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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This study is to be conducted to know the compressive strength of
Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) with Melted-Solidified-Crushed Face Mask
(MSCFM) in the sand as a partial replacement. This chapter discusses what
the study will cover including the details and objectives of why the research
will be conducted.
waste (Brooks and Butler 2021). It has become a major concern due to a large
number of wastes and it probably will end up in nature. People can become
infected by contacting surfaces contaminated by the virus without washing
their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth, and more importantly if
these face masks which serve as protection against diseases are not properly
handled. That is why researchers seek to find possible solutions to eradicate
the long-term effect of these environmental wastes.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess waste coming from the face
masks being used as a sand replacement in CHB by determining its
compressive strength. The experimental data in this study is obtained by
varying the ratio of weight percentage of the sand replacement. Repurposing
the used face mask will now be possible to mitigate the long-term effect and
help the construction industry in strengthening the CHB. This material is
intended to make the material more durable or equal to commercial CHB.
This study will help the environment in mitigating and reducing the
long-term effects of waste coming from face masks. By collecting and
incorporating it into the CHB, it will help to decrease the piling up and
spreading of these materials to the community and eventually rescue our
environment from extensive complications.
replacement MSCFM should pass to 2mm (No. 10) sieve and be retained on
0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve as mentioned in AASHTO M 145. To test the
compressive strength, Universal Testing Machine (UTM) will be used and the
results will be in accordance with the ASTM C90. Results of the compressive
strength testing were graphed for 14-days and 28-days age of curing. As for
the project and designing a load bearing wall, a scaled down model is to be
made using the leading ratio from the partially replaced MSCFM in sand. Tire
wire and mortar as fillers are to be utilized. Therefore, these are the properties
required for the fundamentals of wall structure making and designing a project
as studied.
Load Bearing
Wall
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter provides information and articles about the literature that
is relevant to the topic. It discusses the content and definitions about face
masks, weight replacement of Sand, Cement, and Compressive Strength
analysis that will provide the researchers information about the study. This
also includes the related studies about the topic.
2.1.1 Polypropylene
Propylene polymerization of polypropylene is used to develop a
synthetic resin. Polypropylene, one of the most significant polyolefin resin
families, is molded or extruded into a variety of plastic goods that require
toughness, flexibility, light weight, and heat resistance. It's also spun into yarn
for use in industrial and domestic fabrics. Ethylene and propylene can be
polymerized together to form an elastic ethylene-propylene copolymer.
(Gregersen, 2020).
Proportioning
It is the process of determining the appropriate amount of raw
materials required to produce concrete of the desired quality under mixing,
placing, and curing. The combined aggregate content in the concrete mix used
to make hollow blocks should not exceed 6-1parts by volume of Portland
cement, according to Indian Standard specifications. If this ratio is calculated
on a weighted basis, it may approximate about 1:7 (cement: aggregate). In
addition, there have been instances of adapting a lean mix of as high as 1:9 by
manufacturers where hollow blocks are compacted by power operated
vibrating machines and equipment.
Mixing
The objective of mixing the mixture is to ensure that the mixing of the
aggregate, cement, and water is thoroughly mixed. This is the essential part of
the process where the cement-water paste must completely cover the surface
of the aggregates. All of the raw materials including the water is to be mixed
using a concrete mixer which is rotated for 1 ½ minutes. When the prepared
mix is ready, it must be consumed within 30 minutes.
Compacting
The purpose of compacting is to fill air pockets without disturbing the
water content from the mixture. Excessive Compaction might result in poor
quality products due to the formation of water pockets or layers with higher
water content. Compacting is a necessary procedure for the molding of the
concrete cement blocks mixture. During the molding of the mixture, it is
essential to observe proper compaction of the mixed aggregates and cement-
water paste. The CHB molder consists of two, three, or four holes. Typically,
three holes are usually incorporated. The standard size of a concrete brick with
manual molder using the plywood planks and nails to make a one side open
12
Curing
The goal of curing is to prevent moisture loss in the concrete hollow
block. Curing the material increases its strength and reduces cracking. In order
to treat CHBs successfully, they were kept out of direct sunlight. After
unmolding the CHB sample, the curing process began, with a 28-day curing
duration. Three times a day, the CHB samples were watered. (Baguhin and
Cabahug 2019).
2.2.3 Aggregates
Aggregates are inert granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed
stone that are used in concrete together with water and Portland cement.
Aggregates must be clean, firm, and strong particles that are devoid of
absorbed chemicals, clay coatings, and other fine elements that might cause
concrete to degrade. (Portland Cement Association, 2019).
2.2.3.1 Sand
Sand is a type of fine aggregate that is often used in the creation of
sandcastles and other structures. Sand has long been a prized product in
13
2.2.4 Cement
A cement is a binder, which is a substance used in construction that
hardens, sets, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is
rarely used on its own, but rather, it is used to bond sand and gravel
(aggregate) together. Cement combined with fine aggregate creates mortar for
masonry, and cement mixed with sand and gravel creates concrete. (Rodgers,
2018)
Beams
Beam structures are one of the essential load bearing parts of design
which can be made from wood, concrete or metal. It is an essential part used to
take the load on the structure. The limit of burden bearing relies upon the
profundity and width of the beam element. Beam is exposed to higher
measures of shear and compressive force as they have a high measure of
internal and external forces.
Columns
16
Braces
Braces are structural components utilized in the framework structural
system. These load bearing components help in solidifying the framework
effectively.
Trusses
Trusses are load-bearing components that uphold the roof components
in building structure. The roof loads are consistently sent to the truss. The truss
is exposed to tension and compression forces. The trusses are not exposed to
any sort of moment.
were poured. The batches were strength tested at 28 days. The study shows
that it might help in preventing the creation of micro plastics resulting from
the face masks and protects the health of the environment and wildlife. The
cylinder containing 10 oz. of shredded face mask is stronger than the cylinder
containing 30 oz. of shredded face mask. Honeycombing in the cylinders
could be the result of using aggregate that is too large for the small.
Incorporating fibers and wires from shredded face masks produce varied
results. Variability caused by the masks could be problematic. This variability
could also be partially from the weather impacts and human error. The aim of
this research is to determine whether incorporating shredded face masks in
CHB would increase or reduce the workability and strength of the CHB.
(Douglas, 2021).
95%, can successfully secure human wellbeing, which is the main job of
careful cover.
Non-woven careful cover has great versatility, regardless of whether it
is extended from left to right, it won't seem unkempt. It feels extremely
delicate and won't turn out to be hard even after continued cleaning.
Additionally, the non-woven careful cover is flexible and can get back to its
unique shape after long haul use. Contrasted and other material fabric careful
covers, the strength and sturdiness is poor, and it isn't not difficult to clean, if
the standard consideration isn't suitable, simply to tear the wonder. Typically,
nonwoven careful veils are dispensable, which can cost somewhat more than
reusable covers. (Medical surgical mask material characteristics, 2020).
samples were cured for 24 hours and exposed in oven heat with varying
ambient temperature of 100, 200, and 300 for 1 hour and resting inside the
oven for 24 hours. The CHB samples were tested using the Compressive
Strength Machine in order to determine if there is a significant difference
between the Residual Compressive Strength of the CHB with and without
Styrofoam. This study shows that there is a significant difference in the
between the Residual Compressive Strength of a CHB with and without
Styrofoam for 100 and 300 temperature exposure and insignificant difference
for 200 temperature exposure and by replacing volume percentage of Sand
with Styrofoam, it will make the weight of CHB lighter.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the Research Design, Research Setting,
Research Procedures, Research Equipment and Data Analysis. This study also
illustrates the Gantt Chart, itemized summary of expected funds and
expenditures, and Tasking.
3.2.1 Materials
The following materials will be used in this study are commercially
available in Cotabato City:
1. The aggregates to be used are quarried from Simuay, Sultan Mastura.
24
2. The water to be used for mixing is taken from Metro Cotabato Water
District (MCWD).
3. The Type 1 Portland Cement to be used in all mixes is manufactured
by Holcim Group Building material company.
4. The face mask to be used in the entire research is collected from each
researcher’s family member.
3.2.3.2 Melting
25
3.2.3.3 Solidifying
Air-dry the melted face mask for at least 1-2 hours for it to solidify.
3.2.3.4 Crushing
Prepare a hammer and a piece of fabric. Place the solidified face mask
on a fabric to prevent it from spitting out everywhere and put it in the grinder
to crush it until it reaches the required diameter that would pass through 2mm
(No. 10) sieve and be retained on 0.075 m (No. 200) sieve.
3.2.3.5 Sieving
Following the AASHTO M 145(Standard specification for Materials
for aggregate and Soil-aggregate subbase, base and surface courses), it
requires the MSCFM to pass 2mm (No. 10) sieve and be retained on 0.075
mm (No. 200) sieve. Repeat to pound and grind the particles that didn't
achieve the required diameter.
and Absorption for sand, ASTM C 128, (AASHTO 84). The corresponding
particle (mass) densities of most natural aggregates is 2400 kg/m3 and 2900
kg/m3 and have a specific gravity (relative density) between 2.4 and 2.9. (see
Appendix C). The specific Gravity of the sand can be calculated using the
equation:
Where:
W₁ = Weight in air of saturated surface - dry sample
W₂ = Weight of volumetric flask with water
W₃ = Weight of volumetric flask + water + sample in bottle in bottle.
For Cement
Specific gravity is normally used in mixture proportioning calculations.
The specific gravity of Portland cement is generally around 3.15 as per ASTM
C 188, Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement (see Appendix
D).
1. Weigh the volumetric flask with its stopper.
2. Place a sample of cement up to half of the flask (50g) and weigh with
its stopper.
3. Fill the flask with kerosene for about half full (500ml). Mix thoroughly
with a glass rod to remove the entrapped air.
4. Continue stirring and add more kerosene till it is flush with the
graduated mark then weigh.
5. Remove the kerosene containing cement from the flask.
6. Fill the flask again with kerosene for about 500 ml then weigh
Calculation:
Sp. Gr. = (eq. 3.2)
27
Where:
W₁ = Weight of Volumetric Flask
W₂ = Weight of Volumetric Flask + Cement
W₃ = Weight of Volumetric Flask + Cement + Kerosene
W₄ = Weight of Volumetric Flask + Kerosene
Specific Gravity of kerosene = 0.79
For MSCFM
The standard specification under this is in accordance as per ASTM
D792-20 (Standard Test Method for Density and Specific Gravity (relative
density) of Plastics by Displacement) for determining the specific gravity and
density of solid plastics. The test method A for testing solid plastics water. It
uses a one-piece specimen that ranges from 1-50g of plastic using a sinker
with plastics that are lighter than water (see Appendix E).
Where:
a = (mass of specimen + wire in air) - (mass of wire in air) (eq.
3.4)
a = mass of specimen in air.
b = mass of specimen and sinker (if used) in water.
w = mass of totally immersed sinker if used and partially immersed
wire.
28
Where:
W0= Weight in air of oven-dry sample
W1= Weight in air saturated surface – dry sample
For MSCFM
The determination of water absorption of the MSCFM is defined in
accordance as per ASTM D570-98, Standard Test Method for Water
Absorption of Plastics. Water Absorption is used to determine the amount of
water absorbed under specific conditions. The gathered data will shed light on
the performance of the face mask in water or humid environments. (see
Appendix G)
29
Computation:
Absorption, % = (eq. 3.6)
Where:
W0 = Weight in air of oven-dry sample
W1 = Weight in air of saturated surface – dry sample
Where, is the density of the sample, m is the mass of the sample and v
is for the volume. In line with the equation, the ratio of the CHB Mixture of
(water:cement:sand) which is (½:1:7) is to be included in the computation. The
mass of MSCFM as partial replacement to sand is based on the weight
percentage (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of the sand. (see Appendix N).
30
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
subbase, base and surface courses). The limit with respect to sieve size
is shown.
4 4.75
8 2.38
16 1.18
30 0.60
50 0.30
16 1.18
30 0.60
50 0.30
100 0.150
32
200 0.074
pan
Total
4 4.75
8 2.38
16 1.18
30 0.60
50 0.30
16 1.18
30 0.60
50 0.30
100 0.150
33
200 0.074
pan
Total
Computation:
Weight Retained in each sieve
Weight Retained = Weight of sieve after sieving - Weight of sieve (eq. 3.8)
% retained = (eq.3.9)
Table 3.4 Comparison of Sieve Analysis of Sand and MSCFM to ASTM C33
% ASTM C33
US Sieve Opening Passing % Passing
No. (mm) (Sand) (MSCFM) Standard Remarks
Limit
4 4.75 95 to 100
8 2.38 80 to 100
34
16 1.18 50 to 85
30 0.60 25 to 50
50 0.30 5 to 30
100 0.15 0 to 10
3.2.7.1 Molding
Once the load of concrete is thoroughly mixed, it is poured into CHB
molder, four holes. Typically, three holes are usually incorporated. The
standard size of a concrete brick with manual molder using the plywood
planks and nails to make a one side open box with an inner cavity of 400 mm
(length) x 200 mm (width) x 150 mm (thick).
3.2.7.2 Mixing
After determining the right amount of CHB, which is a mix of Portland
cement and sand in a 1:7 ratio with varying percentages of MSCFM and ½
bucket of water. Type 1, 2, 3 or Type 4 Portland Cement conforming to ASTM
C150. Standard mix to the building code specifications. All of the raw
materials including the water is to be mixed using a concrete mixer which is
rotated for 1 ½ minutes. When the prepared mix is ready, it must be consumed
within 30 minutes.
35
3.2.7.3 Compacting
The purpose of compacting is to fill all air pockets with concrete
without movement of free water through the concrete. Excessive compaction
would result in formation of water pockets or layers with higher water content
and poor quality of the product.
3.2.7.4 Curing
Hollow blocks removed from the mold are protected until they are
sufficiently hardened to permit handling without damage. This may take about
24 hours in a shelter away from sun and winds then after that the sample is
being cured by sprinkling for up to 14 days and 28 days before they can gain
adequate strength for use.
1
1
0% 2
2
3
3
1 1
5%
2
2
1 1
10%
2 2
3 3
1 1
15%
2 2
3 3
1 1
37
20%
2 2
3 3
Where:
X1 = Compressive Strength of CHB with 0% MSCFM
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
Total
Table 3.7 F-Test or Two-Way ANOVA Table for Laboratory Test Solution
Sources of Degree of Sum Mean F-ratio
Variance Freedom Square Square Remarks
(MS) Computed Tabular
Between
percentage
K-1 SST MSB= F= See
replacement
SST/k-1 MSB/SW Appendix
of MSCFM
O
(K-1)
Between MSB= F=
K-1 SSB
Days of SSB/k-1 MSB/SW
Curing
14 Days
0% vs. 5%
0% vs. 10%
0% vs. 15%
0% vs. 20%
28 Days
0% vs. 5%
0% vs. 10%
0% vs. 15%
0% vs. 20%
40
14 days
5% vs. 10%
5% vs 15%
5% vs 20%
28 Days
5% vs. 10%
5% vs 15%
5% vs 20%
28 Days
28 Days
10% vs 20%
14 Days
0% vs. 5%
0% vs. 10%
0% vs. 15%
0% vs. 20%
28 Days
0% vs. 5%
0% vs. 10%
0% vs. 15%
0% vs. 20%
14 days
5% vs. 10%
5% vs 15%
5% vs 20%
28 Days
5% vs. 10%
5% vs 15%
43
5% vs 20%
28 Days
10% vs 20%
Where:
(eq. 3.12)
(eq. 3.13)
(eq. 3.14)
(eq. 3.15)
Scheffe’s Test:
(eq. 3.16)
Where:
fc’ = 28- day compressive strength of concrete ksi (MPa)
Ag = gross area of wall section, in2 (mm2)
ϕ = strength reduction factor = 0.70
lc = vertical distance between supports, in (mm)
h = overall thickness of wall, in (mm)
k = effective-length factor
Pu = ultimate axial load
Ac = area of concrete
As = area of steel
Po= nominal axial at zero eccentricity
Pn= nominal axial load
Pn max= maximum nominal axial load
45
Task Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Research proposal
Finalization of report
Title proposal
Implementation
Collecting
Cutting
Preparing aggregates
of chb
Mixing
Molding
Compacting
Curing
Drying
Compressive strength
Gathering data
Final defense
TOTAL 7,032
3.9 Tasking
The following tasks such as gathering of data and materials,
performing study of the properties of aggregates, purchasing of materials,
mixing and preparing of samples, testing, evaluating, finalizing the thesis, and
preparing for defense will be assigned to all members of the team.
49
CHAPTER IV
This chapter discusses the different results and discussions gathered
throughout the experiment.
a. MSCFM
Table 4.1 Specific Gravity, Water Absorption, and Unit Weight of MSCFM
Results
Table 4.1 shows the result of the properties of MSCFM. (See Appendix K)
50
b. Properties of Sand
Table 4.2 Properties of Sand Results
Table 4.2 shows the result of the properties of sands of Simuay River sand.
(See Appendix L)
c. Properties of Cement
Specific Gravity of Cement
0% 11.35 40 341.68 0
Table 4.3 shows the result of the Mass computation of Mixture of the CHB
(See Appendix N)
Table 4.5 Sieve Analysis Data Table for MSCFM Used Results
52
Table 4.6 Comparison of Sieve Analysis of Sand and MSCFM to ASTM C33
Results
53
Table 4.6 presents that the MSCFM used passed the provisions stipulated in
ASTM C33 and does comply with the standards.
1 12.07 1 12.75
3 11.89 3 14.48
1 9.21 1 12.23
3 9.86 3 11.97
1 9.52 1 8.96
8.91 9.50
15% 2 8.96 2 10.55
3 8.25 3 8.99
1 8.85 1 9.68
3 8.00 3 8.25
Computation:
57
Table 4.9 F-Test or Two-Way ANOVA Table for Laboratory Test Solution
Results
(14 Days)
Within Error
(N-1)-(K-1) 4 1.81 0.45
Total
(N-1) 9 67.29
Table 4.9 shows that the computed F-value of the varying percentage
replacement of MSCFM is 32.89 which is greater than the F-tabular value of
6.39 at 0.05 level of significance with degree of freedom of 4 and 4 indicates
that there is a significant difference between the compressive strength of the
standard mix of CHB samples with varying MSCFM weight percentage CHB
samples. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.
The F-value of the varying percentage replacement of MSCFM is
13.96 which is greater than the F-tabular value of 7.71 at 0.05 level of
significance with degree of freedom of 1 and 4 indicates that there is a
significant difference between the compressive strength of the standard mix of
58
CHB samples with varying MSCFM weight percentage CHB samples. Thus,
the null hypothesis is rejected.
Computation:
Level of Significance:
α= 0.05
k= 5; m=2
Degrees of Freedom:
k-1= 5-1= 4
14 Days
28 Days
14 days
60
28 Days
28 Days
28 Days
14 Days
28 Days
14 days
28 Days
28 Days
Decision Rule:
If the value of F’ is greater than the (F Tabular) x (K-1) value, accept
H11. If the value of F’ is less than the (F Tabular) x (K-1) value, reject H11.
64
For Po:
Po = 0.85fc'(Ag-As) +fy Ast
Po = 0.85 (13.31) [(3000 x 150) - 36π] + (420) (36π)
Po = 5,137,296.354 N
For Pn max:
Pn max = 0.80Po
Pn max = 0.80 (5,137,296.354)
Pn max = 4,109,837.083 N
For Ø Pn max:
Ø Pn max = 0.65 Pn max
Ø Pn max = 0.65 (4,109,837.083)
Ø Pn max = 2,671,394.104 N
For Pu:
Pu = [1.2DL + 1.6LL] (3) (3)
Pu = [1.2(23.6) + 1.6(1.9)] (3) (3) x 1000
Pu = 282,240 N
65
For Pn:
Pn = Ø PnØ
Pn = 802,967.3440.65
Pn = 1,235,334.375 N
Condition 3: Pu < Ø Pn
282,240 N < 802,967.244 N
Therefore,it is safe.
66
CHAPTER V
This chapter presents a summary of findings, conclusions, and
recommendations of the researchers. These are based on the results gathered
by the researchers.
Summary of Findings
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of MSCFM as a partial
replacement to sand. Based on the analysis of data gathered, the summarized
results study are as follows:
1. The researchers found that the MSCFM has a specific gravity of 1.095,
unit weight of 5.035 KN/m , Water Absorption of 2.13 %, and average
3
density of 994.5 KN/m . The researchers found that the sand has a
3
Conclusion
The outcome of this study is all based on data that has been gathered
and evaluated in a way that is easy to understand through orderly tabulation
and graphs. As a result, the following conclusion is reached:
1. The F-computed value of varying weight percentage replacement of
MSCFM and days of curing which is 32.89 and 13.96 was greater than
the F-tabular value which is 6.39 and 7.71 therefore, there is
significance difference between them at 0.05 level of significance with
the degree of freedom of 4 between the percentage sand partial
replacement, 1 between days of curing and within error of 4.
2. Since the null hypothesis in the Two-Way ANOVA on the weight
percentage replacement of MSMCFM and the days of curing,
Scheffe’s test was made. For the 0% as a controlled sample in terms of
weight partial replacement of MSCFM independent variable showed
different results. There is a significance difference on 0% vs. 15% and
0% vs. 20 % for 14 days and there is also significance difference in 0%
vs. 10%, 0% vs. 15%, and 0% vs. 20% for 28 days. While there is no
significance difference in 0% vs.5% and 0% vs. 10% in 14 days and
only 0% vs 5% in 28 days. For of 5% as a controlled sample in terms
of weight partial replacement of MSCFM independent variable that
was been compared with 10%, 15%, and 20% has no significance
difference between them both in 14 and 28 days. Also, there is no
significance difference in 10% vs. 15% and 10% vs. 20% for the 10%
as a controlled sample in terms of weight partial replacement of
MSCFM independent variable. For the curing days as an independent
variable, it showed same result to the first independent which is the
weight replacement percentage of MSCFM on the 5% and 10%
controlled samples both in 14 and 28 days. While on the 0% controlled
sample in curing days independent variable showed that there is
68
Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the researchers come
up with these recommendations for the development of the study.
1. Determine the maximum compressive strength of CHB with additional
level of percentage of MSCFM that can be utilized for 10x15x40 cm
with reference for minimum compressive strength for Non-Load
Bearing Wall under NSCP 2015.
2. Apply the MSCFM to mortars, concrete, asphalt, and other
construction materials as a replacement.
3. Explore producing a shredded face mask as partial replacement instead
of turning it into a sand-like appearance.
4. Test the heat resistance of the CHB with MSCFM as a partial
replacement to sand.
5. Additional samples for percentage of replacement may be performed
for the testing.
6. Compare the weights and water absorption of each of the CHB
samples.
69
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Rodgers, Lucy (17 December 2018). "The massive CO2 emitter you may
not know about". BBC News. Retrieved 17 December 2018. Online 23
October 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-
46455844
Appendix A
ASTM C90
ASTM C90 is the Standard Specification for Loadbearing Concrete
Masonry Units. The compressive strength of the CHB will be determined
using three full blocks. The determination shall be made by applying a load to
the block's bedding surfaces. The gross area of each of the two bedding
surfaces shall be determined from the overall dimensions of the surfaces
measured to the nearest 0.05 in. The smaller of the two areas shall be taken as
the gross area for the purpose of calculating the compressive strength. The
block shall be placed in the testing machine so that the direction of loading
shall be at right angles to the capped surfaces. The load shall be applied axially
at a uniform rate of 1,000 lb. per sq. in. per minute. The maximum load in
pounds supported by each block before failure occurs shall be divided by the
gross area in square inches. The Average Data of the three values shall be
taken as the compressive strength of the blocks. (Lemass 1946).
Each CHB sample will undergo a compressive strength testing using
the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) as per the ASTM C140 (2018) and as
required under the ASTM C90 classification for load bearing walls. The
average minimum compressive strength of a load-bearing concrete hollow
block is 10.3 MPa or 1,493 pounds per square inch (psi) according to the
National Structural Code of the Philippines [NSCP] of the Association of
Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2015).
Appendix B
ASTM C150
According to the ASTM Standard Specification for Portland Cement
(ASTM C150), the dry density of a 40 kg bag of cement is equivalent to 1440
kg per cubic meter. there are ten types of Portland cement:
Type I—for general use, when the special properties specified for any other
type are not required.
Type IA—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type I, where air-
entrainment is desired.
Type II—for general use, more especially when moderate sulfate resistance is
desired.
Type IIA—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type II, where air-
entrainment is desired.
Type II (MH)—for general use, more especially when moderate heat of
hydration and moderate sulfate resistance are desired.
Type II (MH) A—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type II(MH),
where air-entrainment is desired.
Type III—for use when high early strength is desired.
Appendix B (continuation)
Type IIIA—Air-entraining cement for the same use as Type III, where air-
entrainment is desired.
Type IV—for use when a low heat of hydration is desired.
Type V—for use when high sulfate resistance is desired.
Appendix C
ASTM C128
Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and
Absorption of Fine Aggregate (ASTM C128) is a test method that covers the
determination of relative density (specific gravity) and the absorption of fine
aggregates. The relative density (specific gravity), a dimensionless quality, is
expressed as oven-dry (OD), saturated-surface-dry (SSD), or as apparent
relative density (specific gravity). The OD relative density is determined after
drying the aggregate. The SSD relative density and absorption are determined
after soaking the aggregate in water for a prescribed duration.
Apparatus:
1. Balance
2. Pycnometer Gravimetric (Pycnometer)
78
Appendix C (Continuation)
Test Procedure:
1. Soak an amount of fine aggregate for about 1000 g in water for 24
hours passing the No.4 (4.75mm) sieve.
2. Spread sample on flat non-absorbent surface and stir occasionally until
it reaches a free-flowing condition. Dry the sample to a saturated
surface dry (SSD) condition.
3. Place the sample in the conical mold, tamp the surface 25 times and lift
the mold vertically. If surface moisture is still present, the fine
aggregate will retain its molded shape. When the aggregate achieves an
SSD condition, it will slump slightly. (The sample in the cone should
retain its shape in the presence of free moisture. This will indicate
surface dry condition).
4. Weigh 250 g. of the surface-dry sample and place it in the pycnometer.
5. Fill the pycnometer with water and roll on a flat surface to remove air
bubbles. Then place in a water bath maintained at 20°C for about 1 hr.
6. Fill the pycnometer to 500 ml. mark, and weigh.
7. Remove sample from pycnometer and dry to constant weight.
Appendix D
ASTM C188
ASTM C188 or the Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic
Cement is a test method that covers the determination of the density of
hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with the design and
control of concrete mixtures. The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the
mass of a unit volume of the solids. The apparatus to be used is a Le Chatelier
flask, which is circular in cross-section.
Apparatus:
1. Le Chatelier flask
2. Kerosene
3. Weighing scale
4. Funnel
79
Appendix D (Continuation)
Test Procedure:
This flask shall be thoroughly annealed before being graduated. They
shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable resistance to breakage.
Each
flask shall bear a permanent identification number and the stopper, if
not interchangeably ground, shall bear the same number. Interchangeable
ground-glass parts shall be marked on both members with the standard-taper
symbol, followed by the size designation. The standard temperature shall be
indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by the letters “mL” placed
above the highest graduation mark. Kerosene, free of water, or naphtha shall
be used in the density determination. The flask shall be filled with either of the
liquids mentioned to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark.
The inside of the flask shall be dried above the level of the liquid, if necessary,
after pouring. The first reading shall be recorded after the flask has been
immersed in the water bath. A quantity of cement shall be introduced in small
increments at the same temperature as the liquid. A vibrating apparatus may be
used to accelerate the introduction of the cement into the flask and to prevent
the cement from sticking to the neck. After all the cement has been introduced,
the stopper shall be placed in the flask and the flask shall be rolled in an
inclined position, or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle, so as to free the
cement from air until no further air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid. If
a proper amount of cement has been added, the level of the liquid will be in its
final position at some point of the upper series of graduations. The final
reading shall be recorded after the flask has been immersed in the water bath.
The difference between the first and the final readings represents the volume
of liquid displaced by the mass of cement used in the test. The cement density
can now be determined.
80
Appendix E
ASTM D792-20
Standard Test Method for Density and Specific Gravity (relative
density) of Plastics by Displacement (ASTM D792-20) is a test method used
to describe the determination of the specific gravity and density of solid
plastics in forms such as sheets, rods, tube, or molded items. The two test
methods are described: Test Method A—For testing solid plastics in water,
and Test Method B—For testing solid plastics in liquids other than water.
Significance:
The specific gravity or density of a solid is a property that is
conveniently measured to identify a material, to follow physical changes in a
sample, to indicate degree of uniformity among different sampling units or
specimens, or to indicate the average density of a large item. Changes in
density of a single material are due to localized differences in crystallinity,
loss of plasticizer, absorption of solvent, or to other causes. It is possible that
portions of a sample differ in density because of their differences in
crystallinity, thermal history, porosity, and composition (types or proportions
of resin, plasticizer, pigment, or filler). Density is useful for calculating
strength-weight and cost-weight ratios
Test Method A: For testing solid plastics in water
This test method involves weighing a one-piece specimen of 1 to 50 g
in water, using a sinker with plastics that are lighter than water. This test
method is suitable for plastics that are wet by, but otherwise not affected by
water. This is to determine the mass of a specimen of the solid plastic in air. It
is then immersed in a liquid, its apparent mass upon immersion is determined,
and its specific gravity (relative density) calculated.
Apparatus:
1. Distilled water
2. Balance
3. Wire
4. Sinker
Test Procedure:
Condition the test specimens at 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 10 % relative humidity for
not less than 40. The more common being Method A, can be used with sheet,
81
Appendix E (Continuation)
rod, tube and molded articles. For Method A, the specimen is weighed in air
then weighed when immersed in distilled water at 23°C using a
Sinker and wire to hold the specimen completely submerged as required.
Density and Specific Gravity are calculated.
Appendix F
AASHTO T 255
Standard Method of Test for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of
Aggregate by Drying is a test method that covers the determination of the
percentage of evaporable moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying both
surface moisture and moisture in the pores of the aggregate. Some aggregate
may contain water that is chemically combined with the minerals in the
aggregate. Such water is not evaporable and is not included in the percentage
determined by this test method.
Apparatus:
1. Stainless bowl
2. Digital weighing scale
3. Oven
4. Clean paint brush
Appendix G
ASTM D570-98
ASTM D570-98 or the Standard Test Method for Water Absorption
Plastics are used to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified
conditions. Factors affecting water absorption include: type of plastic,
additives used, temperature and length of exposure. The data sheds light on the
performance of the materials in water or humid environments.
Apparatus:
1. Balance
Test Procedure:
For the water absorption test, the specimens are dried in an oven for a
specified time and temperature and then placed in a desiccator to cool.
Immediately upon cooling the specimens are weighed. The material then
emerged in water at agreed upon conditions, often 23°C for 24 hours or until
equilibrium. Specimens are removed, patted dry with a lint free cloth, and
82
Appendix H
AASHTO M 145
AASHTO soil terminology comes from AASHTO M 145, “Standard
specification for Materials for Aggregate and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for
Highway Construction Purposes”. Aggregate terminology comes from
AASHTO M 147, “Materials for Aggregate and Soil-Aggregate Subbase, Base
and Surface Courses”. Basic terms include:
● Boulders & Cobbles: Material retained on a 75-mm (3-inch) sieve.
● Gravel: Material passing a 75-mm (3-inch) sieve and retained on a
2.00-mm (No. 10) sieve.
● Coarse Sand: Material passing a 2.00-mm sieve (No. 10) and retained
on a 0.475-mm (No. 40) sieve.
● Fine Sand: Material passing a 0.475-mm (No. 40) sieve and retained on
a 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve.
● Silt-Clay: Material passing a 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve.
● Silt Fraction: Material passing 0.075 mm and larger than 0.002 mm.
● Clay Fraction: Material smaller than 0.002 mm.
● Silty: Material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve with a PI ≤ 10
● Clayey: Material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve with a PI ≥ 11
● Coarse Aggregate: Aggregate retained on the 2.00 mm sieve and
consisting of hard, durable particles or fragments of stone, gravel or
slag. A wear requirement (AASHTO T 96) is normally required.
● Fine Aggregate: Aggregate passing the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve and
consisting of natural or crushed sand, and fine material particles
passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve. The fraction passing the 0.075
mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than two-thirds of the fraction
passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve. The portion passing the 0.425
mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a LL ≤ 25 and a PI ≤ 6. Fine aggregate
shall be free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay.
83
Appendix H (Continuation)
Appendix I
NSCP 2015
Section 411 Walls
Appendix I (Continuation)
Figure I.4 Strength Reduction Factor for Moment, Axial Force or Combined
Moment and Axial Moment
85
Appendix J
Specific Gravity =
a= 16g g
b=173.6g
w=172.2g
Specific gravity =
Absorption, % =
Trial 1:
Absorption, % = = 2.60%
Trial 2:
Absorption, % = =1.543%
Trial 3:
Absorption, % = = 2.249%
Absorption, %= 2.13%
γ=ρxg
= 994.5 x 9.81
= 9.76 KN/m3
86
Appendix J (Continuation)
Appendix K
Trial 1:
Trial 2:
Trial 3:
Sp.gr. = 2.369
Absorption, % =
Appendix K (Continuation)
87
Trial 1:
Absorption, % = 17.206%
Trial 2:
Absorption, %= = 9.745%
Trial 3:
Absorption, %= = 12.724%
Absorption, %= 13.225%
Table K.1 shows the result of the properties of sands of Simuay River sand.
Appendix L
Appendix M (Continuation)
Trial 1:
Bulk SSD Sp.gr.= = 4.762
Trial 2:
Trial 2:
Appendix M
89
Appendix M (Continuation)
For Sand (trials):
Ratio of CHB mixture (0.5 Water: 1 Cement: 7 Sand)
Volume of 40 kg sack = 40 kg/ 1440 kg per cu.m = 0.0227 cu. m
Conversion of volume of the materials used in mass per mixture (½:1:7)
m= ratio x 0.0227 x
For 5%
(7) (0.0227) (0.05) = 7.945x10^-3 cu. m
For 10%
(7) (0.0227) (0.10) = 0.01589 cu. m
For 15%
(7) (0.0227) (0.15) = 0.02384 cu. m
For 20%
(7) (0.0227) (0.20) = 0.03178 cu. m
90
Appendix M (Continuation)
For 5%
(7.945x10^-3) (2150.279) = 17.08 kg
For 10%
(0.01589) (2150.279) = 34.17 kg
For 15%
(0.02384) (2150.279) =51.26 kg
For 10%
(0.03178) (2150.279) =68.33 kg
Calculation of the mass of MSCFM to be replaced in the sand to the CHB
mixture:
For 5%
(7.945x10^-3) (994.4) = 7.90 kg
For 10%
(0.01589) (994.4) =15.801 kg
For 15%
(0.02384) (994.4) =23.71 kg
For 20%
(0.03178) (994.4) =31.60 kg
Finally,
Mass of Sand per percentage = Mass of Sand - Mass of Sand to be removed
Appendix M (Continuation)
Table M.1 shows the result of the Mass computation of Mixture of the CHB.
Weight Percentage (%) of Wate Cement Sand MSCFM
MSCM r (kg) (kg) (kg)
(kg)
0% 11.35 40 341.68 0
Appendix N
F-VALUE TABULAR
Appendix O
92
Hypotheses 1:
α= 0.05
k= 5; m=2
Degrees of Freedom:
k-1= 5-1= 4
Calculations:
Using the data on the following page, solving for the equations in Chapter 3.7
Appendix O (Continuation)
% Days of Curing
Replacement (D14)2 (D28)2 T2
14 28 Total
Days Days
(D14) (D28)
Computation:
Appendix O (Continuation)
Between
varying
percentage K-1 SST MSB= F= See
replacement SST/k-1 MSB/SW Appendix
of MSCFM O
(K-1)
Between F=
Days of MSB= MSB/SW
Curing K-1 SSB SSB/k-1
Within Error
(N-1) -(K-1)
n-k WSS SW=
WSS/n-k
Total n-1 TSS
(N-1)
Table O.2 shows the table used for F-Test or Two-way ANOVA Table for
Laboratory Test Solution
Between Significant
percentage
replacement 4 59.20 14.80 32.89 6.39
of MSCFM
(K-1)
Between
Days of 1 6.28 6.28 13.96 7.71 Significant
Curing
96
Appendix O (Continuation)
Table O.2 shows the table used for F-Test or Two-way ANOVA Table for
Laboratory Test Solution (Continuation)
Sources of Degree of Sum Mean F-ratio
Variance Freedom Square Square Remarks
(MS) Computed Tabular
Within Error
(N-1) -(K-1) 4 1.81 0.45
Total 9 67.29
(N-1)
Table O.2 shows the result for F-Test or Two-way ANOVA Table for
Laboratory Test Solution
Appendix P
SCHEFFE’S TEST
14 Days
Appendix P (Continuation)
SCHEFFE’S TEST
97
14 Days
28 days
Appendix P (Continuation)
SCHEFFE’S TEST
28 days
14 Days
28 days
Appendix P (Continuation)
102
Appendix P (Continuation)
Appendix Q
DOCUMENTATION
Preparation of MSCFM:
103
Appendix Q (Continuation)
Appendix Q (Continuation)
Appendix Q (Continuation)
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I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and, to the best
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for the award of any other degree or diploma at NDU or any other educational
institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the manuscript.
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NDU or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the manuscript.
I also declare that the intellectual content of this manuscript is the
product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the
project's design and conception in style, presentation and linguistic expression
is acknowledged.
_____________________
Lacoto, Fahima K.
_____________________
Mamad, Rohana A.
_____________________
Radiamoda, Umair D.
_____________________
Sawil, Ashia P.
_____________________
Sinsuat, Bai Sharmin Z.