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RC sustainable fishing drone Batch 2018-22
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Scientists estimate about 50 – 80% oxygen produced on earth comes from the oceans.
Majority of this is done by ocean plankton, algae, bacteria and other plant life in our oceans.
Also of all the carbon dioxide (CO2) released in the air, 50% stays in the atmosphere, 25% is
absorbed by land plants and remaining 25% by oceans. As we know of plant and animal life
cycles on land, similarly fish and plant life cycles are codependent to maintain plant life in
sea.
Sustainable fishing and control on water pollution is of key importance to ensure our oceans
remain in a healthy state. The current population demands have led to overfishing in the
oceans leading creating the following problems:
Fishing Net Pollution
As per reports the greatest contributor to sea pollution are fishing nets. Every year over
6,40,000 tons of fishing net and equipment is dumped in our seas which is equal to 55,000
double decker buses. A huge amount of sea turtles, sharks and other fish regularly die due to
entanglement in such discarded nets. Moreover the micro plastics from these sea nets
continue to kill whales and other fish in the sea. As per an estimate we have 14 million tons
of microplastics on ocean floor.
Bycatch
In the fishing industry bycatch stands for unintentional fish caught while catching some other
type of fish. For example a turtle caught in a fishing net set to catch tuna fish is a bycatch. As
per estimates the bycatch ratio is 40% globally which totals to roughly 63 billion pounds per
year. This means we kill and throw away 63 billion pounds of fish unintentionally while
catching our target fish as a collateral damage.
Overfishing
Overfishing happens when we fish too many fish at a time that the remaining fish population
of that particular fish is not enough to breed and recover their normal population. This leads
to gradual reduction in the population of a fish species until one day it goes extinct.
Department of Mechanical Engineering 1 Thejus Engineering College

Well we here design a solution to all these problems by suggesting a different more
sustainable approach to fishing. Rather than using large fishing boats with plastic nets, we
develop an aluminium caged drone that can only trap small fish as per desired fishing size
and let go larger fish as well as smaller fish which are not to be trapped. This approach makes
use of many smaller fishing drones rather than large fishing nets and heavy trawlers.
The rc boat drone makes use of aluminium caged structures built as per the target fish
size. This does not trap sea turtles, sharks, whales as the cage sizes are not large enough.
Additionally the mesh size is also built to trap target fish but let go of smaller bycatch fish
that was not supposed to be caught.
The RC drone has a camera mount that allows the user to view fish shoals underwater.
Using this vision the user may operate the floating drone to run into fish shoals using rc
remote controller and trap fish as desired. The rc drone has 2 x propellers to drive the cages
onto fish shoals at high speeds needed to catch them. The commands sent by rc ransmitter by
the user are received by the onboard controller and thus operates the propeller motors. The rc
fishing boat drone can turn as well as move forward at good speed and achieve sustainable
fishing operations.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Turner, John Stewart, and John Stewart Turner. Buoyancy effects in fluids.
Cambridge university press, 1979:- The phenomena treated in this book all depend
on the action of gravity on small density differences in a non-rotating fluid. The
author gives a connected account of the various motions which can be driven or
influenced by buoyancy forces in a stratified fluid, including internal waves, turbulent
shear flows and buoyant convection. This excellent introduction to a rapidly
developing field, first published in 1973, can be used as the basis of graduate courses
in university departments of meteorology, oceanography and various branches of
engineering. This edition is reprinted with corrections, and extra references have been
added to allow readers to bring themselves up to date on specific topics. Professor
Turner is a physicist with a special interest in laboratory modelling of small-scale
geophysical processes. An important feature is the superb illustration of the text with
many fine photographs of laboratory experiments and natural phenomena.
2. Sayers, Craig, and C. Sayers. Remote control robotics. New York: Springer,
1999:- Our goal is to allow you, a human operator, to control a machine, a remote
robot. If you and the robot both occupy the same room, then this is a relatively well
understood problem. But consider what happens if we move the remote robot to a
laboratory in the next county and supply you with a connection via a constrained
communications channel such as the Internet. Now there is insufficient bandwidth to
provide you with a high resolution view of the robot and, even worse, there is a
significant time delay. If the robot were walking and it stumbled, then it would crash
to the ground before you even received the first video image showing any problem.
Now, consider what happens if we move the remote robot out of the laboratory and
into the real world. Perhaps it is on an uneven footpath, or perhaps it is submerged on
the sea floor. Now, not only can you not correct if something goes wrong, but it's
much more likely that something will go wrong. That's the subject of this text. Our
aim is to let you control a remote robot efficiently, in a real environment, via a
constrained communications link.

3. Ravazzolo, D., et al. "Tracking log displacement during floods in the

Tagliamento River using RFID and GPS tracker devices." Geomorphology 228
(2015): 226-233:- Large pieces of in-channel wood can exert an important role on the
ecological and morphological properties of gravel-bed rivers. On the other side, when
transported during flood events, large wood can become a source of risk for sensitive
structures such as bridges. However, wood displacement and velocity in river systems
are still poorly understood, especially in large gravel-bed rivers. This study focuses on
log transport in a valley reach of Tagliamento River (Italy). Log displacement during
flood events of different magnitudes recorded from June 2010 to October 2011 has
been analysed thanks to the installation of 113 radio frequency identification (RFID)
tags and 42 GPS tracker devices in logs of different dimensions. Recovery rates of
logs equipped with RFID and GPS trackers were about 43% and 42%, respectively.
The GPS devices allowed us to analyse in details the log displacement and transport
overtime, indicating a higher log entrainment during rising limb of hydrographs. The
threshold for the entrainment of logs from low bars is around 40% of bankfull water
stage. No clear relationship was found between the peak of flood and log
displacement length and velocity. However, log displacement length and velocity
appear significantly correlated to the ratio between the peak of flow and the water
stage exceeding the flow duration curve for 25% of time (i.e. the ratio hmax/h25
ratio). Log deposition was observed to occur at the peak flow, and logs transported
during ordinary events are preferably deposited on low bars. This study reveals the
potentials of GPS tracker devices to monitor the entrainment and movements of logs
in large gravel-bed rivers during floods. These observations could be useful for better
planning of river management practices and strategies involving the use of large wood
pieces and could help for calibrating wood budgets at the reach scale.
4. Gerr, Dave. Propeller handbook. International Marine Publishing, 1989:- A

propeller is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to
form a helical spiral, that, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working fluid,
such as water or air. Propellers are used to pump fluid through a pipe or duct, or to
create thrust to propel a boat through water or an aircraft through air. The blades are
specially shaped so that their rotational motion through the fluid causes a pressure
difference between the two surfaces of the blade by Bernoulli's principle which exerts

force on the fluid. Most marine propellers are screw propellers with helical blades
rotating on a propeller shaft with an approximately horizontal axis.
5. Van de Straete, Herman J., et al. "Servo motor selection criterion for
mechatronic applications." IEEE/ASME Transactions on mechatronics 3.1
(1998): 43-50:- Modern mechatronic applications often involve complex motions,
resulting in highly dynamic motor loads. The selection of an appropriate motor is
based on the characteristics of the load, besides other technical, as well as economic,
considerations. However, motor characteristics, such as rotor inertia, affect the motor
load, which complicates the analysis. The selection criterion presented in this paper
separates the motor characteristics from the load characteristics and its graphical
representation facilitates the feasibility check of a certain drive and the comparison
between different systems. In addition, it yields the range of possible transmission
ratios. The method is illustrated with an industrial case study.
6. Palacin, M. Rosa. "Recent advances in rechargeable battery materials: a

chemist’s perspective." Chemical Society Reviews 38.9 (2009): 2565-2575:- The
constant increase in global energy demand, together with the awareness of the finite
supply of fossil fuels, has brought about an imperious need to take advantage of
renewable energy sources. At the same time, concern over CO2 emissions and future
rises in the cost of gasoline has boosted technological efforts to make hybrid and
electric vehicles available to the general public. Energy storage is a vital issue to be
addressed within this scenario, and batteries are certainly a key player. In this tutorial
review, the most recent and significant scientific advances in the field of rechargeable
batteries, whose performance is dependent on their underlying chemistry, are covered.
In view of its utmost current significance and future prospects, special emphasis is
given to progress in lithium-based technologies.
7. Cho, Jinsoo, and Seung-Chul Lee. "Propeller blade shape optimization for
efficiency improvement." Computers & fluids 27.3 (1998): 407-419:- A numerical
optimization technique has been developed to determine the optimum propeller blade
shape for efficiency improvement. The method satisfies the constraints of the constant
power coefficient and the activity factor. A lifting line theory (vortex lattice method)
and a lifting surface theory (3-D panel method) are used to calculate aerodynamic
performance parameters of propellers. Both lifting theories use rigid helical wake

models. The design variables are twist angle and chord length at mid points of vortex
lattices for vortex lattice method and nodes of panels for the 3-D panel method. The
optimization code is validated by comparing the results with other numerical schemes.
Twist angle and chord length distributions are optimized for various propellers. SR-3
and SR-7 propfan blade shapes are also optimized using the 3-D panel method for
aerodynamic load calculation.
8. Thornton, Joe. "Environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) building

materials." Washington, DC: Healthy Building Network (2002):- The purpose of
this report is to present information on the environmental and health hazards
associated with the lifecycle of polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC; commonly known as
vinyl). This report is not intended as a complete review of all aspects of the PVC
lifecycle; rather, the most important evidence indicating that PVC poses important
hazards to health and the environment have been surveyed from a perspective
consistent with the precautionary principle. Individual chapters on the manufacture,
use and disposal of vinyl products discuss the formation, release, exposure, and health
implications of hazardous substances during the manufacture, use, and disposal of
vinyl products are considered, as well as energy consumption associated with PVC
production. In the United States, building and construction applications account for an
estimated 75 percent of all vinyl consumption. 1 In the European Union, 60 percent of
vinyl is used in building and construction applications, with an additional 25 percent
in appliances, electronics, and furniture,. 2 In this report, hazards specific to building
and construction uses are highlighted whenever possible; however, many of the
hazards of the vinyl lifecycle are general to all PVC uses and will be discussed in that
context. Because many of the hazards associated with PVC are global in scale, this
report takes an international perspective on vinyl markets and environmental impacts.
Further, significant quantities of vinyl and vinyl products are imported, so decisions
on building materials in the United States have implications for environmental quality
and worker and community health wherever PVC is manufactured.
9. Gill, A. E., and A. Davey. "Instabilities of a buoyancy-driven system." Journal of

Fluid Mechanics 35.4 (1969): 775-798:- A buoyancy-driven system can be unstable
due to two different mechanisms—one mechanical and the other involving buoyancy
forces. The mechanical instability is of the type normally studied in connexion with
the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. The buoyancy-driven instability is rather different and

is related to the ‘Coriolis’-driven instability of rotating fluids. In this paper, the

stability of a buoyancy-driven system, recently called a ‘buoyancy layer’, is examined
for the whole range of Prandtl numbers, s. The buoyancy-driven instability becomes
increasingly important as the Prandtl number is increased and so particular interest is
attached to the limit in which the Prandtl number tends to infinity. In this limit, the
system is neutrally stable to first order, but second-order effects render the flow
unstable at a Reynolds number of order σ-½. Consequences of the results for the
stability of convection in a vertical slot are examined.
10. Dwight, John. Aluminium design and construction. CRC Press, 1998:- Aluminium
is easily the second most important structural metal, yet few designers seem to know
much about it. Since the 1940s, as aluminium rapidly became more important,
engineers have been slow to investigate what it has to offer and how to design with it.
Aluminium is hardly mentioned in university courses. This book is a contribution to
an educational process that still seems to be needed. The object of this book is to
provide a conversion course for engineers already familiar with steel, In fact,
structural aluminium, a strong ductile metal, has much similarity to steel and design
procedures are not very different. Chapters 1–4 give general information about
aluminium and aluminium products, Chapter 4, with its coverage of the thorny subject
of the alloys, being particularly important. The rest of the book (Chapters 5–12)
provides rules for making structural calculations and the reasoning that lies behind
them. The treatment is mainly aimed at the construction industry.

CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
3.1 ALUMINIUM SUPPORTING FRAME
Aluminium supporting frame is used to support all the components such as the cage, floats,
motor, propeller, etc. Aluminium alloy 6082 is a medium strength alloy with excellent
corrosion resistance. It has the highest strength of the 6000 series alloys. Alloy 6082 is
known as a structural alloy. In plate form, 6082 is the alloy most commonly used for
machining. Aluminum Square Tube, is an extruded aluminum that is widely used for all types
of fabrication projects where lightweight and corrosion resistance is a primary concern -
frame work, support columns, gates, fencing, handrails, etc. Aluminum Square Tube has
square corners inside and outside, with no weld seam.
Fig 3.1 Aluminium square pipe
3.2 Aluminium Net
The cage is made up of aluminium mesh of required size. The cage is used to trap the fishes
inside.The cage is also made up of aluminium mesh fixed on the supporting frame.
Fig 3.2 Aluminium net
3.3 SCREW
A screw and a bolt (see Differentiation between bolt and screw below) are similar types of
fastener typically made of metal and characterized by a helical ridge, called a male thread

(external thread). Screws and bolts are used to fasten materials by the engagement of the
screw thread with a similar female thread (internal thread) in a matching part.Screws are
often self-threading (also known as self-tapping) where the thread cuts into the material when
the screw is turned, creating an internal thread that helps pull fastened materials together and
prevents pull-out. There are many screws for a variety of materials; materials commonly
fastened by screws include wood, sheet metal, and plastic.
Fig 3.3 Screws
3.4 BATTERY
An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical

cells with external connections[ for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying
electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The
terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric
circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a
redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy
difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term
"battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells; however, the usage has
evolved to include devices composed of a single cell. A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery
is a type of rechargeable battery composed of cells in which lithium ions move from the
negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge and back
when charging. Li-ion cells use an intercalated lithium compound as the material at the
positive electrode and typically graphite at the negative electrode. Li-ion batteries have a high
energy density, no memory effect (other than LFP cells) and low self-discharge. Cells can be

manufactured to prioritize either energy or power density. They can however be a safety
hazard since they contain flammable electrolytes and if damaged or incorrectly charged can
lead to explosions and fires.
Fig 3.4 Li-ion battery 12v
3.5 Acrylic Sheet
Acrylic is a transparent plastic material with outstanding strength, stiffness, and optical
clarity. Acrylic sheet is easy to fabricate, bonds well with adhesives and solvents, and is easy
to thermoform. It has superior weathering properties compared to many other transparent
plastics.Acrylic sheet exhibits glass-like qualities clarity, brilliance, and transparency but at
half the weight and many times the impact resistance of glass. From durable signs and
skylights, to eye-catching retail store fixtures, displays and shelves, acrylic plastics provide
outstanding versatility, durability, and aesthetic qualities.
Fig 3.5 Acrylic sheet
3.6 SWITCH
Switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an
electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to
another. The most common type of switch is an electromechanical device consisting of one or

more sets of movable electrical contacts connected to external circuits. When a pair of
contacts is touching current can pass between them, while when the contacts are separated no
current can flow.
3.7 POOL NOODLE
A pool noodle is a cylindrical piece of flexible, buoyant polyethylene foam. Pool noodles are
used by people of all ages while swimming.Pool noodles are useful when learning to swim,
for floating, for rescue reaching, in various forms of water play, and for aquatic exercise. The
pool noodle is also used for people who experience difficulties in swimming.The pool noodle
is often used to protect sharp edges and corners.
Fig 3.6 Pool noodle
3.8 ELECTRIC DC MOTOR
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic
field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on
the motor's shaft. The motor use is DC motor. DC motors were the first form of motor widely
used, as they could be powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution
systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable
supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors
are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but
is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC
motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives
for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors
with AC motors possible in many applications.

Fig 3.7 775 DC 12v Motor 6000 rpm
3.9 MOTOR DRIVER
The L298N is an integrated monolithic circuit in a 15- lead Multiwatt and PowerSO20
packages. It is a high voltage , high current dual full-bridge driver de-signed to accept
standard TTL logic level sand drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC and
stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device
independently of the in-put signals .The emitters of the lower transistors of each bridge are
connected together rand the corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection
of an external sensing resistor. An additional Supply input is provided so that the logic works
at a lower voltage.
Fig 3.8 L298N Motor driver

3.10 ADRUINO NANO
The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the
ATmega328P released in 2008. It offers the same connectivity and specs of the Arduino Uno
board in a smaller form factor. The Arduino Nano is equipped with 30 male I/O headers, in a
DIP-30-like configuration, which can be programmed using the Arduino Software integrated
development environment (IDE), which is common to all Arduino boards and running both
online and offline. The board can be powered through a type-B mini-USB cable or from a 9
V battery.
Fig 3.9 Arduino nano
3.11 ARDUINO NANO EXPANSION BOARD
The Arduino I/O Expansion Shield provides an easy way to connect sensors, servos and
RS485 device to Arduino board. It expands Arduino's Digital I/O and Analog Input Pins with
Power and GND. It also provides separate PWM Pins which are compatible with standard
servo connector.
Fig 3.10 Expansion Board

3.12 PLAYSTATION CONTROLLER
The PlayStation controller is the first gamepad released by Sony Computer Entertainment for
its PlayStation home video game console. The original version (model SCPH-1010) was
released alongside the PlayStation on 3 December 1994. In essence, each button is a switch
that completes a circuit when it is pressed. A small metal disk beneath the button is pushed
into contact with two strips of conductive material on the circuit board inside the controller.
While the metal disk is in contact, it conducts electricity between the two strips.
Fig 3.11 Plasystation controller
3.13 THREADED ROD
Threaded rods have many applications, effectively working as a pin to fasten or connect two
materials together. Also used to stabilise structures, they can be inserted into various
materials like concrete, wood or metal to either temporarily create a steady base during
construction or they can be installed permanently. With respect to shape, stud bolts a.k.a.
studs are categorized into three basic types: "fully threaded stud bolts", "tap-end stud bolts",
and "double-end stud bolts".
Each of these studs have different application. As name suggests, fully threaded studs
have full body coverage with threads for full engagement of the matings nuts or similar parts.
Tap-end studs have threads at extreme ends of the body with unequal thread engagement
length, while double-end stud bolts have equal thread length at both ends. Apart from these,
there are stud bolts for flanges, which are fully threaded studs with chamfered ends, and
double-end studs with reduced shank for special bolting applications. For studs that are not

completely threaded, there are two types of studs: full-bodied studs, and undercut studs. Full-
bodied studs have a shank equal to the major diameter of the thread. Undercut studs have a
shank equal to the pitch diameter of the screw thread. Undercut studs are designed to better
distribute axial stresses. In a full-bodied stud the stresses are greater in the threads than in the
shank. For studs that are not completely threaded, there are two types of studs: full-bodied
studs, and undercut studs.
Fig 3.12 Threaded rod
3.14 GENERIC WIRES
A generic wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire) is an electrical wire, or
group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them –
simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or
other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without
soldering. Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots
provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test
equipment.
Fig 3.13 Generic wires

3.15 SHAFT COUPLER
Shaft coupling is a mechanical component that connects the drive shaft and driven shaft of a
motor, etc, in order to transmit power. Shaft couplings introduce mechanical flexibility,
providing tolerance for shaft misalignment. Flexibility – a coupler allows you to easily switch
tips when using the same color for different decorations. Stability – the coupler adds a little
more structure to the piping bag, which gives you more control when decorating. Cleanup –
cleanup is easier with a coupler when using disposable pastry bags.
Fig 3.14 Shaft coupler
3.16 3D PRINTED PROPELLER
A propeller (colloquially often called a screw if on a ship or an airscrew if on an aircraft), is a

device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral
which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working fluid such as water or air. Propellers
are used to pump fluid through a pipe or duct, or to create thrust to propel a boat through
water or an aircraft through air. The blades are specially shaped so that their rotational motion
through the fluid causes a pressure difference between the two surfaces of the blade by
Bernoulli's principle which exerts force on the fluid. Most marine propellers are screw
propellers with helical blades rotating on a propeller shaft with an approximately horizontal
axis.

A cleaver is a type of propeller design especially used for boat racing. Its leading edge
is formed round, while the trailing edge is cut straight. It provides little bow lift, so that it can
be used on boats that do not need much bow lift, for instance hydroplanes, that naturally have
enough hydrodynamic bow lift. To compensate for the lack of bow lift, a hydrofoil may be
installed on the lower unit. Hydrofoils reduce bow lift and help to get a boat out of the hole
and onto plane.
Fig 3.15 3D Printed propeller

CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF REMOTE CONTROLLED SUSTAINABLE FISHING

DRONE
The rc boat drone makes use of aluminium caged structures built as per the target fish
size. This does not trap sea turtles, sharks, whales as the cage sizes are not large enough.
Additionally the mesh size is also built to trap target fish but let go of smaller bycatch fish
that was not supposed to be caught.
The rc drone has 2 x propellers to drive the cages onto fish shoals at high speeds needed to
catch them. The commands sent by rc ransmitter by the user are received by the onboard
controller and thus operates the propeller motors. The rc fishing boat drone can turn as well
as move forward at good speed and achieve sustainable fishing operations.
The water float helps the whole machine to stay above the water. The DC motors are
used to rotate the shaft to which the propellers are connected. This allows the drone to move
forward and backward. While turning to the drone to the right the right propeller is stopped
and while truning to the left the left proeller is stopped. And a servo motor is used to turn the
drone. All the controlls are done by remote controll system using the control circuit.
The fish are caught by the cage the fish are caught according to the size of the
aluminium mesh used so that small fishes are not caught and very large fishes are also not
getting trapped inside the cage.

CHAPTER 5
MACHINING PROCESS
5.1 DRILLING
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid
materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed
against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per
minute. Drilling is the process of cutting holes in a solid material using a rotating cutting tool.
The indentation is a starting point for the drilling of the hole. A drill is a tool used for making
round holes or driving fasteners. It is fitted with a bit, either a drill or driverchuck. with hand-
operated types dramatically decreasing in popularity and cordless battery-powered ones
proliferating. Working principle of drilling machine: when the power is given to the motor,
the spindle rotates and thereby the stepped pulley attached to it also rotates. On the other end,
one more stepped pulley is attached and that is inverted to increase or decrease the speed of
the rotational motion.
Fig 5.1 Drilling process

5.2 METAL CUTTING
Metal cutting is the process of producing a job by removing a layer of unwanted material
from a given workpiece. Fig. shows the schematics of a typical metal cutting process in
which a wedge shaped, sharp edged tool is set to a certain depth of cut and moves relative to
the workpiece. Under the action of force, pressure is exerted on the workpiece metal causing
its compression near the tip of the tool. The metal undergoes shear type deformation and a
piece or layer of metal gets repeated in the form of a chip.If the tool is continued to move
relative to workpiece, there is continuous shearing of the metal ahead of the tool. The shear
occurs along a plane called the shear plane. All machining processes involve the formation of
chips; this occurs by deforming the work material on the surface of job with the help of a
cutting tool. Depending upon the tool geometry, cutting conditions and work material, chips
are produced in different shapes and sizes. The type of chip formed provides information
about the deformation suffered by the work material and the surface quality produced during
cutting.
A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or abrasive disc or blade to cut

different materials using a rotary motion spinning around an arbor. A hole saw and ring saw
also use a rotary motion but are different from a circular saw. Circular saws may also be
loosely used for the blade itself. Circular saws were invented in the late 18th century and
were in common use in sawmills in the United States by the middle of the 19th century.A
circular saw is a tool for cutting many materials such as wood, masonry, plastic, or metal and
may be hand-held or mounted to a machine. In woodworking the term "circular saw" refers
specifically to the hand-held type and the table saw and chop saw are other common forms of
circular saws. "Skilsaw" and "Skil saw" have become generic trademarks for conventional
hand-held circular saws. Circular saw blades are specially designed for each particular
material they are intended to cut and in cutting wood are specifically designed for making
rip-cuts, cross-cuts, or a combination of both. Circular saws are commonly powered by
electricity, but may be powered by a gasoline engine or a hydraulic motor which allows it to
be fastened to heavy equipment, eliminating the need for a separate energy source.

Fig 5.2 Bench cutter
5.3 FASTENING
A screw is an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assembled
parts, of mating with a preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and of being
tightened or released by torquing the head. Let’s start by defining what a fastener is. The term
fasteners encompasses a fairly broad category of tools, such as screws, nuts and bolts, that
share a common purpose: to mechanically hold objects together. Of course, things like glue
can fulfill this function, but glue is not a type of fastener. Therefore, we need to add to our
definition. Hardware fasteners mechanically hold objects together.Typically, fasteners form a
non-permanent joint. In other words, when you use a fastener to connect two components,
you can remove it, and the separate pieces should come apart without suffering any damage.
The same wouldn’t be the case with a welded joint, for instance. The one exception to this
rule are rivets, which fall under the category of fasteners, but create permanent joints.Though
most fasteners form a non-permanent joint, this does not mean you only use fasteners when
you want to be able to take something apart, and it doesn’t mean the joint is weak by any
means. Fasteners can reliably hold together objects that can experience a great degree of
stress. That means they’re a great choice for permanent and non-permanent joints alike,
providing versatility for the type of project you want to use them for. For many people, when
they think of fasteners, screws are the first thing to come to mind. Screw fasteners are one of
the most versatile types of fasteners out there. Their threaded shafts give them durable
holding power, and unlike a bolt, they don’t require anything to hold them in place.
Typically, you use a drill to make a pilot hole in a material and then use a screwdriver to
drive the screw in place.
Screws come in a wide variety of types and sizes. Some of the most common types of screws
include:

 Wood screws have coarse threads and a tapered head.
 Deck screws are similar to wood screws, but include self-tapping designs and
corrosion resistance for outdoor applications.
 Drywall screws feature a self-tapping head that can countersink without causing
damage to drywall.
 Sheet metal screws have sharper threads for connecting metal to other materials.
 Machine screws have a uniform thickness and don’t taper off at the bottom.
 Masonry screws have a flat tip and typically feature a hex-head design.
 MDF screws can self-tap without splitting the material.
Fig 5.3 Screw fastening
5.4 GRINDING
Grinding is a type of abrasive machining process which uses a grinding wheel as cutting
tool.A wide variety of machines are used for grinding, best classified as portable or
stationary:
 Portable power tools such as angle grinders, die grinders and cut-off saws
 Stationary power tools such as bench grinders and cut-off saws
 Stationary hydro- or hand-powered sharpening stones
Milling practice is a large and diverse area of manufacturing and toolmaking. It can produce
very fine finishes and very accurate dimensions; yet in mass production contexts, it can also
rough out large volumes of metal quite rapidly. It is usually better suited to the machining of
very hard materials than is "regular" machining (that is, cutting larger chips with cutting tools

such as tool bits or milling cutters), and until recent decades it was the only practical way to
machine such materials as hardened steels. Compared to "regular" machining, it is usually
better suited to taking very shallow cuts, such as reducing a shaft's diameter by half a
thousandth of an inch or 12.7 μm.Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-
cutting process. Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge
(although of high negative rake angle), and shears a tiny chip that is analogous to what would
conventionally be called a "cut" chip (turning, milling, drilling, tapping, etc.). However,
among people who work in the machining fields, the term cutting is often understood to refer
to the macroscopic cutting operations, and grinding is often mentally categorized as a
"separate" process. This is why the terms are usually used separately in shop-floor
practice.Lapping and sanding are subsets of grinding.
Fig 5.4 Angle grinding machine

CHAPTER 6
PROGRAMMING
Programming is the process of creating a set of instructions that tell a computer how to
perform a task. Programming can be done using a variety of computer programming
languages, such as JavaScript, Python, and C++.
The Arduino Nano is programmed using the Arduino Software (IDE), our Integrated
Development Environment common to all our boards and running both online and offline.
For more information on how to get started with the Arduino Software visit the Getting
Started page.
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that

provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An
IDE normally consists of at least a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger.
Some IDEs, such as NetBeans and Eclipse, contain the necessary compiler, interpreter, or
both; others, such as SharpDevelop and Lazarus, do not.The boundary between an IDE and
other parts of the broader software development environment is not well-defined; sometimes
a version control system or various tools to simplify the construction of a graphical user
interface (GUI) are integrated. Many modern IDEs also have a class browser, an object
browser, and a class hierarchy diagram for use in object-oriented software development.
6.1 CODE
#include "PS2X_lib.h" // PS2 Library
PS2X ps2x; //The PS2 Controller Class
int in1 =2;
int in2 =3;
int in3 =4;
int in4 =5;

int Buzzer=6;
int RX;
int RY;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(in1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(Buzzer,OUTPUT);
ps2x.config_gamepad(13,11,10,12, false, false);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(Buzzer,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(Buzzer,LOW);
delay(500);

digitalWrite(Buzzer,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(Buzzer,LOW);
void loop() {
ps2x.read_gamepad();
RX = ps2x.Analog(PSS_RX); //Right Stick Left and Right
RY = ps2x.Analog(PSS_RY); //Right Stick Up and Down
Serial.print(" RX: ");
Serial.print(RX);
Serial.print(" RY: ");
Serial.print(RY);
delay(100);
if(RY ==128 && RX ==128){ //stop
digitalWrite(in1,LOW);

Serial.print(" STOP ");
if(RY ==0 ){//front
digitalWrite(in2,HIGH);
Serial.print(" FRONT ");
if(RY == 255){//back
Serial.print(" BACK ");
if(RX == 0 ){//left

Serial.print(" LEFT ");
if(RX ==255){//right
Serial.print(" RIGHT ");
Serial.println(" ");

CHAPTER 7
DESIGN CALCULATION
5.1 Volume of Float
V = πr2h
= π·32·100≈2827.43339
Hence volume of one float,
= 2827.43
∴ Total volume of floats
= volume of one float*8
= 2827.43*8
= 22619.44 cm³
1 kg of water
= 1000 cm³
Hence,
22619.44 cm³ = 22.61 kg of water
Thus the floats will displace a volume of 22619.44 cm³ water there for the floats will
bear a weight of 22.61kg on it.

CHAPTER 8
2D CAD DRAWING
Table 8.1 Annotations
1 Propeller
2 Cage
3 Shafts
4 Casings
5 Floats
Fig 8.1 2D CAD drawings and assembly drawings

CHAPTER 9
3D CAD DRAWING

Fig 8.1 3D CAD drawings

CHAPTER 10
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Less than 5% chances of a bycatch.
No plastic pollution in the seas.
Aluminum mesh cages light weight as well as non rusting.
Can be remotely operated to drive the cages onto fish shoals.
DISADVANTAGES
The size of the mesh determines the size of the fish.
Different type of mesh required to catch different fishes.

CHAPTER 11
BILL OF MATERIALS AND ESTIMATE
Table 11.1 Bill of materials
SL .NO PARTS QUANTITY PRICE TOTAL

PRICE
1 1 Inch aluminum square 24ft 400 400

tubes
2 Aluminum net 6 sq m 1000 1000
3 Acrylic sheet 4 sq ft 500 500
4 Pool noodle 6 110 660
5 775 DC 12v motro 6000 2 500 1000

rpm
6 L298N motor driver 1 300 300
7 12v 4500mah Lithium Ion 1 1500 1500

battery
8 Arduino nano 1 600 600
9 Arduino nano expansion 1 130 130

board
10 Playstation joystick 1 900 900
11 6mm ss threaded rod 1m 150 150

12 3D printed propeller 2 200 400
13 6mm Shaft 1.5m 120 120
14 6mm to 6mmshaft coupler 2 80 160
15 Mild steel motor mount 2 150 300
16 Generic wires 6m 200 200
TOTAL COST 8320/-

CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION
Here design a solution to all these problems by suggesting a different more sustainable
approach to fishing. Rather than using large fishing boats with plastic nets, we develop an
aluminum caged drone that can only trap small fish as per desired fishing size and let go
larger fish as well as smaller fish which are not to be trapped. This approach makes use of
many smaller fishing drones rather than large fishing nets and heavy trawlers. The present
study has been made to suggest and develop modern way of fishing for labours for timely
completion of project under reasonable cost and of a specific quality. Remote controlled
fishing drone is targeting towards designing, implementing and operating facilities and
services that were traditionally provided. The government of India is leading the process of
promoting projects in India to create a success story. The purpose of this project was to
identify effective strategies for dealing with fish catching identified in sea life with trawling.
Based on the analysis conveyed, it can be concluded that there are multiple modifications
important for the improvement of this method. Future exploration into behavior modification
techniques could be useful to finding further fish catching techniques. The amount this could
improve the lives of others with sea life is worth exploring.

APPENDIX


REFERENCES
[1] Turner, John Stewart, and John Stewart Turner. Buoyancy effects in fluids.
Cambridge university press, 1979.
[2] Sayers, Craig, and C. Sayers. Remote control robotics. New York: Springer,
1999.
[3] Ravazzolo, D., et al. "Tracking log displacement during floods in the
Tagliamento River using RFID and GPS tracker devices." Geomorphology 228
(2015): 226-233.
[4] Gerr, Dave. Propeller handbook. International Marine Publishing, 1989.
[5] Van de Straete, Herman J., et al. "Servo motor selection criterion for
mechatronic applications." IEEE/ASME Transactions on mechatronics 3.1
(1998): 43-50.
[6] Palacin, M. Rosa. "Recent advances in rechargeable battery materials: a

chemist’s perspective." Chemical Society Reviews 38.9 (2009): 2565-2575.
[7] Cho, Jinsoo, and Seung-Chul Lee. "Propeller blade shape optimization for
efficiency improvement." Computers & fluids 27.3 (1998): 407-419.
[8] Thornton, Joe. "Environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) building

materials." Washington, DC: Healthy Building Network (2002).
[9] Gill, A. E., and A. Davey. "Instabilities of a buoyancy-driven system." Journal of

Fluid Mechanics 35.4 (1969): 775-798.
[10] Dwight, John. Aluminium design and construction. CRC Press, 1998.

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RC sustainable fishing drone Batch 2018-22

Fishing Net Pollution

Department of Mechanical Engineering 1 Thejus Engineering College

Department of Mechanical Engineering 2 Thejus Engineering College

Department of Mechanical Engineering 3 Thejus Engineering College

3. Ravazzolo, D., et al. "Tracking log displacement during floods in the

4. Gerr, Dave. Propeller handbook. International Marine Publishing, 1989:- A

Department of Mechanical Engineering 4 Thejus Engineering College

6. Palacin, M. Rosa. "Recent advances in rechargeable battery materials: a

Department of Mechanical Engineering 5 Thejus Engineering College

8. Thornton, Joe. "Environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) building

9. Gill, A. E., and A. Davey. "Instabilities of a buoyancy-driven system." Journal of

Department of Mechanical Engineering 6 Thejus Engineering College

is related to the ‘Coriolis’-driven instability of rotating fluids. In this paper, the

Department of Mechanical Engineering 7 Thejus Engineering College

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 ALUMINIUM SUPPORTING FRAME

Fig 3.1 Aluminium square pipe

3.2 Aluminium Net

Fig 3.2 Aluminium net

Department of Mechanical Engineering 8 Thejus Engineering College

Fig 3.3 Screws

An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical

Department of Mechanical Engineering 9 Thejus Engineering College

Fig 3.4 Li-ion battery 12v

3.5 Acrylic Sheet

Fig 3.5 Acrylic sheet

Department of Mechanical Engineering 10 Thejus Engineering College

3.7 POOL NOODLE

Fig 3.6 Pool noodle

3.8 ELECTRIC DC MOTOR

Department of Mechanical Engineering 11 Thejus Engineering College

Fig 3.7 775 DC 12v Motor 6000 rpm

3.9 MOTOR DRIVER

Fig 3.8 L298N Motor driver

Department of Mechanical Engineering 12 Thejus Engineering College

3.10 ADRUINO NANO

Fig 3.9 Arduino nano

3.11 ARDUINO NANO EXPANSION BOARD

Fig 3.10 Expansion Board

Department of Mechanical Engineering 13 Thejus Engineering College

3.12 PLAYSTATION CONTROLLER

Fig 3.11 Plasystation controller

3.13 THREADED ROD

Department of Mechanical Engineering 14 Thejus Engineering College

Fig 3.12 Threaded rod

3.14 GENERIC WIRES

Fig 3.13 Generic wires

Department of Mechanical Engineering 15 Thejus Engineering College

3.15 SHAFT COUPLER

Fig 3.14 Shaft coupler

3.16 3D PRINTED PROPELLER

A propeller (colloquially often called a screw if on a ship or an airscrew if on an aircraft), is a

Department of Mechanical Engineering 16 Thejus Engineering College

Fig 3.15 3D Printed propeller

Department of Mechanical Engineering 17 Thejus Engineering College

WORKING OF REMOTE CONTROLLED SUSTAINABLE FISHING

Department of Mechanical Engineering 18 Thejus Engineering College

Fig 5.1 Drilling process

Department of Mechanical Engineering 19 Thejus Engineering College

5.2 METAL CUTTING

A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or abrasive disc or blade to cut

Department of Mechanical Engineering 20 Thejus Engineering College