Flash on English for Transport & Logistic – Second Edition

Answer Key and Transcripts

Unit 1 – pp. 4-5 6 A train which uses containers for carrying cargo
and is therefore easier to load and unload onto
1 other forms of transport.
1 skipper’s 7 It is a very efficient and cost-effective way of
2 personal answer transporting heavy and bulky goods over long
3 personal answer distances; it is less flexible than road tran sport.
4 personal answer 8 The major disadvantage is that it produces air
5 the Train Operator Company pollution and environmental damage.
6 personal answer
7 personal answer 3
8 personal answer 1e 2a 3b 4f 5c 6d
9 a conductor
10 a locomotive engineer/a train driver 4
11 in a warehouse 1T
2 F (It is not much used today because it is slow
2 and road and rail transport have taken over.)
Possible answer: 3 F (There is significant potential to increase
2 naval architecture freight transported by inland waterways in
3 naval architecture Europe.)
4 logistics 4T
5 logistics 5T
6 F (There is no weight or size restriction to the
3 goods transported by sea.)
1a 2b3f 4e 5h6g 7T
7d8c 8 F (It is a system where cargo containers can be
moved easily between different modes of
Unit 2 – pp. 6-11 transport.)

1 5
1 van 7 goods train 1 Containers
2 lorry 8 ferry 2 different types
3 articulated lorry 9 container ship 3 Full Container Load (FCL)
4 road tanker 10 tanker 4 opened
5 road train 11 barge 5 Less than Container Load (LCL)
6 cargo plane 6 loading and unloading operations/methods

2 6
1 The size and weight of the goods, the type of
goods, the cost, the time and the distance.
2 The most common form of transport by land is
road transport.
3 Because it can deliver door-to-door and it
doesn’t have to respect a timetable.
4 TIR stands for Transports Internationaux
Routiers.
It is a large lorry/truck used for transport across
borders. The goods are loaded into containers
which are sealed at their point of departure and
therefore do not need to be inspected by
customs officials until the final destination.
5 Train is the most suitable form of land transport
for long distances, because it is cheaper.
1 The volume of containers that went through the
largest ports in the world.
2 1989 and 2014, or approximately two decades.
3 The data is presented in million TEUs
(Twentyfoot Equivalent Unit).
4 Hong Kong was the biggest port in 1989. It held
fourth position in 2014.
5 Shanghai was the biggest port in 2014. It was
not classified in 1989.
6 Rotterdam went from third position in 1989 to
last position in 2011.
7 Asia has the most ports on the list.
8 Twenty years ago there were still some
important container ports in America or Europe,
now all the most important container ports are
 in Asia. This shows an increase in globalisation. 2
1 knots 2 nautical 3 moor 4 dock 5 safety
7 6 safe
1 Fragile goods, perishable goods and goods
worth a lot of money. 3
2 Because it can deliver them quickly before they 1 sailor 2 danger 3 expert 4 to moor
deteriorate. 5 to secure
3 Yes, it is often higher to cover the cost of air
freight. 4
4 As it is quick and safe, you can save money on Personal answer
insurance and packing.
5 A flight can be delayed or cancelled if the 5
weather is bad. 1C 2A 3B
6 Air freight is a fast, safe and secure; its
administrative process is quick. 6
Possible answer:
8 First take a rope and make an eye. Then turn the
1 air freight because it is fast, safe and secure or rail round anticlockwise.
sea freight if the material is very heavy Finally put the rail through the eye and pull.
2 by rail if there is a large number of vans, or by
road if there are fewer vans, using LGV (large 7
good vehicles, whose length is severely Possible answer:
restricted on UK roads); both methods of A Bowline knot is a knot used by a sailor to tie a
transport are fast and convenient line to his bow. It was very important in case of
3 by oil tanker from Egypt to terminals in emergency because it did not slip, however hard it
southern was pulled.
Europe which are connected by pipeline to
countries in central and northern Europe 8
4 overseas shipping because of large quantities 1c 2d 3e 4a 5b
5 overseas shipping because the goods are bulky
and heavy 9
6 overseas shipping because they are bulky and 1 A hitch is the knot used to moor a ship.
heavy 2 You attach the ship’s rope to the bitt.
7 road transport because the distances are short 3 The Franciscan knot and the Savoy knot.
4 They are also called ‘stop knots’.
9 5 The Bowline knot.
Personal answers, for example: 6 ‘to remember the ropes’ or ‘ to show someone
I think air transport damages the environment the the ropes’.
most because of the enormous consumption of
fuel and consequent gas emissions. 10 1
First take a rope round your body and place the
10 working end on top of the rope. Bring the working
1 aviation, road transport end between you and the static end. Then bring it
2 sea transport, rail transport up through the loop. Pull the working end so as to
3 aviation, road transport force the loop into the static end. Take the
4 rail transport working end back round the static line. Finally
5 sea transport take it down in the forced loop and pull.
6 road and air transport
7 road transport 1E 2F 3A 4B 5D 6C
8 sea transport 2, 3, 5, 1, 6, 4

Unit 3 – pp. 12-15 11

1T 2F 3T 4T
1
1b 2e 3d 4a 5c 12
4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5
13 4 He is responsible for all the ground traffic,
1 Because in China it also has great artistic and which includes aircraft taxiing from the gates to
symbolic value. take-off runways and from landing runways to
2 The character si symbolises silk or rope while the gates.
the jí represents prosperity, long life, luck and 5 When he determines that it is safe to start
health. taking-off.
3 Because this character is thought to resemble a 6 The ground controller passes the strip to the
moving dragon, and the dragon is considered the local controller.
greatest animal of all in Chinese culture. 7 The local controller watches the skies above the
4 A well-made knot must always look the same airfield and uses surface radar to track aircraft.
seen from the back as from the front. 8 No, he still monitors the plane until it is 5 miles
5 Red is the most popular colour because it fromthe airport.
symbolises luck and prosperity.
6 The three most common uses of knots in China 5
are: decorative, practical and symbolic. 1d 2c 3e 4a 5f 6b
7 The ancient art of knot tying lost importance in New York, USA
the 20th century. London, UK
Paris, France
14 California, USA
1 In Chinese culture no animal is considered to be Milan, Italy
as important as the dragon. South Africa
2 This variety is reflected by the existence of
many different types of knot. 6
3 If a knot is well made it doesn’t look different 2 type of aircraft
seen from the back as from the front. 6 time aircraft is estimated to cross LIT
4 The colour red is more common than any other 8 flight route with departure and destination
colour. 16 remarks area
5 The ancient art of knot tying became less
important in the 20th century. 7
1 Delta Airlines flight 542
Unit 4 – pp. 16-19 2 2675
3 16
1 4 T469
1f 2g 3a 4e 5d 6b 7c 5 330
6 MD80/A
2 7 ZNY
1 control tower 2 gate 3 runway 4 taxiways
5 ground radar 6 ground controller 8 2
In the cockpit, every time we prepare an airplane
3 to fly we make use of a checklist. We have a
1E 2B 3A 4F 5C 6D physical checklist in front of us and we go
through each item every time regardless of how
4 many times we’ve used it before. As we go
1 Before taking off, the pilot inspects the plane through it, if we are interrupted for any reason we
and files a flight plan at least 30 minutes prior to go back and start over from the beginning. When
pushing back from the gate. The flight plane going through the checklist we use what is known
includes: the airline name and flight number; the as a ‘challenge and response system’ of working
type of aircraft and equipment; the intended through it. The co-pilot calls out all items and the
airspeed and cruising altitude and the route of pilot checks the items and responds out loud.
flight. Saying each item aloud as the checklist is
2 The flight progress strip contains all of the completed makes it less likely you are going to
necessary date for tracking the plane during its miss something.
flight and it is constantly updated.
3 The flight data person gives clearance to the 1C 2A 3B 4A 5C 6C
pilot and passes the strip to the ground
controller in the tower.
9 6
1A 2B 3B 2 weighty / heavy
3 speedy / fast
Unit 5 – pp. 20-23 4 wide
5 high
1 6 deep
1 F (Most ships are built of steel.)
2 F (Steel has a fatigue limit, below which any 7 3
stress will not damage the ship seriously.) Four football fields long, a monster diesel engine,
3 F (Many ships are at sea during storms.) an extremely long engine-shaft, three hundred
4T thousand pieces of steel, that must fit together.
5T Seven hundred tons, a giant ship. When you set
6 F (Naval architects work for ship owners, design the bar you have to be very careful. A mistake
firms, navies, governments, etc.) with very expensive parts like this can cost a lot.
But anything can happen building the world’s
2 biggest container ship made in Denmark!
1 It is wise to assume that the ship will regularly
operate fully loaded, in heavy weather and Length overall: four football fields long
strong waves and that it will encounter its Propulsion: a monster diesel engine
maximum operating conditions many times over Material used: steel
during its lifetime. Shipyard crane lifting power: seven hundred
2 Naval architecture involves preliminary design tons
of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, Type of ship: container ship
trials, operation and maintenance, launching and Place of construction: Denmark
dry-docking. It also involves formulation of
safety regulations and damage control rules and 8
the approval and certification of ship design. 1c 2a 3e 4b 5g 6h 7i 8f 9d
3 It is a co-operative effort because it involves
groups of several technically skilled individuals 9
who are specialists in particular fields, often ship structure: fire protection – layout and access
coordinated by a lead naval architect. – allocation of spaces
4 He has to ensure that a safe, economic, and material used: steel and aluminium
seaworthy design is produced. naval architect: skills – roles

3 10
1 Steel 1e 2b 3d 4g 5a 6f 7c
2 fatigue limit
3 design Unit 6 – pp. 22-27
4 multi-skilled
5 themselves 1
1 aerodynamically smooth
4 2 generate upward lifting force
1 C.B. ORCUTT. Pres’t. 3 tail-plane
2 Simpson’s Basin Dry Dock. 4 jet engines provide thrust directly from the
3 It can repair and build vessels 600 feet long. engine while propellers do not
4 New York. 5 to reduce drag
5 C.B. ORCUTT. Pres’t No.1 Broadway, New
York. 2
1d 2f 3h 4a 5e 6c 7b 8g
5
1 What do they produce? 3
2 Where are they working now? 1 LIFT 2 THRUST 3 DRAG 4 WEIGHT
3 What is the company’s headquarters address?
4 What kind of society are they? 4
5 What other types of product do they produce? 1 The aircraft models are 787-8 and 787-9.
2 Only two in both models.
3 The 787-9 is the biggest one. Unit 7 – pp. 28-31
4 The 787-9.
5 They can be: General Electric GEnx or Rolls 1
Royce Trent 1000. 1D 2B 3A 4C

5 2
1 Because it is the biggest airliner ever built. 1 They are usually near the front of an aircraft.
2 The two main problems were money problems 2 It first appeared in 1914.
and the lack of courage to take on the 747 3 It refers to the driver’s seat of a car.
aircraft with an entirely new design. 4 It refers to the coxswain’s station in a Royal
3 Four countries: Spain, Britain, France and Navy.
German. 5 It contains flight instruments and the controls.
4 One of the biggest challenges was to increase 6 To avoid access by hijackers.
passenger numbers.
5 It was important because there was a phase of 3
increased air traffic congestion. 1d 2e 3a 4c 5b

6 4
1 When was the maiden flight of the Airbus 1 area
A380? 2 aircraft
2 How long did it take to get to this moment? 3 ground
3 How much did its construction cost? 4 compartment
4 Why did the 474 survive in all this time? 5 control
5 What was the European plane maker’s aim?
6 How many planes do they build a year? 5
Personal answers
7
1c 2f 3a 4g 5h 6b 7d 8e 6
2, 1, 3
8 5, 4, 6
1e 2a 3b 4c 5f 6i 7g 8d 9h
7
9 4 1T 2F 3F 4T 5T
Imagine a (1) plane that holds almost six hundred
people. Imagine a plane with (2) space for 8
showers, shops and bars. Imagine a plane which 1 commanded
could change air (3) traffic forever. Right now, 2 located
that dream is coming true. This is the story of a 3 vessel
multi-billion pound gamble. A (4) game of high 4 view
technology, big (5) machines, gigantic buildings, 5 navigation
the creation of an airliner bigger, more powerful,
more luxurious than anything ever seen: the (6) 9 5
Airbus A380. Good afternoon ladies and Propulsion for the train is provided by a (1)
gentlemen and welcome to the (7) 2003 Paris Air separate locomotive, or by individual (2) motors
Show. For people who build (8) airliners this is in self-propelled multiple units. Most modern
the most important event of the year. Businessman trains are powered by (3) diesel locomotives or by
Charles Champion has the (9) fate of the company electricity supplied by overhead wires or (4)
known as Airbus on his shoulders. additional rails, although historically the steam
locomotive was the dominant form of locomotive
10 (5) power. The cab, crew compartment or driver’s
1 It can carry almost six hundred people. compartment is the part of the locomotive housing
2 It was shown for the first time at the Paris Air the (6) train driver and the controls necessary for
Show. the locomotive’s operation. On steam
3 In 2003. locomotives, the cab is normally (7) located to the
4 Charles Champion. rear of the firebox. The cab of a diesel or electric
5 Airbus. locomotive is either (8) inside a cabin or forming
one of the structural elements of a cab unit
locomotive.
10
Personal answers
11
1 It was used to control the direction of trains and
ensure the safety of passengers and vehicles.
2 The invention of the radio and telephone and
later of the computer.
3 By radio or telephone.
4 Because today most signalling is controlled
centrally by very sophisticated computers.
5 To remind us of their important role in the
development of the railway system.
12
1c 2d 3a 4e 5b
Unit 8 – pp. 32-35
1 the (6) altitude of the object. In 1935 Nazi dictator
1 Man used the sun, the moon and the stars.
2 They can help them to choose the best route:
avoiding traffic, saving time and petrol costs.
3 It helps the transport company to monitor the
driver.
For example, it ensures that he respects the
speed limits, travels at the permitted times and
rests at regular intervals. It can even allow the
company to find the vehicle in case of theft.
4 It is possible to look into one’s living room from
the sky, thanks to the accuracy of satellite
images.
5 They do not like this technology because they
consider it an invasion of their privacy and
sometimes, it is not always 100% reliable.
2
1c 2f 3g 4e 5d 6b 7a
3
1 It stands for Radio Detection and Ranging.
2 It was used for the first time during the Second
World War by the allied troops against the
Germans.
3 It uses electromagnetic waves, sent by the radar
dish or antenna.
4 The working principle of the radar is that radio
waves bounce off solid surfaces; in this way it is
possible to determine the bearings and distances
of far away targets and deduce information
about potential hazards.
5 The term ‘gain’ represents the capacity of the
antenna to concentrate the irradiation energy in
the dish.
6 A fix is a fixed point of reference on the land,
which can be useful to find the position of a ship
at sea.
4
1f 2d 3a 4c 5b 6e
5 6
We see everything because of reflected (1) light.
Radar is a beam, not of visible light, but of a
related form of (2) energy: microwave radiation.
When an invisible beam of microwaves is directed
outwards and something crosses its path, a little of
the microwave energy is bounced back to its (3)
source. The time it takes a pulse of microwave
energy to travel out and be (4) reflected back,
allows us to understand the distance from the
object being tracked. The (5) angle of the
returning energy, coming back to the radar, gives
Adolph Hitler announced the rebirth of the
German Air Force, the Luftwaffe. Anxious to
protect their cities from the threat of German
bombing, the British Government commissioned
the Scottish radio (7) expert Robert Watson Watt
to investigate the possibility of creating a death
ray to shoot down Nazi aircrafts. Watson Watt
took the ideas for a death (8) ray and turned them
into the world’s first practical radar system. Radar
stands for Radio direction and ranging. Before
1935 radars were (9) crude and could only detect
very large objects like a ship. In that year, Robert
Watson Watt made a crucial breakthrough.
He devised a radar that could spot something as
small as an (10) aircraft, applying scientific
principles already well understood at the time.
6
1B 2D 3A 4C
7
1 F (It belongs to the American Ministry of
Defense)
2 F (It helps airborne users to determine their
exact location)
3T
4T
5T
8
1e 2c 3d 4a 5b
9 3 wind direction
1 It isn’t displayed. 4 wind force
2 92 Km/h 5 marine forecast
3 Paris
4 Turning on the right 4 8
5 less than a km (0,9 km) A tornado watch is undergoing for our area.
Currently, the temperature is 69 degrees with a
10 7 thunderstorm. For tonight, strong to severe
You know that incredibly uncomfortable feeling thunderstorms. Storms may produce large hail and
you get when you realise you are totally lost, for strong winds. Low pressure 59, winds south,
example in the woods or on the open ocean or in southeast at 10-20 miles per hour. Chance of rain
an unfamiliar city. With the global positioning 80%. And on Saturday, partly cloudy and windy.
system you can know exactly where you are, High pressure 69, winds west-south-west at 15-25
anywhere on the planet. All you need is a small miles per hour. And Saturday night, a mostly clear
hand-held receiver. The system that makes it work sky, low pressure 44.
is absolutely amazing. There are (1) 24 GPS
satellites in orbit. They fly at an altitude of (2) Weather Pressure Wind Wind
11,000 miles and there are always (3) 6 or (4) 7 of Direction force
them overhead at any time. To find your location
your receiver calculates exactly how far away it is Tonight strong to Low 59 SSE 10 to
from at least (5) 3 overhead satellites. Then it uses severe 20
a little trigonometry. If you intersect (6) 2 spheres thunderstorms mph
you get a circle. If you intersect (7) 3 spheres you
get (8) 2 points. The Earth is a sphere. So if you Saturday partly cloudy High 69 WSW 15 to
have only (9) 3 satellites you can use the Earth as morning and windy 25
(10) one of the spheres. Since most GPS receivers mph
have maps built in, you can use your longitude
and latitude to find your way out of the woods, to Saturday a mostly Low 44 / /
the shore or to your favourite restaurant. night clear sky

11
Personal answer 5
1A 2D 3E 4C 5B
Unit 9 – pp. 36-39
6
1 Because the atmosphere is constantly changing.
1
2 They get their information from a number of
1 Great Britain
2 Sicily sources, for example mobile weather observers,
3 Eastern Europe weather balloons, weather stations and satellites.
4 Spain 3 The ‘A-Train’ is a series of satellites which are
5 Russia orbiting and are collecting all sorts of data,
6 Northern Italy including those that will help predict weather
7 Ukraine and climate changes.
4 Cloudsat will help improve weather forecasting,
by studying the different aspects of clouds.
2
1 Partially cloudy Calipso will help predict climate change and
2 Northern Africa how aerosols or particles affect the Earth’s
3 Northern Europe, Russia atmosphere.
4 Turkey 5 They need to know the best time to plant and
5 Spain harvest their crops.
6 The weather in Great Britain will probably be
cloudy, with low temperatures around 4° C. 7
1 accurately
2 analyse
3
1 minimum temperature 3 series
2 maximum temperature 4 forecasting
5 rely on 3 The formation of frost can reduce lift and
6 severe increase drag and the additional weight of ice
7 scheduled increase the lift requie to take off.
4 By spraying heated Type 1 glycol aircraft de-
8 9 icing fluid.
Intv. What’s the weather like today? 5 After de-icing, to prevent further build-up.
Man It’s cloudy and damp.
Intv. And what’s the weather like? 10
Woman Brisk, it’s brisk. Cool is the word, 1 wings, tail, stabilisers
yeah. Yeah, brisk, it’s wonderful. 2 increases, reduces
Intv. What’s the weather like today? 3 the lift required to take off increases
Man It’s a beautiful day in New York. It’s 4 the first is performed to melt and remove ice,
cool and it’s crisp. It’s autumn. whilst the second to prevent further build-up.
Intv. What’s the weather like today?
Woman OK, well it’s really overcast and 11
cloudy and it’s a bit crisp and a little 1d 2a 3e 4b 5c
windy out, but it’s pleasant.
Intv. What’s the weather like? 12
Woman Now? Dull and grey. 1c 2f 3b 4e 5d 6a
Man Cold.
Intv. And what’s the weather like? 13
Old man Weather? Breezy, bright, sunny, very Personal answer
nice, very healthy.
Intv. And what’s the weather like today? Unit 10 – pp. 40-43
Woman The weather is beautiful today. It’s a
little cool, it’s dry and it’s a little 1
breezy and sunny. 1 The most common ones are by air, rail, road, on
Intv. What’s the weather like today? the water.
Woman It’s nice. It’s not too cold and it’s not 2 Transport is fundamental both for trade between
too warm. It’s pleasant. people and for establishing cultural exchanges
Intv. And what’s the weather like today? and increasing understanding between different
Man Sunny, mild, not too hot, not too cold. cultures.
Great. 3 The most common forms of infrastructure for
Intv. What’s the weather like? landbased transport are airports, railway and bus
Woman Beautiful today, very nice, really nice. stations, warehouses, trucking terminals,
Like the south of France. refueling depots and seaports.
All speakers Chilly, windy, cold and windy, very 4 Regulations are controlled by the category of
sunny, warm, very cold, windy, not transportation used.
very nice. It’s raining. 5 Transport uses a large amount of land and
causes air pollution.
Possible answer: 6 Subsidies and planning.
Sight Touch/ Temperature Opinion
Feeling 2
cloudy windy cool wonderful 1d 2g 3a 4b 5c 6e 7h 8f
overcast breezy cold beautiful
dull rainy warm pleasant 3
grey damp mild nice A Electric train, (the greenest)
bright crisp hot healthy B Ship 1000-3000 tonnes
sunny dry C Diesel electric train
D Ship 250-1000 tonnes
9 E Articulated lorry
1 Because it can slow the plane and compromise F Lorry 10-20 tons (local delivery), (the most
the wings’ ability to lift it. polluting one)
2 You can take two different actions: de-icing and Personal answer
antiicing.
4 10 goods are never stored for very long, meaning
1 Beluga Airbus two Europe savings in space and time.
2 Super Guppy four USA
3 747 Dreamlifter four USA 2
4 124 Antonov four Russia 1f 2b 3h 4d 5a 6e 7i 8j
5 225 Antonov six Russia 9g 10 c

5 3
1B 2A 3D 4C 1 handling
2 seamless
6 3 retain
1 T 2 DS 3F 4F 5F 4 expand

7 4
1C 2D 3A 4B 1D 2C 3B 4A

8 5
1 They were developed to solve problems for the 1 …the standardisation of pallets.
transport of large quantities of ‘black gold’ 2 ...in order to stabilise the forklift when it lifts
across the globe. heavy loads.
2 Crude tankers are the larger of the two. They 3 ...by the overhead guard.
move raw, unrefined oil from the places where it 4 ...it is controlled from a computer and it is no
is pumped out of the earth to the refineries. longer driven by an operator.
Product tankers are smaller than crude tankers 5 ...it can move in any direction, and so also to
and move already-processed petroleum products places that were previously off limits for this
to markets where they can be sold and used. type of vehicle.
3 Oil tankers provide an easy and inexpensive
way to transport oil over long distances. 6
4 The main disadvantages are linked to oil tanker 1 vague
accidents. 2 manufacture
For example, when oil spills into the sea, it 3 redesigned
creates enormous damage to nature, which takes 4 resistance
many years to recover.
5 Its future is uncertain because man is looking 7
for new ways of producing energy as oil 1 The two main parts of an airport are the air side
reserves are finishing and ecological issues are and the land side.
becoming more important. 2 Gates are usually considered the border between
the two areas.
9 3 An apron is the area of the airport in which
1b 2c 3a aircraft are prepared for the flight, they are
parked there, unloaded or loaded, refueled and
Unit 11 – pp. 44-47 boarded. It is not usually open to the general
public and a license may be required to gain
1 access.
1 Because it is important that warehouses are 4 The apron management service.
close to main transport facilities such as ports, 5 I.C.A.O. stands for International Civil Aviation
roads, stations and rivers. Organization.
2 Cranes and forklift trucks, ISO standard pallets
and pallet racks are commonly used. 8
3 The organisation of a warehouse is very 1e 2b 3d 4f 5c 6a
important in order to save time, space and
therefore money. 9
4 Warehouses have changed due to new 1B 2A 3D 4C
technology and business demands.
5 Automated warehouses require very few people 10
and they employ ‘Just in Time’ techniques, so 1 busiest
2 handled
3 imperative
4 up to date
5 expanding
11 11
The terminals are (1) equipped with two gantry
cranes each. Container (2) handling at the terminal
is carried out by straddle carriers and R.T.G.
(rubber-tyred gantry) cranes. Most containers are
(3) overseas cargo, but the volume of short-sea
shipping containers is increasing. Forty-six
thousand new cars are unloaded each year in the
port of Oslo. There are two port (4) sheds for
storage of new cars and unloading track for
further distribution by rail with departures every
day. The port of Oslo handles a large volume of
dry bulk. An (5) increase in construction work in
the whole of Eastern Norway has resulted in
heavy demand for cement and sand. The port has
two quays for oil tankers. As much as forty per
cent of Norway’s (6) consumption of oil products
is unloaded at Oslo and stored in storage units. Air
traffic in Eastern Norway is also dependent on the
port of Oslo, which receives all the jet (7) fuel
used at Oslo’s Gardermoen airport. The fuel is
then freighted to the airport by a daily rail (8)
shuttle.
Unit 12 – pp. 48-50
1 payment of freight.
Personal answers, for example:
Transport documents are necessary to identify the
sender and the receiver, the goods transported
and the route to be followed.
2 A rail consignment note (CIM) is the main
1 Hurlinton & Meads, 58 Grosvernor Square,
Bristol, UK
2 Hans Müller GmbH, Arabellastr. 92, Berlin,
Germany
3 Berlin, Germany
4 Bristol, UK, 15th April 20..
5 Invoice No. 742
6/
7 10
8 pallets
9 TV sets
10 /
11 2,010 kg
12-15 /
16 TransEurope Express, 86 West Industrial
Estate, Bristol
17-23 /
24 CV55PLO
3
1 Coffee Export sa, Rva Pedro Alves 270, Santos,
Sao Paulo, Brazil
2 Santos, Brazil
3 Norfolk, Virginia, USA
4 Sea Lion/V050N
5 white refined sugar
6 in bags on pallets
7 20,000 kg
8 18th December 20..
4
1 Nippon Airways
2 ABC Co, 1-8-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo Ku, Tokyo,
Japan
3 Grayson Co, 1566 Cassil Place, Los Angeles,
CA 90028
4 IC parts; 5 kg; 1 piece
5 Tokyo
6 Los Angeles
70
8 USD 14,000
5
Sample answer:
International transport documents can be a road/
rail consignment note, a bill of lading or an air
waybill. Documents usually contain the names of
the consignor and consignee; the point of origin of
the consignment and the destination; the route
and method of shipment; the arrangements for the
A road consignment note (CMR) is the main
document needed for road transport. It confirms
that the carrier has received the goods and that a
contract of carriage exists between the trader and
the carrier.
document needed for rail transport. It identifies
the goods in a shipment to be transported by
railroad and certifies that these goods have arrived
at the railroad in an undamaged condition. The
consignment note is delivered by the company
responsible for transporting the goods to the
railway carrier.
A bill of lading (B/L) is the document used for sea
freight and it serves as a document of title, a
contract of carriage and a receipt of goods. As a
receipt, it states the condition of the goods when
they are loaded on the ship. As a document of
title, it enables the consignee to receive, retain,
sell or otherwise dispose of the document and
goods by endorsing it to a new consignee.
An air waybill (AWB) is the document used when
transporting freight by air. It serves as a receipt of
goods by the airline and as a contract of carriage.
It includes a description of the goods, instructions, equivalent to more than $1bn today. Heath’s
conditions of carriage, limitations of liability and attitude over the San Francisco claims was
applicable transportation charges. rewarded, to the benefit of the London insurance
market. His actions had highlighted Lloyd’s
Unit 13 – pp. 51-53 excellent reputation for paying valid claims, a
reputation that still stands today. Until the 1906
1 earthquake, the placement of insurance risks
1T 2T 3F 4 F 5 DS 6T overseas was viewed with distrust, but now Heath
had succeeded in cementing Lloyd’s position in
2 the US market, so business boomed and other
1c 2f 3e 4d 5b 6a markets followed.
There are now sophisticated building and risk
3 practices in place that help protect against the
Personal answers effects of natural disasters. Although earthquake
risk is still excluded from standard homeowners
4 or business insurance policies in the US, fire
1 Employers’ liability insurance and motor resulting from an earthquake has been included in
insurance are compulsory for businesses. the majority of policies since 1906.
2 They can be insured for theft and breakdown.
3 Yes, it is. A money policy covers cash and Unit 14 – pp. 54-59
cheques.
4 Trade credit insurance is protection against bad 1
debts due to default or insolvency of a client. Personal answer
5 A company has a lot of responsibilities towards
the public and customers so this insurance 2
protects them from paying large amounts if 1 Yes, it is.
someone is injured or dies, or their property is 2 The 1991 Workplace Regulations
damaged, due to their business activities or 3 The 1992 Workplace Regulations
products. 4 The employer
6 Personal accident and sickness, as it will 5 They have to notify occupational injuries,
guarantee an income while you can’t work. diseases and dangerous events.
6 They introduced the obligation for employers to
5 carry out risk assessments and arrange for
1F 2 DS 3 T 4 T 5 DS 6 DS 7F 8T appropriate information and training.
9F 10 T
3
6 1 fundamental 6 provided
Sample answer: 2 employees 7 safe
Lloyd’s and the San Francisco earthquake, 1906 3 range 8 arrange
At 5.13 a.m. on 18th April 1906, San Francisco, 4 appropriate 9 hazardous
the seventh largest city in the US, was struck by a 5 notify
massive earthquake, measuring 8.25 on the
Richter scale. Fires broke out and lasted three 4
days, killing several thousand people and leaving 2, 4
half of the population homeless.
The 1906 earthquake is important in the history of 5
Lloyd’s because it had a profound effect on the 1 They concern hand luggage.
insurance industry of today. During this era, 2 No, only for flights originating within the EU.
governments were not expected to supply relief 31l
funds, so losses were paid for by the insurance 4 In a transparent and re-sealable plastic bag.
industry. At Lloyd’s, one of the leading 5 No, because the maximum quantity for each
underwriters at the time of the San Francisco item is 100 ml.
earthquake, Cuthbert Heath, faced an enormous
bill, but he honoured it and instructed his San 6
Franciscan agent to pay all policyholders in full. 1F 2T 3T 4T
The earthquake cost Lloyd’s over $50m, a sum
7 maritime traffic, the carriage of dangerous goods,
On Vehicles Features for Infrastructures tonnage measurement, fire protection,
users construction standards for new ships and security
seat belts cycling helmets road signs against piracy.
ABS underpasses speed camera
airbags cycling lanes speed bumps 1 F (International Maritime Organization)
brake lights pedestrian guardrails 2 F (It is a specialised agency of the United
crossings
Nations.)
3T
8 4 F (IMO has developed international regulations
1J 2A 3E 4H 5K 6G 7L and conventions relating to construction
8D 9F 10 C 11 B 12 I standards as well.)
9
1 …human activity. 3 …ABS braking. 15 13
2 …road accidents. 4 …cyclists. Most people do not know that the (1) fatal injury
rate for the warehousing industry is (2) higher
10 than the average rate for industries in general.
1 The ‘fleet monitoring’ scheme foresees a sign This may seem surprising but moving (3) goods
printed on vehicles with a phone number that and materials can be a dangerous job! There are
the general public can call to inform transport numerous potential (4) hazards in warehouses
companies of any improper behaviour by their including unsafe use of forklift trucks, improper
drivers. handling of materials, ergonomic hazards and
2 To make the normal citizen responsible. slipping, tripping and (5) falling. To reduce the
3 Because this scheme can be abused and is risk of accidents it is essential that potential
considered as a form of spying. hazards are communicated effectively to (6)
4 Personal answer. employees by employers. This may be done in the
form of training courses, manuals and signs and
11 (7) posters in the workplace. Many warehouse
Personal answer activities also require the use of safety equipment,
which must also be provided by the employer.
12 These may include safety (8) helmets, respiratory
1E 2B 3A 4D 5C protection, (9) masks and special overalls.
Electrical systems are particularly sensitive and
13 should always come with instructions for use, (10)
1 In Lisbon. warnings and emergency procedures. In case of
2 In 2003. emergency it is especially important that (11)
3 Spain and France. exits are clear and accessible and clearly marked,
4 It has to reduce the risk of maritime accidents, and that (12) fire extinguishers are available and
marine pollution and death at sea. in good working order.

14 12
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is
the United Nations’ specialised agency with
responsibility for the safety and security of
shipping and the prevention of marine pollution
by ships.
Shipping is perhaps the most international of all
the world’s great industries and one of the most
dangerous. The best way of improving safety at
sea is by developing international regulations that
are followed by all shipping nations. IMO has
developed and adopted international regulations
and global standards for seafarers, as well as
international conventions and codes relating to
search and rescue, the facilitation of international
16
Possible dangers: unsafe use of forklift trucks;
improper handling of materials; ergonomic
hazards; slipping, tripping and falling.
Safety measures: to communicate potential
hazards; use of safety equipment; instructions for
electrical systems; warnings and emergency
procedures.
17
Possible answers:
The first sign warns you against the danger of an
accident occurring when forklift trucks are
operated. The second sign advises you to pay
attention to the slippery wet floor. The third sign
indicates where the first aid kit is located. The
fourth sign is located over a fire exit and reminds unsolicited letter where you propose yourself
you that the exit must be kept clear in case of to the company, and a letter replying to a
emergency. specific job advertisement.
3 It should be short, clear, well laid out with no
18 mistakes.
Personal answer 4 It starts with a reference to how you heard
about the job (after the opening salutation
Unit 15, pp. 60-63 which is the same as a business letter).
5 No, it shouldn’t, because it would be boring
1 and repetitive. (You need to make the reader
Personal answers, for example: address, career interested in you without giving all the
history, date of birth, interest, marital status, information.)
name, qualifications. 6 Because it will not sound personally addressed
to the reader. It needs to refer to the specific
2 details of the job and why you would be
1 To present yourself and your qualifications, perfect for it.
work history, skills and experience in order to
be selected for an interview. 6
2 It should be no more than 2 or 3 sides of paper, Personal answer
so that the reader can see the applicant’s career
at a glance without wasting time or getting 7
bored. Personal answers
3 No, the CV should slightly vary according to
the job one is applying for. The applicant must 8
highlight the specific skills requested for the 1T 2T 3T 4F 5T 6T
job.
4 So that the reader can have a general idea of 9
the type of applicant. Personal answers
5 Starting from the most recent, so as to give an
idea of the present level of competence of the
applicant.
6 It depends on the job you apply for, but
usually hobbies, sport, social and cultural
interests. Giving useless information could be
negative.
7 To confirm the applicants’ statement about
themselves and their skills.

3
Personal answers

4
1 Senior Shift Manager
2 Six Sigma and Engeneering Degree
3 Yes, he does.
4 His CV makes a positive impression because
of the opening statement (Personal profile) but
it doesn’t follow the established pattern for the
order of ‘Work history’ and ‘Qualifications’

5
1 A covering letter has to make a good
impression and stand out from the others as it
is the first contact with a potential employer,
together with a CV.
2 The two types are: a prospecting letter or