THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

CHAPTER SCHEME :
- DISCRIPTION OF THE PICTURE 1848,BY FREDERIC SORRIEU
- FIRST CLEAR EXPRESSION ,FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789
- NAPOLEONIC CODE
- CONCEPT OF NATION-STATE IN MID EIGHTEENTH CENTUTRY,THEIR
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DIVISION
- LIBERAL NATIONALISM
- NEW CONSERVATIVE RIEIGME 1815
- RIVOLIUTIONARIES
-THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
- ROMANTICISM
- HUNGER ,HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLT
-THE REVOLUTION OF LIBERALS
- UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
-UNIFICATION OF ITALY
- UNIFICATION OF BRITAIN (STRANGE CASE)
-BALKAN PROBLEMS
• FREDERIC SORRIEU ,UTOPIAN VISION 1848
A French artist prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of world made
up of democratic and social republics
He showed that people come from Europe and America ,all men and women, all
ages and classes were marching through a long train offering homage to the statue
of liberty ,the torch of enlightenment she bears in one hand and the charter of
rights of man in the other .
In front of the statue of liberty the remains of the symbol of absolutist institution
He visualize the world a s a distinct nation which were identified by their flags and
national costume
leading the procession was the united states and Switzerland which by this time
already become a nation state followed by France ,Germany (black ,red and gold
flag),then people of Austria, the kingdom of two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland,
England, Ireland hungry and Russia
From the heaven above Christ ,saints and angels gaze upon the scene they
symbolize fraternity among the nations of world.

NATION STATE : nation- state was one in which the majority of its citizen , and its
rulers ,came to develop a sense of common identity , shared history of descent,
common culture and having a clearly defined territory.
 The french revolution and the idea of nation
The first clear expression of nationalism came with the french revolution in 1789
The revolution in france declared that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation
and shape the destiny
Measures and practices that create a sense of collecting belonging
1.The idea of la-patrie and le-citoyen emphasized the idea that united community enjoy equal rights
under a constitution
2.A new tricolour flag was adopted by replacing the former royal standard
3.The estate general was elected by the body of active citizen and renamed as National Assembly
4.New hymns were composed ,oaths were taken and martyrs were commemorated all in the name
of nation.
5.A centralized administrative was introduce ,it formulate uniform laws for all citizens within this
territory
6.Internal custom duty and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures
was adopted .
7.Regional dialects were discourage and French ,as it was spoken and written in Paris became the
common language of the nation.

With the outbreak the French revolutionary ,armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
they declared that it was the destiny of French Nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from the
despotism, means help to become a nation-state.
 NAPOLEONIC CODE
Napoleon destroyed democracy in France but he introduce revolutionary principles in order to make
the whole system more rational and efficient
THE CIVIL CODE OF 1804
It is also known as Napoleonic code
It did away the all privileges based on birth
Established equality before law
Secured the right to property
beside this he simplified the administrative arrangement
Abolished the feudal system
Freed peasant from serfdom and Manorial dues
In the town guild restriction were removed
Transport and communication system were improved
Peasant Artisan and businessmen were enjoyed a new found freedom
they realize that uniform law , standardized weight and measures and a
common currency facilitate the movement
OUTCOMES : people have mixed reaction, Initially French armies were welcome as a harbingers of
liberty but it was soon turned to hostility as it became clear that the new administrative
arrangement will not go hand in hand with political freedom
increased taxation ,censorship ,forced conscription in the French armies required to conquer the
rest of Europe
 The making of nationalism in europe
During mid eighteenth century Europe we find that there were no nation
state as we know them today.
Today's country exist in Europe were under the control of autocratic
monarchies, the do not have a common culture and collective identity
For example : the Hapsburgs empire that ruled over Austria –hung aria
consist of alpine regions and bohemia ,Italian provinces ,Lombardy etc. In
hungry half of the people speak Magyar language and other half speak
different dialects
All these diverse group owed a common allegiance to the emperor.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL COMPOSITION
Autocracy was dominant class, small in number ,they owned estates,
spoke French for purpose and they were connected by ties of marriage
Majority of the people made up of peasantry ,land was farmed by
teanant,In eastern and central Europe land was cultivated by serfs .In
western part(England France and Germany) industrialization taken roots.
Middle class made up of industrialist ,businessmen, professionals, among them
the ideas of national unity followed and the abolition of aristocracy gained
popularity
 Liberalism
The term liberalism derives from the Latin root Liber
Which means free
Political meaning : It emphasized the concept of government by consent
It stood for a constitution and representative government through
parliament
It stood for private property, It stood for freedom for the individual and
equality of all before the law. (example
France suffrage was limited then during Napoleon limited suffrage )
Economics meaning It stood for the freedom of markets .It stood for the
abolition of state-imposed restriction on the movement of goods and
capital. It directly contribute to the growth of economic unification and
nationalism, It expand the size of markets .It result in creation of a
unified economic territory that allows the unhindered movement of
goods ,people and capital. It stimulate mobility .
Zollverein: A custom union formed by the initiative of prussia,abolished
tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to
two
 A New Conservative Regime after 1815
European government was driven by a spirit of conservatism.
It was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established
institution (like monarchy ,the church ,social hierarchies )and customs and preferred
gradual development to quick change
Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by the Britain ,Russia ,Prussia and Austria and met at
Vienna to make settlement in Europe. It was hosted by Austrian chancellor duke
Metternich .the delegate drew up the treaty of Vienna of 1815
Features of treaty of vienna
The bourbon dynasty ,which had been deposed during the French revolution ,was
restored to power
France lost the territories it had annexed under napoleon
A series of state were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion
in future
Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers
Austria was given control of northern Italy
In the east , Russia was given part of Poland.while Prussia was given a port of Saxony
The main idea behind the treaty was to restore the monarchies that had been
overthrown by Napoleon .
Nature of conservative regimes :did not tolerate criticism ,curb the
activity which are against the autocratic govt , also curbed the
liberty and freedom
Idea of revolutionary: opposing autocratic govt fighting for liberty
and freedom ,working for the creation of nation- state
Gusepe mazzini born in Genoa in 1807, Italian revolutionary at
the age of 24, he was sent to exile for attempting a revolution in
Liguria He founded two underground societies that is young
Italy in Marseilles and young Europe in Berne He said that
small states and kingdom of Italy should be forged into a single
unified republic
Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich had describe Mazzini as the
most dangerous enemy of social order
 The age of revolution 1830-1848
The first upheaval took place in France in July revolution1830,The
bourbon king who was restored to power after the treaty of Vienna .The
autocratic monarchy was overthrown by the liberals and a constitutional
monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head was installed in France
Duke Metternich said ‘When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches
cold’
When the news of July revolution spread there is uprising in Brussels
which led to Belgium breaking away from the united kingdom of the
Netherlands.
An event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite
across Europe was the Greek war of independence
The struggle began in 1821 nationalist in Greece got support from other
Greeks living in exile . Greeks also got support from many west
Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture . Greece was
lauded as the cradle of European civilization ,in short Greek got support
from different areas and got independence in 1832 the treaty of
Constantinople
 Romanticism
A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
movement through art and poetry , stories and music and vernacular
language
1.Eugene Delacroix : he was one of the most important French romantic
painters by dramatizing the killing of Greeks by Turks ,focusing on the
suffering of women and children and using different colours. By this he
want to create sympathy for the Greeks .
2.Johann Gottfried herder :He was a German philosopher. he claimed that true
German culture was to be discovered among the common people .It was
through folk songs ,folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the
nation was popularized .
3.Karol kurpinski : He was a polish he celebrated the national struggle through
his operas and music ,turning folk dances into a nationalist symbols .
Turned folk dances like polonaise and mazurka into a nationalist symbols
4 Jacob Grium and wilhem Grimm: They were brothers . Both of them were
born in Germany they developed an interest in collecting old folktales . They
believed that folktales were expressions of pure and authentic German
spirit
5.Language : to played role in developing nationalist sentiments ,after Russian
occupation polish was forced out and Russian language was implemented
,polish was used for church gatherings and all religious instruction
 Hunger hardship and popular revolt 1830
There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe
Small producers in towns were often faced with tough competition
from imports of cheap machine made goods from England
Mass migration of population took place from rural to urban areas in
search of jobs
Peasant struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligation
The condition become more worst in 1848 due to
widespread unemployment: employment opportunity were slow to
develop because of the emergence and spread of machine made
goods
Food shortages and rise in food prices in this situation people of
France came out on the roads result was
Barricades were erected ,Louis Philippe was forced to flee the
national assembly was proclaimed a republic ,suffrage was granted
to all adult males above 21 ,right to work was guaranteed ,national
workshops to provide employment were setup
 1848 the revolution of liberals
After the event of February 1848 in France ,republic came to be
established and universal suffrage was granted. When this
message was spread in European landscape
Men and women of liberal middle class combined their demand for
constitution ,freedom of the press, freedom of association and
national unification (creation of nation-state)
In Germany a large number of political association include
professionals ,businessmen and prosperous artisan came together
in the Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all German nation
assembly, on 18 may 1848, 831 elected members marched to
Frankfurt parliament in church of St. Paul ,they drafted
constitution headed by monarchy, when the crown was offered to
king of Prussia ,he rejected and join other monarch to oppose the
elected assembly, military and opposition became stronger at the
end troops were called and the assembly was disband
Though conservative forces were able to suppress the liberals but
they could not restore the old order they believed that the cycle of
revolution and repression could be ended only by granted
concession
 Unification of germany
In 1848,a large number of political associations whose members
were middle class professional ,businessmen and artisan tried
to unite the different regions of Germany into a nation state
governed by an elected parliament
This initiative was suppress by the combined forces of monarchy
and military ,supported by the landlord of Prussia known as
Junkers
There after Prussia took the leadership of movement of
national unification Its chief minister ottovan Bismarck was
the architect of this process .He followed the policy of “Blood
and Iron” He took the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy
and over a period of seven years he fought three wars with
Austria , Denmark and France and emerged victorious
This victories completed the process of unification of Germany .
In January 1871, the Prussian king Kaiser William I was
proclaimed the German emperor
 Unification of Italy
Italy was scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-
national Habsburg Empire It was divided into seven state out
which only one, Sardinia-piedmont ,was ruled by an Italian
princely house, north was under Austrian Hapsburgs , the centre
was ruled by the pope and the southern region were under the
dominion of the bourbon king of Spain
1830 Giuseppe Mazzini try to unite Italy ,he formed secret society
called young Italy and young Europe, after the failure of the
uprising by the Giuseppe Mazzini the mantle fall on the Sardinia-
piedmont to unify Italy nation through war
Chief minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the region of
Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democratic, he spoke
French much better than he did Italian
Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by
Cavour , Sardinia-piedmont in defeating the Austrian forces in
1859.
Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray ,marched into south Italy and the
kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the Support
of the local peasant in order to drive out the spanish rulers .
In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of italy
 Strange case of Britain
Unification of Britain was the result of a long-drawn out process there was no
British nation prior to 18th century, primary identity of the people was
WISE(welsh ,Irish ,scot and English) ,As the nation grow English grew in
wealth and power
In 1688 ,after the protracted struggle the English parliament seized power
from monarchy the parliament proved to be an instrument through which a
nation-state ,with England at the centre , came to be forged.
The Act of Union 1707 led to the formation of the United kingdom of Great
Britain with this , England was able to influence on Scotland, the parliament
was dominant by English, they systematically suppress the Scottish people,
they were forbidden to speak their Gallic language or wear their national
dress ,and large no were forcibly driven out of their motherland.
Ireland suffered similar fate ,it was a country divided between Catholics and
protestant with a catholic majority .The English help the protest to establish
their dominance over catholic, the Catholics revolted but suppressed after
the failed revolt led by Wolfe tone and his united Irishmen 1798, Ireland
was forcibly incorporated into the united kingdom in 1801,a British nation
came into existence where English culture was predominant, older nation
partners survive as subordinate
The British flag (union jack ) and the national anthem(god save our noble king )
And the English language were actively promoted
 Visualizing the nation
Artist of that time personify the nation as a female figure
this was not actually stand for any particular woman in
real life in fact it sought to give the abstract idea of the
nation a concrete form that is the female figure became
an allegory of the nation
In France she was given the a popular name Marianne
which underlined the idea of people's nation her
characteristics – the red cap ,the tricolor , the cockade
were all drawn from those of liberty and the republic
,her image was marked on coins and maps ,her statue
were erected in public figures to remind the public of
the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to
identify with it
Germania in Germany , Germania wears the crown of
oak leaves as the German oaks stands for heroism
 Nationalism and imperialism
By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no
longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of
the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with
limited ends.
Two factor contribute in the change of the form of nationalism.
First was that gradually nationalist group became increasingly
intolerant of each other and were ever ready to go to war.
Secondly the major European powers started manipulating
the nationalist aspiration of the subjects peoples in Europe to
further their own imperialist aims.
Nationalist tensions started brewing in Europe after 1871. The
most serious source of this tension was the area called the
Balkans . This area is commonly known as the Turkish Empire .
It comprises modern-day Romania, Bulgaria , Albania , Greece
,Macedonia , Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia
and Montenegro. The inhabitant of this area were broadly
known as Slavs.
A large part of Balkans was under the control of ottoman Empire ,it was very
large but gradually its sultans became weak and worthless. A large part of
its population was Christian whereas the sultan used to be Muslims ,they
pay attention to the demand of Muslims as a result other feels alienated
There are many Christian country in the Europe who supported the Christian in
this area as a result they enter the internal politics and it seemed as if this
empire would disintegrate and collapse.
When the ottoman empire wants to strengthen itself with every steps the
small country broke away from the ottoman empire and declared
themselves as independent.
They said that history to prove that they had once been independent
There are three problems which complicate the Balkans problems
The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict each try to struggle to
define their identity and independence
The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain
more territory at the expense of the others
matter became the scene of big power rivalry ,each interested power Russia ,
Germany ,England ,Austria-Hungary was keen on countering the hold of the
power over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This
led to a series of wars in the region and finally the first world war broke out
from this region only.
Thus nationality aligned with imperialism and ultimately led to the disastrous
first world war