BE-STEM 11 IS – BLOCK—B

General Mathematics

LOGIC
Gen Math | MODULE 6
 General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 6 – Gen Math Subject Teacher:

LOGIC
Preliminary Activities: Answer the logical puzzle below:

If it took eight men ten hours to build a wall, how long would it take four
men to build it? Answer: NONE, the wall was already built

Discussion

Logic may be defined as the science of reasoning. However, this is not to suggest that logic is
an empirical (i.e., experimental or observational) science like physics, biology, or psychology. Rather,
logic is a non-empirical science like mathematics. Also, in saying that logic is the science of
reasoning, we do not mean that it is concerned with the actual mental (or physical) process
employed by a thinking entity when it is reasoning. The investigation of the actual reasoning process
falls more appropriately within the province of psychology, neurophysiology, or cybernetics.
Even if these empirical disciplines were considerably more advanced than they presently are,
the most they could disclose is the exact process that goes on in a being's head when he or she (or it)
is reasoning. They could not, however, tell us whether the being is reasoning correctly or incorrectly.
Distinguishing correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning is the task of logic.

Mathematical logic is methods of reasoning that provides rules and techniques to determine
whether an argument is valid.

The word ‘statement’ is intended to mean declarative sentence. In addition to declarative

sentences, there are also interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. The sentences that
make up an argument are all declarative sentences; that is, they are all statement. The following
may be taken as the official definition of ‘statement’.
A statement is a declarative sentence, which is to say a sentence that is capable of being true
or false.

Examples of statement.
1. I enjoy watching movies at home.
2. It is raining outside.
3. My puppies are hungry.
4. 2x + 3x -1 = 4
5. God exists.

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 General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 6 – Gen Math Subject Teacher:

Propositional Logic
A proposition or statement is a sentence which is either true or false.
If a proposition is true, then we say its truth value is true; and if a proposition is false, we say its
truth value is false.

A proposition is a declarative sentence, that can be classified as true or false, but not both.
A declarative sentence states the facts or an opinion and lets the reader know something specific.

Examples: Which of the following is a proposition?

1. The sun is shining on my window pane. Proposition
2. The sum of two prime numbers is even. Proposition
3. 3 + 4 =7 Proposition
4. It rained in Austin, TX, on October 30, 1999. Proposition
5. x + y > 10 Proposition
6. Is it raining outside? NO
7. Come to General Mathematics class! NO
8. N is a prime number. Proposition
9. The moon is made of green cheese. Proposition
10. I am beautiful no matter what they say. Proposition

KINDS OF PROPOSITIONS
A SIMPLE PROPOSITION is a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.
Examples:
a. Marie is a beautiful lady.
b. The boy loves his mother very much.
c. The students enjoyed their vacation last summer.

A COMPOUND PROPOSITION contains two or more simple propositions that are put together
using connective words: and, or, not, and if … then
Examples:
a. I will pass the Math exam and I will be promoted.
b. If you will solve the problem, then you will pass the examination.

Types of Compound Proposition

a. CONJUNCTION - Two simple propositions connected using the word and.
Example: I love him and he will love me back.

b. DISJUNCTION - Two simple propositions connected using the word or.

Example: You can run or walk on the aisle to go to that room.

c. CONDITIONAL - Two simple propositions that are connected using the words if … then
(condition – action)
Example: If you remove all the hatred in your heart, then you will be loved.

Cases: CONVERSE, INVERSE AND CONTRAPOSITIVE

• Conditional If p then q
• Converse If q then p
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 General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 6 – Gen Math Subject Teacher:

• Inverse If not p then not q

• Contrapositive If not q then not p
Example:
• Conditional If I review the lesson, then I will pass the subject.
• Converse If I will pass the subject, then I review the lesson.
• Inverse If I will not review the lesson then I not will pass the subject.
• Contrapositive If I will not pass the subject then I will not review the lesson.

d. BICONDITIONAL - Conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and

consequent of the first statement have been switched in the second statement. Propositions
that uses the abbreviation iff (if and only if).
Example: A polygon is a triangle if and only if it has three sides.

e. NEGATION - The negation of the statement is a statement that is false whenever the given
statement is true, and true whenever the given statement is false.
Example: That is the correct solution.
Negation: That is NOT the correct solution.

Example: Classify each proposition as simple or compound. Classify each compound proposition as a
negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, or biconditional.
Proposition Answer
1. My friend took his master’s degree in Spain. SIMPLE

2. Roses are red, but violets are blue. COMPOUND; conjunction

3. You are entitled to a 30% discount if you are a COMPOUND; conditional

member.
4. Either he watches a movie or dines with his COMPOUND; disjunction
friends.
5. I am not a perfect human being. COMPOUND; negation

6. I a m currently studying at University of the SIMPLE

Cordilleras.
7. I will let you come with me if and only if you COMPOUND; biconditional
follow whatever I say.

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 General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 6 – Gen Math Subject Teacher:

LOGICAL OPERATORS

Connective Symbol Type of Statement

And ^ Conjunction
Or V Disjunction
Not ~ Negation
If… then Conditional
If and only if (iff) Biconditional

Example:
Let p represents the proposition “He has green thumb” and q represents the proposition “He is
a senior citizen”. Convert each compound proposition into symbols.
1. He has green thumb and he is senior citizen. Ans:
2. He does not have green thumb or he is not a senior citizen. Ans:
3. It is not the case that he has green thumb or is a senior citizen. Ans:
4. If he has green thumb, then he is not a senior citizen. Ans:

Example:
Let p represent “Robin can swim” and q be “Tom plays the guitar”. Write each symbolic
statement in word.
1. p v q Ans: Robin can swim or Tom plays the guitar.
b. p^~q Ans: Robin can swim and Tom does not play the guitar.
c. ~(p v q) Ans: It is not the case that Robin can swim or Tom can play the guitar.
d. ~(p ^ q) Ans: It is not the case that Robin can swim and Tom plays play the guitar.

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