Entropy

&
2nd Law of Thermodynamics for
Control Volume
 Outline
• Entropy Change of A Control Mass During An
Irreversible Process.
• Entropy Generation.
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics for CV.
• Steady State processes
• Transient state processes.
 Example 6.36
Consider a Carnot-cycle heat pump with R-410a as the
working fluid. Heat is rejected from the R-410a at 35◦C,
during which process the R-410a changes from saturated
vapor to saturated liquid. The heat is transferred to the R-
410a at 0◦C.
a. Show the cycle on a T–s diagram.
b. Find the quality of the R-410a at the beginning and end
of the isothermal heat addition process at 0◦C.
c. Determine the COP for the cycle.
 From table B.4.1 sf @35 C
s1=s2=sf= 0.4189 kJ/kg.K
• a)
From table B.4.1 sg @35 C
s3=s4=sg= 0.9671 kJ/kg.K
Now for X1 s1=s
s= sf+X1sfg
0.4189-sf/sfg = X1.........(i)
From table B.4.1 sf & sfg
• b) @0 C, sf= 0.2264kJ/kg.K &
X1 = sfg= 1.0368kJ/kg.K put in
X4 = eq (i), we get:
s1 = s2= sf @35 C From X1= 0.4189-0.2264/1.0368
s3 = s4= sg @35 C table X1=0.1856 or 18.56%
Now for X4, s3=s c) Now for C.O.P

s= sf+X4sfg (COP)R = TL/TH-TL

= (0+273)/(35+273)-
0.9671-sf/sfg = X4.........(ii)
(0+273)
From table B.4.1 sf & sfg = 273/308-273
@0 C, sf=0.2264 kJ/kg.K & =273/35

sfg=1.0368 kJ/kg.K put in (COP)R = 7.8

eq (ii), we get:

X4= 0.9671-0.2264/1.0368
X4 = 0.7144 or 71.44%
 Example Similar to 6.36
During the heat rejection process R-410a goes from
the g to f. While the corresponding temperatures are:
TH = 40 degree C.
TL = -5 degree C.
Find the X at the beginning and end of the heat
addition process. Also find out the COP.
 From table B.4.1 sf @40 C
Solution: s1=s2=sf= 0.4473 kJ/kg.K
From table B.4.1 sg @40 C
s3=s4=sg= 0.9552 kJ/kg.K
Now for X1 s1=s
s= sf+X1sfg
0.4473-sf/sfg = X1.........(i)
From table B.4.1 sf & sfg
@-5 C, sf=0.1989 kJ/kg.K
& sfg=0.8477 kJ/kg.K put
in eq (i), we get:
X1= 0.4473-0.1989/0.8477
X1=0.293 or 29.3%
Now for X4, s3=s Now for C.O.P
s= sf+X4sfg (COP)R = TL/TH-TL
0.9552-sf/sfg = X4.........(ii) = (-5+273)/(40+273)-(-
From table B.4.1 sf & sfg 5+273)
@-5 C, sf=0.1989 kJ/kg.K & = 268/313-268
sfg=0.8477 kJ/kg.K put in =268/45
eq (ii), we get: (COP)R = 5.955
X4= 0.9552-0.1989/0.8477
X4= 0.8921 or 89.21%
 ENTROPY CHANGE OF A CONTROL MASS
DURING AN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
• Consider a control mass
that undergoes the cycles
shown in Fig. 6.15.
• The cycle made up of the
reversible processes A and
B is a reversible cycle.
Therefore, we can write
FIGURE 6.15 C
Entropy change of a
control mass during an
irreversible process.
 ENTROPY CHANGE OF A CONTROL MASS
DURING AN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
• The cycle made up of the irreversible process C
and the reversible process B is an irreversible
cycle.
• Therefore, for this cycle the inequality of Clausius
may be applied, giving the result

• Subtracting the second equation from the first

and rearranging, we have
 ENTROPY CHANGE OF A CONTROL MASS
DURING AN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
• Since path A is reversible, and since entropy is a
property,

• Therefore

• As path C was arbitrary, the general result is

………………...(6.3)
 ENTROPY CHANGE OF A CONTROL MASS
DURING AN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
• If an amount of heat δQ is transferred to a control mass
at temperature T in a reversible process, the change of
entropy is given by the relation

• however, the change of entropy will be greater than for

the reversible process.

• Equation 6.33 holds when δQ = 0, when δQ < 0, and

when δQ > 0.
 ENTROPY GENERATION AND THE ENTROPY
EQUATION
• The entropy change in an irreversible process is
larger than the change in a reversible process for
the same δQ and T.
……………….……….(6.34)
• provided that the last term is positive,
………………………..(6.35)
• The amount of entropy, δSgen, is the entropy generation
in the process due to irreversibilities occurring inside the
system
 ENTROPY GENERATION AND THE ENTROPY
EQUATION
• Equation 6.34 can be integrated between the initial and
final states to
…………(6.37)
• Equation 6.37 is now the entropy balance equation for a
control mass
• ∆Entropy = +in − out + gen
2nd Law of Thermodynamics for Control Volume
2nd Law of Thermodynamics for Control Volume
 Example
A condenser in a power plant
receives 5 kg/s steam at 15 kPa,
quality 90% and rejects the heat to
cooling water with an average
temperature of 17◦C. Find the
power given to the cooling water in
this constant-pressure process,
shown in Fig. and the total rate of
entropy generation when the
condenser exit is saturated liquid.
Transient state process
 Example
An initially empty tank is
filled with carbon dioxide at
3MPa & 60 C. The volume
of the tank is 0.2 m3. Find
the T2 & entropy genration,
when the tank is full.
Assume that the tank is
completely insulated.