mol KOH
2. 40.0 g
3. 0.297 equiv
4. 25 ml
5. 0.260N
ABSTRACTION-
1. The Bronsted-Lowry theory defines an acid as a hydrogen-ion donor. Similarly,
Bronsted-Lowry base is a hydrogen-ion acceptor.
2. Sample answers:
.
3. A solution is neutral when it contains equal concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide
ions. When we mix solutions of an acid and a base, an acid-base neutralization reaction occurs.
POST TEST 1.B 2. D 3.A 4. D 5.C
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author/ Writer: Belinda D. Ravalo, Ronalyn M. Lirio

Ma. Rowena Balute, Leonie C. Mujal
Content Editor: Ebrahim M. Manrique
Language Editor: Lisa L. Peñaflor
58

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SMILE

(SIMPLIFIED MODULE INTENDED FOR LEARNING ENCOUNTERS)

Section: ________________________________________ Date: ___________________

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:

LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE:

ACTIVITY 1: Pre - Test

INSTRUCTIONS/ GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. How many moles does each substance have?

Figure 1-1. Sample substances with their masses

3. How many molecules are in 1 mole of water?

INSTRUCTIONS/ GUIDE QUESTIONS:

Now, try to answer the following questions:

2. Compare 1 mole of H2, 1 mole of O2, and 1 mole of F2.

ACTIVITY 3: MOLAR MASS

Please read on to know more about mass and molar mass…

Formula Mass for Ionic Compounds

Molar mass for O atoms = 16.00 g/mol

Molar mass for O2 molecules =

2 x (molar mass of O atoms) = 2 x (16.00 g/mol) = 32.00 g/mol

Molar mass for CO2 molecules =

1 x (molar mass of C atoms) = 1 x (12.01 g/mol) = 12.01 g/mol

+ 2 x (molar mass of O atoms) = 2 x (16.00 g/mol) = 32.00 g/mol

Example 1. Computing Molecular Mass for a Covalent Compound

Figure 1-5. Computation for molecular mass of Ibuprofen

Check Your Understanding

Figure 1-6. Computation for molecular mass of Al2S3O12

Check Your Understanding

THE MOLE CONCEPT

The number of entities composing a mole has been experimentally determined to be

Element Average Atomic Mass (amu) Molar Mass (g/mol) Atoms/Mole

C 12.01 12.01 6.022 × 1023

H 1.008 1.008 6.022 × 1023

O 16.00 16.00 6.022 × 1023

Na 22.99 22.99 6.022 × 1023

Cl 35.45 33.45 6.022 × 1023

Example 3. Deriving Mass from number of Moles

Check Your Understanding

Example 5. Deriving Mass from number of Moles

9.2 × 10−4 mol x 40 g/mol = 0.04 g

Check Your Understanding

THE MOLE-NUMBER OF PARTICLES RELATIONSHIP

2. Number of molecules (if the given substance is a compound)

Example 6. Deriving number of Moles from number of atoms of an element

Example 7. Deriving number of atoms from Mass for an Element

# atoms of Cu = 4.74 x 1022

Figure 1-12. Structural formula of saccharin

# molecules = 1.31 x 1020

Check Your Understanding

ACTIVITY 5: STUDY CHECK

I. Calculate the molar mass for each of the following compounds:

Things I have learned today: _________________________________________________________________

I wish to ask about

Chapter 7. The Mole Concept. Retrieved August 12,2021 from

Rachel Bain. Chemistry Activities , Retrieved August 13,2021 from

Russell Geanangel , Chapter 3. Stoichiometry: Mole-Mass Relationships in

8. 2.1 x 1019 molecules C6H8O6

Check Your Understanding

Activity 5. Study Check

Molar mass= 159.7 g/mol

Author/ Writer: Jonathan

Section: ________________________________________ Date: ___________________

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:

Section: ______________________ Date: _

Section: ______________________ Date: _

1. _K + _O2 ___K2O

2. _Al + _ZnCl2 _AlCl3 + _Zn

4. _Na + _S ___Na2S

5. _Na2CO3 + _Mg (NO3)2 _NaNO3 + _MgCO3

6. _C3H7OH + _O2 _CO2 + _H2O

7. _C2H5OH + _O2 _CO2 + _H2O

8. _P4O10 + _H2O ___H3PO4

9. _CaO + _H2O ___ Ca (OH)2

10. _LiO2 + _H2O ___LiOH

1. _Fe + _O2 ___Fe2O3

3. _CaO + _H2O ___Ca(OH)2

5. _NH4NO2 _N2 + ___ H2O

7. _C3H8 + _O2 _CO2 + _H2O

9. _Na2CO3 + _CaCl2 ___ CaCO3 + NaCl

4. _2_Na + _S _Na2S

5. _Na2CO3 + _Mg(NO3)2 _2_NaNO3 + ___MgCO3

10. _Li2O + _H2O _2_LiOH

3. _CaO + _H2O ___Ca (OH)2

5. _NH4NO2 _N2 + _2_ H2O

_2_NaCl + _H2SO4 _Na2SO4 + _2_ HCl

_2_Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + _2_Fe

9. _Na2CO3 + _CaCl2 ___ CaCO3 + _2_NaCl