SAT Advanced

Extra Reading 1
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Questions 1-11 are based on the following Normally, Baba being called “dad" would have made

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passage. us laugh—it sounded so American. But that day in
This passage is from a 1999 memoir written by a woman 50 the ear lot we didn’t even look at each other. We were
who is a citizen of both Iran and the United Stales. all watching Sonny. He pulled at the handle of the
hack door, it gave with a rich, oily click, and my
Just before I turned twelve, my family drove to brother and sister and I obediently climbed in.
Oregon to outrun the spring. Every time it looked like "Well? How does it feel? Sonny's red face filled
we were going to stay in one town, the weather would 55 the window; his voice boomed, bossy and cheerful,
Line warm up and my father would pluck us out of the life through the glass. Beyond him stood Mama and Baba
5 we were considering and swing us back north on the —and at that moment they looked pale, almost
highway. I think that deep down he believed that translucent, as if the bright light glinting off the tops
acknowledging the change of seasons would mean of the cars had leached something out of them. They
admitting we were in America to stay. So from 60 seemed small and far away. So, as the plastic new-car
January to March the days got shorter instead of smell wafted seductively around us, we smiled and
10 longer and the backseat windows grew colder as we waved and stretched out our legs in all the space we
slipped off the golden piecrust of California, wound had.
through muddy mountains, and descended into a We said goodbye to my grandparents, coasted
gorge where evergreens blocked out all bill a strip of 65 down to Sunset Boulevard, and merged onto the
sky. freeway. Three-year-old Sufi climbed over the front
15 We traveled in a red Chevrolet Malibu whose seat to sit on Mama’s lap. Ali and I lay head to head
trunk held four sleeping bags, five suitcases, a bag of on the backseat, our bare feet making shadowy prints
shirts, and jeans from J. C. Penney, and a sack of on the glass as the power lines dipped down and up.
antique Persian tapestries. Before leaving Iran, my 70 “How long does it take?" Ali called up, We liked
father had told us each to pack our favorite things in a to time our trips. The Caspian Sea took four hours,
20 suitcase, and I had put in my new Polaroid camera, Qom took two, Esfahan took seven. We had driven
my fifth-grade yearbook, and my yellow sweat suit. in all directions from home, and we knew how long it
We'd bought the sleeping bags and jeans when we'd took before the desert sloped up into mountains in
gotten to Los Angeles, and as for the Malibu, my 75 the south and the tunneled-out rocks opened up onto
parents had opened up the yellow pages a few days the lush, rainy coastline in the north. On the way
25 after we arrived and called up the first car dealership home, too, we knew when to look out for the gray sea
listed. at smog that hung over Tehran. But here, looking out
At the dealership, my mother bent toward us and the window didn’t tell us a thing. It was all neat and
pointed at a dark-haired couple and an older lady 80 identical and unfathomable.
being led out to the parking lot. I heard a flash of
30 Farsi, spoken loudly, as if they thought no one could
understand. My mother is American, but she can spot
Iranians immediately, even at a distance, She said a
few days earlier the Department of Motor Vehicles
had been packed with them, newly arrived and lining
35 up to get their licenses; none suspecting that this red-
haired, freckled woman had also just come out of
Iran.
In the parking lot, crisscrossed strings of red,
white, and blue triangles flapped under a cloudless
40 sky, A long-haired man named Sonny led us along
the rows of gleaming cars, their silver cursive
“Malibu’' logos giving them a wild, exotic aura. Sonny
stopped to stroke a metallic red hood. "Seats five," he
said, and looked at us appreciatively, as if to
45 congratulate us on being a family of exactly five.
“Come on, kids,” he said. “Get in and show your
mom and dad how much space you’ve got."

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The primary purpose of the passage is to As compared with the list in lines 16-18, the list in
lines 20-21 consists of items that were more
A) recount a transitional experience.
B) define the turning point in a life. A) commonly packed in a child's suitcase.

C) revise a theory about a decision. B) useful for documenting an experience.

D) consider the effects of a life-altering choice. C) essential for a family road trip.
D) important to the author personally.

2
5
As used in line 3, “stay" most nearly means
The passage suggests that the selection of a Malibu
A) rest was
B) persevere A) arbitrary
C) visit B) misguided
D) remain C) onerous
D) timely

3
6
Lines 6-8 ("I ... stay") primarily serve to
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
A) criticize an action. answer to the previous question?
B) offer a rationale. A) Lines 15-18 (“We ... tapestries")
C) reveal a misgiving. B) Lines 23-26 (“and ... listed")
D) alter an opinion. C) Lines 38-42 (“In ... aura")
D) Lines 51-53 (“He ... in")

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Lines 31-37 (“My ... Iran“) serve primarily as For the author and Ali, the "smog" (line 78) was
most like
A) an analysis that articulates a complex view.
B) a digression that provides background A) the first sight of land for a sailor returning to
information. port.
C) an explanation that summarizes previous B) roadside litter for tourists trying to enjoy a
statements. view.
D) an anecdote that epitomizes the challenges C) a lens filter that enhances the beauty of the
faced by the author's family. scene being photographed.
D) a sandstorm in which desert travelers lose
their bearings.

8
The contrast in lines 54-60 ("Well . . . away") is 11
primarily between
The last paragraph suggests that in the children's
A) Sonny’s helpfulness and the parents' confusion. opinion, compared with Iran, California is both
B) Sonny's distractedness and the parents' interest. A) strange and ominous.
C) Sonny's boisterousness and the parents' B) vast and oppressive.
passivity.
C) harsh and unaccommodating.
D) the author's mistaken recollection and actual
events. D) nondescript and alien.

9
In context, lines 60-63 (“So .. . had") primarily
suggest that the children were
A) amazed by the car’s roominess.
B) doubtful that their parents would actually buy
a new car.
C) somewhat concerned about their parents'
choice.
D) happily complying with Sonny’s instructions.

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Questions 1-11 are based on the following management, they have considered the implications

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45
passage. of imposing restrictions on European cruising
This passage is from a book about clouds. Contrails are altitudes to keep aircraft below contrail-forming
airborne streaks of condensed water vapor created by levels. One problem with such a system is that the
aircrafts. lower an airplane flies, the denser the air it has to
50 travel through and so the more fuel it needs to burn
One paper, published in 2004, looked at the something that has financial implications as well as
increase in observed cirriform clouds over the US those of increased greenhouse gas emissions.
between the years 1974 and 1994. [The paper] . . . So the team evaluated a system that imposed the
Line concluded that the increase in air traffic and its highest possible ‘contrail-free’ ceiling on cruising
5 resulting contrails had led to increasing cirriform 55 altitudes, which could be calculated dynamically in
cloud cover. Estimations of the expected warming response to changes in atmospheric temperature
effects of this increase were equivalent to .36°F per and humidity.
decade. Amazingly, the effect of the increase in ‘If you had that cap on the flights in Europe—’
cirriform clouds alone was considered sufficient to explained Dr. Bob Noland, one of the scientists
10 account for almost the entire rise in temperatures 60 behind the project, ‘which would result in a four
across the USA during the last 25 years. This is a percent increase in CO2 emissions from increased
major claim, for though it relates to localised fuel consumption—our conclusion was that the
warming effects, not global ones, the report suggests reduction in contrails would make it a good policy.’
that the high clouds that develop from contrails are a Their findings suggested that, though there would
15 huge contributor to surface warming. 65 certainly be implementation difficulties, such as
Another key paper, published in 2003, was equally increased congestion and longer flight times, the
sobering. Here, the scientists correlated the changing system could reduce contrail formation by between
distribution of cirriform clouds over Europe from 65 and 95 percent, compared with just a four
weather satellite images with precise records of the percent rise in CO2 emissions.
20 varying concentrations of air traffic during the same 70 Without the contrails it seems that there would
periods. The report concluded that the warming be a considerable reduction in the overall amount of
attributable to cirriform clouds appearing to develop thin, ground-warming cirriform clouds. ‘The CO2
as a result of air traffic was ten times greater than that emissions from aircraft,’ says Noland, ‘while
expected to result from aviation CO2 emissions. significant and growing, are not going to make that
25 Now, it is hard to make a meaningful comparison 75 much difference even if we cut them down, but if we
between the environmental impacts of such differing reduce contrails by 90 percent tomorrow—which we
factors as, on the one hand, aircraft CO2 emissions, think is entirely feasible—you would get a major
which remain in the atmosphere for over a hundred impact right away. Stopping the contrails would
years and have a cumulative and global effect on bring an immediate benefit.’
30 surface warming and, on the other hand, aviation
induced cloud cover, whose warming effects are both
localised and temporary. But these studies suggest
that aviation’s contrails are leading to other high
clouds that are a more significant factor in global
35 warming than its CO2 emissions.
Air traffic is estimated to be increasing by five
percent a year, with most of the increase being in
contrail-forming long-haul flights. Ironically, modern
aircraft engines—designed to burn more efficiently
40 and so emit less CO2—actually create more contrails.
A team of scientists at Imperial College in London
has been looking at one possible way to reduce
contrails: stopping aircraft from flying so high. Using
computer simulations designed for air-traffic

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The primary goal of the passage is to As used in line 8, “Amazingly” most nearly
emphasizes the author’s
A) compare two recent scientific studies on global
warming A) confusion about the research data
B) explore the relationship of air traffic to B) dismay that nothing has been done to reduce the
atmospheric temperatures number of contrails
C) argue for the necessity of limiting air travel in C) surprise at the conclusion of a study
Europe D) excitement about the sophistication of scientific
D) review a chronological series of studies on instruments
cirriform clouds

5
2
The author states “This is a major claim” (lines
According to the passage, the relationship between 11-12) in order to
aircraft contrails and cirriform clouds is best A) explore ways in which global warming is a
expressed by which of the following?
localized phenomenon
A) Aircraft contrails decrease the number of B) challenge the view of those who feel that the
cirriform clouds that form. claim is unsubstantiated
B) Aircraft contrails have no significant impact on C) validate the counterclaim that temperatures
the number of cirriform clouds that form. have not risen in the last 25 years
C) Aircraft contrails increase the number of D) call attention to a claim by highlighting its
cirriform clouds that form. importance
D) No conclusive evidence exists about the
relationship between aircraft contrails and
cirriform cloud formation.

6
The author’s strategy in paragraph three (lines
25-35) can best be described as presenting a
3 A) generalization that is substantiated by a detailed
example
Which choice provides the best evidence for the B) problem followed by a particular
answer to the previous question?
recommendation
A) Lines 3-6 (“The paper ... cover”) C) controversial proposal followed by a
B) Lines 8-11 (“Amazingly ... years”) counterproposal
C) Lines 17-21 (“Here ... periods”) D) qualifying statement that is modified by a
D) Lines 25-30 (“Now ... warming”) following statement

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The author’s tone in paragraph three (lines 25-35) Lines 64-69 (“Their . . . emissions”) are best
can best be described a described as
A) reasoned A) an evaluation of the methodology used in the
B) uncertain study
C) relieved B) an illustration of why the study was needed
D) disbelieving C) a request for a plan to implement the study
recommendations
D) a summary of the primary conclusions of the
study

8
Lines 38-40 (“Ironically . . . contrails”) point out
A) an unexpected consequence of a technological
improvement 11
B) an innovative strategy for evaluating the effects
What aspect of the Noland study is emphasized in
of contrails
the last paragraph?
C) the consequences of failing to follow a carefully
designed plan A) The ease of implementing the recommended
flight restrictions
D) a misunderstanding about how types of
transportation affect the environment B) The need to further reduce CO2 emissions
C) The rapidity with which improvement will occur
D) The widespread support the proposal has
accrued

9
According to the passage, aircraft flying lower
would result in all of the following consequences
EXCEPT
A) burning more fuel
B) increasing the number of cirriform clouds
C) emitting more CO2
D) increasing financial costs

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Questions 1-11 are based on the following wastes, the case against nuclear power gets stronger

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passages. and stronger. We already depend on one
These two passages discuss nuclear power in the unsatisfactory source of electricity: coal power. Do
United States. In 1979 the most serious nuclear plant we want to lock ourselves into another one?
accident in American history occurred at Three Mile
Island in Middletown, Pennsylvania. No physical harm Passage 2
came to workers or people in the community, but sweeping 45 On a cool spring morning 25 years ago, Three
changes in the nuclear industry resulted. Passage 1 is Mile Island, a place in Pennsylvania, was catapulted
from a collection of essays published in 1982; Passage 2 into the headlines and stopped the United States
is from a 2005 article. nuclear power industry in its tracks. What had been
billed as the clean, cheap, limitless energy source for
Passage 1 50 a shining future suddenly became a huge problem.
At the present time, nuclear power contributes In the years since, we've searched for alternatives,
only 3 percent of total United States energy and 12 pouring billions of dollars into windmills, solar
percent of United States electricity production. The panels, and biofuels. We've designed fantastically
Line need for additional nuclear plants in the next decade efficient lightbulbs, air conditioners, and
5 will be minimal. Excess electric generating capacity refrigerators. We've built enough gasfired generators
55
now exists in most parts of the country, partly as a to bankrupt California. But mainly, each year, we
result of energy conservation efforts by customers hack 400 million more tons of coal out of Earth's
over the last few years. We now have the chance to crust than we did a quarter century before, light it on
halt further construction of the present design and to
fire, and shoot the proceeds into the atmosphere.
10 send the nuclear designers back to the drawing board.
60 The consequences aren't pretty. Burning coal and
If additional nuclear power plants are to be built, let
other fossil fuels is driving climate change, which is
them be based on a design in which safety comes
blamed for everything from forest fires and
first, a system that is easy to analyze, a system that is
hurricanes to melting polar ice sheets and coastal
designed specifically to contain meltdowns.
flooding. Furthermore, coal-burning electric power
15 If our society is to control technology rather than
65 plants have fouled the air with enough heavy metals
let it control us, we must make choices between
and other noxious pollutants to cause serious side
technologies. We cannot keep giving engineers or
effects to humans, according to a Harvard School of
scientists unlimited chances to run large-scale
Public Health study. Some studies show that a coal-
experiments that put us all at risk. Other electricity
fired plant releases times more radioactive material
20 sources such as coal power cause health effects
70 than an equivalent nuclear reactor-right into the air,
comparable on a cumulative basis to those that will
too, not into some carefully guarded storage site.
be caused by nuclear power. Many rational people
Burning hydrocarbons is a luxury that a planet with
tolerate the uncertain risk of a nuclear accident. Yet, I
six billion energy-hungry souls can't afford. There's
think even such people would accept the fact that a
only one reasonable, practical alternative: nuclear
25 major accident is sufficiently serious, and that the
75 power.
probability of occurrence is sufficiently uncertain,
We now know that the risks of splitting atoms
that nuclear power cannot be perceived as a desirable
pale beside the harmful effects produced by fossil
technology from the perspective of safety. It certainly
fuels. Radiation containment, waste disposal, and
does not appear to be a satisfactory replacement for
nuclear weapons proliferation are manageable
30 coal. Would it not be better to move away from both
80 problems in a way that global warming is not. Unlike
coal and nuclear power? First, we could lessen the use
the usual green alternatives-water, wind, solar, and
of these fuels by reducing the demand for electricity
biomass-nuclear energy is here, now, in industrial
through construction of efficient appliances and
quantities. Sure, nuclear plants are expensive to
industrial equipment; then we could replace existing
build-upwards of two billion dollars apiece-but they
35 plants with wind power facilities and expanded
85 start to look cheap when you factor in the true cost to
hydropower facilities.
people and the planet of burning fossil fuels. And
We should think carefully whether nuclear
nuclear is our best hope for cleanly and efficiently
technology is necessary. When other problems with
generating hydrogen, which would end our other
nuclear power are considered, such as the risk of
ugly hydrocarbon addiction-dependence on gasoline
40 weapons proliferation and the risks from nuclear
90 and diesel for transport.

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The author of Passage 1 uses statistics in lines 1-3 in In line 41, "case" most nearly means
order to
A) issue.
A) suggest that current reliance on nuclear power is B) situation.
fairly modest.
C) argument.
B) downplay the cost of developing alternative
energy sources. D) instance.

C) highlight a pitfall of not having adequate sources

of electricity.
D) emphasize the rapid growth in demand for
electricity .

5
How might the author of Passage 2 respond
to the question posed in lines 43-44, Passage 1
("Do we ... one") ?
2
A) By pointing out that neither coal nor nuclear
Taken together, the two passages support which
of the following claims about nuclear power in power can produce sufficient energy to meet
the United States? our current needs.
A) Its cost eclipses any of its benefits. B) By arguing that not enough resources have
been allocated to finding green energy
B) It has long been a source of controversy.
alternatives.
C) Its role in electricity production has been
C) By insisting that coal has been unfairly
growing.
maligned as an energy source.
D) Its development has been slow but deliberate.
D) By asserting that nuclear power's superiority
to coal outweighs any such concern.

3
6
Which statement would the author of Passage 2
most likely make about the approach advocated Which choice provides the best evidence for the
in lines 31-36, Passage 1 ("First ... facilities") ? answer to the previous question?

A) It was once impractical but is now worth A) Lines 48-50 (“What . . . problem”)
pursuing. B) Lines 51-53 (“In . . . biofuels”)
B) It now needs to be extended beyond the C) Lines 64-68 (“Furthermore . . . study”)
production of electricity. D) Lines 68-75 (“Some . . . power”)
C) It involved more environmental risk than was
justified.
D) It has been tried and thus far found wanting.

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The function of the opening paragraph of Both Passage 1 and Passage 2 emphasize the need to
Passage 2 (lines 45-50) is to
A) employ better safety practices at nuclear plants.
A) allude to a pivotal event. B) undertake more aggressive research on nuclear
B) trace the history of a place. power.
C) question the soundness of a decision. C) evaluate energy sources in terms of their
D) warn of an unforeseen problem. potential negative impact.
D) reduce annual expenses for nuclear power
development.

10
8
The concluding paragraph of each passage
The primary concern of Passage 2 is the makes use of which technique?
A) difficulty of containing nuclear waste. A) Invoking collective interests.
B) development of more energy-efficient B) Citing scholarly authority.
appliances. C) Offering anecdotal commentary.
C) use of an energy source that has a reduced D) Posing rhetorical questions.
environmental impact.
D) expanded use of nuclear power as a temporary
measure.

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Questions 1-11 are based on the following Passage 2

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passages. The First World War is a classic case of the
These two passages discuss different aspects of the impact dissonance between official, male-centered history
of the First World War (1914-1918) on British people and 40 and unofficial female history. Not only did the
society. Passage 1 is from a book that examines the apocalyptic events of this war have very different
depiction of the war in literature, letters, and newspapers; meanings for men and women, such events were in
Passage 2 is from a book that examines the differences fact very different for men and women, a point
between men's and women's experiences of war. understood almost at once by an involved
Passage 1 45 contemporary like Vera Brittain. She noted about her
Even if the civilian population at home had relationship with her soldier fiancé that the war put a
wanted to know the realities of the war, they couldn’t “barrier of indescribable experience between men
have without experiencing them: its conditions were and women whom they loved. Sometimes (I wrote at
Line too novel, its industrialized ghastliness too the time) I fear that even if he gets through, what he
5 unprecedented. The war would have been simply 50 has experienced out there may change his ideas and
unbelievable. From the very beginning a fissure was tastes utterly.”
opening between the army and the civilians. The nature of the barrier thrust between Vera
The causes of civilian incomprehension were Brittain and her fiancé, however, may have been even
numerous. Few soldiers wrote the truth in letters more complex than she herself realized, for the
10 home for fear of causing needless uneasiness. If they 55 impediment preventing a marriage of their true
did ever write the truth, it was excised by company minds was constituted not only by his altered
officers, who censored all outgoing mail. The press experience but by hers. Specifically, as young men
was under rigid censorship throughout the war. Only became increasingly alienated from their pre-war
correspondents willing to file wholesome, optimistic selves, increasingly immured in the muck and blood
15 copy were permitted to visit France, and even they 60 of the battlefields, increasingly abandoned by the
were seldom allowed near the battlefields of the front civilization of which they had ostensibly been heirs,
line. Typical of these reporters was George Adam, women seemed to become, as if by some uncanny
Paris correspondent of the Times. His Behind the swing of history’s pendulum, ever more powerful. As
Scenes at the Front, published in 1915, exudes cheer, nurses, as munitions workers, as bus drivers, as
20 as well as warm condescension, toward the common 65 soldiers in the agricultural “land army,” even as wives
British soldier, whom he depicts as well fed, warm, and mothers, these formerly subservient creatures
safe, and happy—better off, indeed, than at home. began to loom larger. A visitor to London observed
Lord Northcliffe, the publisher of the Times, in 1918 that “England was a world of women—
eventually assumed full charge of government women in uniforms.”
25 propaganda. It is no surprise to find Northcliffe’s 70 The wartime poems, stories, and memoirs by
Times on July 3, 1916, reporting the first day’s attack women sometimes subtly, sometimes explicitly
during the battle of the Somme* with an airy explore the political and economic revolution by
confidence which could not help but deepen the which the First World War at least temporarily
division between those on the spot and those at dispossessed male citizens of the primacy that had
30 home. “Sir Douglas Haig telephoned last night,” says 75 always been their birthright, while permanently
the Times, “that the general situation was favorable.” granting women access to both the votes and the
It soon ascends to the rhetoric of heroic romance: professions that they had never before possessed.
“There is a fair field . .. and we have elected to fight Similarly, a number of these women writers covertly
out our quarrel with the Germans and to give them as or overtly celebrated the release of female desires and
35 much battle as they want.” No wonder 80 powers which that revolution made possible, as well
communication failed between the troops and those as the reunion (or even reunification) of women
who could credit prose like that as factual testimony. which was a consequence of such liberated energies.
Their enthusiasm, which might otherwise seem
like morbid gloating, was explained by Virginia
* The British army had nearly 60,000 casualties, the largest 85 Woolf, a writer otherwise known for her pacifist
number for any single day in the army’s history. sympathies:

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How . . . can we explain that amazing outburst in 3

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August 1914, when the daughters of educated men . . .
rushed into hospitals . . . drove lorries, worked in fields In Passage 1, the author suggests that the attitudes of
90 and munitions factories, and used all their immense “those at home” (lines 29-30) were strongly
stores of charm ... to persuade young men that to fight influenced by
was heroic... ? So profound was (woman's) unconscious A) the government’s inadequate control over
loathing for the education of the private house that she propaganda
would undertake any task, however menial, exercise
95 any fascination, however fatal, that enabled her to B) the lack of opportunities for soldiers to write
escape. Thus consciously she desired "our splendid home
Empire"; unconsciously she desired our splendid war. C) the disparity between men’s and women’s views
of war
D) censored reports from the press

1
Passage 2 is unlike Passage 1 in that Passage 2
4
A) describes war as dehumanizing
As used in line 37, “credit” most nearly means
B) endorses the official view of the war
A) believe
C) discusses war in terms of how it affects women
B) enter
D) criticizes the censorship of information about
the war C) supply
D) enrich

2
5
The “fissure” (line 6) was primarily caused by the
Passage 2 most directly implies one of the author’s
A) civilians’ ignorance about the soldiers’
assumptions that
experience
B) discrepancy between the experiences of men and A) families prospered more when women became
of women head of the household
C) behavior of the officers who led the battles B) soldiers were unaware of the fundamental
change taking place in society
D) guilt that civilians felt about sending young men
off to war C) women embraced their chance to work outside
the home
D) women in domestic roles had previously
exercised little authority

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Which choice provides the best evidence for the In lines 94-95, the discussion of women’s
answer to the previous question? involvement with “menial” tasks and “fatal”
A) Lines 45-48 ("She note ... loved") fascinations primarily serves to emphasize the
B) Lines 62-67 ("Women ... larger") A) far-reaching consequences of women’s roles
during wartime
C) Lines 70-75 ("The wartime ... birthright")
B) extent to which women felt stifled in their
D) Lines 83-86 ("Their ... sympathies")
traditional roles
C) contrast between how women idealized war and
what it was really like
D) desire by women to escape the horrors of war
7
As used in line 72, the “revolution” refers to
A) women’s pursuit of rights previously unavailable
to them 10
B) the change that men underwent after What do Behind the Scenes at the Front (lines 18-19)
experiencing war and “wartime poems, stories and memoirs” (line 70)
C) the redistribution of power from the upper to have in common?
the middle class
A) Both caused needless uneasiness among
D) the growing equalization of men’s and women’s civilians.
wages
B) Both deliberately reflected the views of the
government.
C) Both changed the status quo for women in
wartime Britain.
D) Neither focused on the realities of the battlefield.
8
The author of Passage 2 implies that women’s
enthusiasm “might otherwise seem like morbid
gloating” (lines 83-84) because
11
A) women’s progress caused the deterioration of
men’s status Which of the following statements about the effect
B) women achieved recognition as the real of the First World War is supported by both
peacemakers in the war passages?
C) women celebrated the fact that they did not have A) Officers resented the government’s complacency.
to fight in the war B) Women gained independence in postwar Britain.
D) women were enjoying power while men were in C) Soldiers felt isolated from parts of civilian
battle society.
D) War proved an undesirable way to resolve the
European conflict.

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Questions 1-11 are based on the following Passage 2

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passages. The best trial lawyers are storytellers. They take
These two excerpts adapted from recently published books the raw and disjointed observations of witnesses and
examine the practices of American trial lawyers. transform them into coherent and persuasive
narratives. They develop compelling theories and
Passage 1 50 artful themes, all the better to advance a client's
The parade of evils that judges in some other cause, whatever it might happen to he. "Give me the
countries take pains to exclude can be seen on an facts," says the attorney, “and I will turn them into
almost routine basis in many courtrooms in the the best possible case."
Line United States: inflammatory language and The popular image is that lawyers, and trial
5 interruptions; stagy eye rolling at opposing 55 lawyers in particular, are cunning deceivers and
arguments; badgering of witnesses; appeals to misleaders, flimflam artists who use sly rhetorical
sympathy or anger; parading of blatantly rehearsed skills to bamboozle witnesses, turning night into day.
testimony; comments that mislead, distract, or In this conception, lawyers tell stories only in order
confuse; closing arguments asserting propositions to seduce and beguile the hapless jurors who fall prey
10 unsupported by what has come before. All are 60 to the advocate’s tricks. Critics believe that the system
tolerated in some, though far from all, American would be better and more honest if the witnesses
courtrooms. were simply asked to speak, without the distorting
The opening and closing arguments of trials, in impact of lawyers’ involvement.
which lawyers speak directly to jurors, are particularly But that view is wrong. Lawyers often use the
15 susceptible to demagoguery. One attorney laments 65 techniques of narrative construction to enhance the
that the final argument stage "has increasingly turned truth, not to hide it. A fully developed and well-
into a quagmire of personal character attacks, conceived "trial story" may result in an account that is
impermissible reference to non-record evidence, and actually “truer” in many respects than the client's
blatant appeals to jurors' sympathies and prejudices." uncounseled version of events, even though the
20 Judges may sit by while attorneys mischaracterize 70 narrative was adroitly structured with courtroom
what has been said before; compare opponents to victory in mind.
mass murderers; insist on logical inferences that are Trial lawyers, the legal profession's ultimate
not, in fact, logical; address jurors by name; and so pragmatists, tell stories because that is what works,
forth. In one not-atypical case, the defense attorney because a logical, interesting, linear narrative has
25 proceeded to spin for the jury lurid scenarios of a vast 75 proven to be the most successful way to persuade the
police frame-up against his client, far outrunning any listener. If some other method worked better—opera
actual evidence of such a conspiracy. singing or emotive grunting — lawyers would adopt
One might conclude from much of the advice on that approach instead. But storytelling cannot be
jury-handling available to lawyers that practicing defended merely as an effective device. That would
30 lawyers have no very high regard for jurors’ acumen. 80 justify the uncharitable view that attorneys are
Consultants inform lawyers that "logic plays a literary mercenaries, paid to concoct whatever tale a
minimal role" in the courtroom and that the real trick gullible jury is most likely to accept.
is to identify the jurors’ "psychological anchors." A In fact, the lawyer's art—shaping disparate
brochure from the San Diego Trial Lawyers statements into a single meaningful account — is not
35 Association promotes a video that it claims will 85 an unprincipled act of creating useful fiction. It is just
"streamline each element of a trial based on the fact the opposite. A conscientious attorney fashions a
that most jurors are used to getting a complete story story not to hide or distort the truth but rather to
within a two-minute maximum segment on the bring a client's testimony closer to the truth.
evening news. This video demonstrates the Language is an inherently awkward and indefinite
40 effectiveness of visual aids, impact words, and even 90 instrument for conveying exact meaning, but
colors, to influence the juror’s perception and precision is required in courts of law. The lawyer’s
thought process in the least amount of time." storytelling seeks to employ language in the way that
Apparently, a trial lawyer must—as former best communicates the client's case, making sure that
prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi has written — “put a bib the client actually gets to say what he or she really
45 on the jury and spoon-feed it.”

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95 means. Without the lawyer's storytelling, a client 3

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would be nearly incapable of accurately informing the
The primary purpose of the second paragraph of
judge or jury, cast adrift in a sea of ambiguity,
Passage 2 (lines 54-63) is to
approximation, and imprecision. Of course, any tool
can be misused. But as a baseline for lawyers, and A) anticipate the author's main conclusion
100 excepting the out-and-out swindlers and thieves,
B) acknowledge an alternative perspective
storytelling is a noble pursuit.
C) develop a point introduced in the first paragraph
of Passage 2
D) refute a claim made in Passage 1

1
4
As used in line 25, “spin” most nearly means
The examples in lines 76-77 are introduced to
A) prolong dramatize
B) whirl A) how highly trial lawyers value expediency
C) create B) how contemptuously lawyers sometimes behave
D) drive C) how easily a jury’ can be persuaded
D) the insufficiency of logical argument

2
How does the quotation in lines 16-19 (Passage 1)
differ from that in lines 51-53 (Passage 2) ? 5
A) The first quotation conveys the viewpoint of a The author of Passage 2 would most likely argue that
prosecuting attorney, while the second reflects “closing arguments” of the kind described in lines
the perspective of a defense attorney. 9-10 of Passage 1 are
B) The first quotation cites an attorney’s comments A) necessary, given the unreasonable restrictions
on a specific case, while the second expresses an placed on the presentation of evidence
attorney’s view of a general practice.
B) inconsequential, because jurors tend to ignore
C) The first quotation reports an observation made them during deliberations
by a particular attorney, while the second
represents a generic claim that any attorney C) more effectively used by defense attorneys than
might make. by prosecutors
D) The first quotation is a critique of statements D) not representative of the practices of
that are typically made during closing conscientious attorneys
arguments, while the second is an actual
example of a statement made during a closing
argument.

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6 9

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Which choice provides the best evidence for the Unlike the author of Passage 2, the author of Passage
answer to the previous question? 1 does which of the following?
A) Lines 54-57 ("The popular ... day") A) Relies on personal anecdotes.
B) Lines 79-82 ("That would ... accept") B) Poses rhetorical questions.
C) Lines 86-91 ("A conscientious ... law") C) Quotes from a published document.
D) Lines 99-101 ("But ... pursuit") D) Rejects a proposed solution.

10
7 How do the two passages differ in their approach to
the examination of courtroom practices?
The author of Passage 2 would most likely argue that
the advice of the “Consultants" quoted in Passage 1, A) Passage 1 catalogs a range of questionable
lines 31-33, is behaviors and attitudes, whereas Passage 2
assesses the validity of a particular technique.
A) misleading, because an illogical narrative is
unlikely to convince a jury B) Passage 1 analyzes the reasoning used in legal
arguments, whereas Passage 2 compares the
B) unrealistic, because lawyers have no means of
effectiveness of different rhetorical strategies.
determining jurors’ attitudes
C) Passage 1 considers the implications for society
C) perceptive, because jurors are emotionally
of lawyers' actions, whereas Passage 2 is
attached to their prejudices
concerned only with the legal consequences of
D) outdated, because jurors are becoming such actions.
increasingly wary of lawyers’ tricks
D) Passage 1 describes current standards of
courtroom conduct, whereas Passage 2
chronicles their historical evolution.

8
11
Which best conveys the tone of the final sentences of
Passage 1 and Passage 2 respectively? How do the two passages differ in their descriptions
of how lawyers serve their clients?
A) Apologetic ... reverent
A) Passage 1 emphasizes the refutation of opposing
B) Incredulous ... condescending arguments; Passage 2 emphasizes analysis of law.
C) Derisive ... laudatory B) Passage 1 emphasizes gathering factual evidence;
D) Defiant ... cautionary Passage 2 emphasizes preparation of witnesses.
C) Passage 1 emphasizes appeasing potentially
troublesome judges; Passage 2 emphasizes the
construction of an eloquent narrative.
D) Passage 1 emphasizes the misleading of jurors;
Passage 2 emphasizes the clarification of
testimony.

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