User Manual

Experiment Instructions
ET 102 Heat Pump Trainer

ET 102 HEAT PUMP TRAINER
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 03/2014
Experiment Instructions
Last modification by: Dipl.-Ing. Peter Mittasch
This manual must be kept by the unit.
Before operating the unit:

- Read this manual.
- All participants must be instructed on
handling of the unit and, where appropriate,
on the necessary safety precautions.
Version 0.4 Subject to technical alterations
i
ii
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Structure of safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Unit Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 Unit Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.1.1 Overall System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.2 Refrigerant Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.3 Water Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.4 Schematic diagram of the refrigeration system . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Features of the Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.1 Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.2 Evaporator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.3 Expansion Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.4 Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Commissioning the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Care and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6 Data Acquisition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.7 Installation of the Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.8 Operating the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
iii
4 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1 Cyclic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Cyclic Process in a Heat Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3 Comparison of a Heat Pump with a Refrigerator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4 Heat Pump Processes on the p-h diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4.1 Construction of a p-h diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4.2 Ideal Cyclic Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.4.3 Real Cyclic Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.5 Output Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.5.1 Derivation from the p-h diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5.2 Derivation from Power and Heat Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.1 Experimental Determination of the Ideal / Real Output Coefficient . . 41
5.1.1 Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.1.2 Evaluating the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.2 Experimental Determination of the Actual Output Coefficient . . . . . . 46
5.2.1 Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.1 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2 p-h diagram for the refrigerant R134a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.3 Work Sheet for Recording a Cyclic Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.4 Symbols and Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.5 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
iv
1 Introduction
The G.U.N.T.-device ET 102 Heat Pump Trainer

contains a complete functional model of an
air/water heat pump.
The well organised and spacious arrangement of
the components on a mobile display board facili-
tates easy understanding of the construction of a
heat pump system.
All the components are commonly used in heat
pump and refrigeration engineering. They will

thus be recognised in the field and make the train-
ing as similar as possible to practice, an important
issue.
Numerous sensors are fitted to the system, these
acquire pressures, temperatures and flow rates.
The measured value displays enable students to
directly investigate the processes within a heat
pump. The measurements are simultaneously
displayed and evaluated on a PC.
Apart from specific training on the heat pump, the
basics of refrigeration can also be excellently
demonstrated with this unit.
Since the heat pump demonstrates the applica-
tion of a thermodynamic cyclic process, the dem-
onstration system can also be used to good effect
to illustrate theoretical thermodynamic relation-
ships.
1 Introduction 1
Apart from the basic explanation of how a heat

pump/refrigeration plant functions, quantitative
measurements can also be performed, for exam-
ple the output coefficient can be determined
experimentally.
2 1 Introduction
2 Safety
2.1 Intended use
The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.
2.2 Structure of safety instructions
The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

CAUTION indicate the probability and potential
severity of injury.
An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

hazard or a required action.
Signal word Explanation
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will result in

DANGER death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

WARNING death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

CAUTION minor or moderately serious injury.
Indicates a situation which may result in damage to

NOTICE equipment, or provides instructions on operation of
the equipment.
2 Safety 3
Symbol Explanation
Electrical voltage
Hazard (general)
Hot surfaces
Notice
4 2 Safety
2.3 Safety instructions
WARNING
Reaching into the open control cabinet can
result in electric shocks.
• Disconnect from the mains supply before open-
ing.
• Work should only be performed by qualified
electricians.
• Protect the control cabinet against moisture.
WARNING
The compressor, pump and fan are operated
with an electrical voltage of 230V.
For this reason the following safety instructions
are to be observed:
• Do not make any modifications to the electrical
supply for the refrigeration circuit.
• Protect electrical switches from water.
• In case of danger, isolate the system from the
mains by unplugging.
WARNING
Risk of burns on the pipe from the compressor
to the condenser.
• The pipe from the compressor to the con-
denser becomes very hot and therefore should
not be touched during operation.
• Ensure that the system is a sufficient distance
from walls and other objects.
2 Safety 5
NOTICE
The working medium (refrigerant R134a) is a pol-
lutant and can escape, therefore
• Drain working medium correctly for repairs.
• Under no circumstances make any modifica-
tions to the working medium circuit (undoing
threaded fittings, etc.). The system is pressur-
ised.
• Never adjust the limits set on pressostats and
expansion valves. G.U.N.T. GmbH is not liable
for any damage caused by an adjustment.
NOTICE
If the compressor overload protection device trips,
leave the system to cool down. Check working
pressures after restarting the system.
NOTICE
After transportation, only commission the
system after leaving it to stand for an
extended period.
NOTICE
If air is not flowing around the finned tube heat
exchanger, there is a risk of the evaporator icing
over.
NOTICE
Extended operation without external water cool-
ing causes the pressure in the refrigeration circuit
to increase sharply and the compressor is
switched off by the pressostats on the high pres-
sure side.
6 2 Safety
3 Unit Construction
3.1 Unit Construction
3.1.1 Overall System
7 8 9 10 11
12
6
13
14
5
4
15
3
2 16
20 19 18 17
1 Compressor 11 Temperature sensor

2 Connection data acquisition 12 Coaxial condenser
3 Main switch 13 Flowmeter (water)
4 Pressostat 14 Water tank with cooling water coil
5 Pressure transmitter 15 Control valve
6 Evaporator with fans 16 Circulation pump
7 Expansion valve 17 Drain valve
8 Sight glass (refrigerant) 18 Cooling water connections
9 Filter/ dryer 19 Control valve and flowmeter
10 Receiver 20 Digital displays
Fig. 3.1 Overall system
3 Unit Construction 7
3.1.2 Refrigerant Circuit

11 12 13 14 15 16
10
17
9
18
8
7 19
6 20
21
5
22
4 3 2 1
1 Compressor switch 12 Digital display, evaporator inlet
temperature
2 Digital display, power consumption 13 Expansion valve
3 Digital display, compressor inlet 14 Sight glass
temperature
4 Compressor 15 Filter/ dryer
5 Pressostat, suction side 16 Digital display, condenser outlet
temperature
6 Pressure transmitter, suction side 17 Condenser
7 Digital display, suction side 18 Receiver
pressure
8 Condensate outlet 19 Digital display, delivery side
pressure
9 Switches for fans 20 Pressure transmitter, delivery side
10 Fans 21 Pressostat, delivery side
11 Evaporator 22 Digital display, compressor outlet
temperature
Fig. 3.2 Refrigerant circuit
8 3 Unit Construction
3.1.3 Water Circuit
12 13 14
1 Water drain valve

2 Cooling water connection (in)
11
3 Cooling water connection (out)
4 Control valve
10 15
5 Circulation pump
6 Flowmeter
16
7 Water tank with cooling coil/

9
Heat exchanger
8 8 Digital display, condenser
outlet temperature
9 Condenser inlet refrigerant
10 Condenser outlet refrigerant
7 11 Condenser
12 Temperature sensor,
condenser outlet
13 Digital display, condenser inlet
temperature
14 Temperature sensor,
6 17 condenser inlet
15 Digital display, flow rate
5 16 Flow sensor
18
17 Control valve
4 18 Circulation pump switch
2
1
Fig. 3.3 Water circuit
3.1.4 Schematic diagram of the refrigeration system
1 Compressor 6 Expansion Valve

2 Condenser 7 Evaporator
3 Receiver 8 Heat Exchanger
4 Filter/Drier 9 Pump
5 Sight Glass
E1 Compressor Power Consumption T1 Compressor Intake Temperature

F1 Prozess Water Flow Rate T2 Compressor Outlet Temperature
F2 Cooling Water Flow Rate T3 Condensation Temperature
P1 Evaporation Pressure T4 Evaporation Temperature
P2 Condensation Pressure T5 Warm Water Inlet Temperature
T6 Warm Water Outlet Temperature
Fig. 3.4 Schematic diagram
3.2 Features of the Unit
The ET 102 Heat Pump Trainer is a complete

heat pump that enables extensive experiments
and measurements to be performed. The system
is characterised by the following features:
• Well organised arrangement of all components
on a steel plate.
• Ease of handling due to locking castors.
• Original components from heat pump / refriger-
ation engineering provide the link to practice.

• An environmentally acceptable refrigerant is
used.
• Numerous sensors in the refrigerant and water
circuits, and a sight glass, make it possible to
precisely track the cyclic process.
• Measured values are displayed on digital dis-
plays.
• Measured data display and evaluation on a PC.
• Calculation of energy equations and heat pump
coefficients.
3.3 System Components
3.3.1 Compressor
NOTICE
The compressor is a fully hermetically sealed
reciprocating piston compressor specially
designed for use with a special refrigerant (see
Chapter 6.1).
• The compressor must not be used with any
other refrigerant!
The compressor is fitted with an overload protec-

1 Delivery tion device that is triggered if the compressor
overheats. Should it become necessary to drain
or refill the system with refrigerant, then this must
be performed in the correct manner via the filler
valve (1) on the compressor!
NOTICE
The refrigerant must not be released into the
atmosphere!
Suction
Fig. 3.5 Compressor
3.3.2 Evaporator
The evaporator is of a finned tube construction

with a very large surface area. The refrigerant
flows through the evaporator and draws heat from
9 the ambient air over the large surface area. The
take up of heat can be increased by two fans that
draw the air through the fins. The switch under the
evaporator is used (9) to switch on the fans.
The refrigerant inlet and outlet temperatures are
measured by two bonded sensors at the pipes.
Fig. 3.6 Evaporator Below the evaporator is a collecting trough with

drain valve (8) for the condensate.
3.3.3 Expansion Valve
The refrigerant is expanded in an expansion valve

(13). During this process the temperature of the
13 refrigerant drops. This temperature drop is
recorded by a temperature sensor and displayed
on a digital display (12).
12 In order that the refrigerant leaves the evaporator
slightly superheated, the expansion valve regu-
lates the flow of the refrigerant based on the evap-
orator outlet temperature measured by
23
temperature sensor (23).
Fig. 3.7 Expansion valve
3.3.4 Condenser
16 13
The condenser is of a coaxial pipe cluster heat
exchanger construction that works on the coun-
terflow principle, that is the difference between
the refrigerant temperature and the water temper-
ature is smallest at the outlet of the condenser.
15
This enables the highest efficiency to be obtained.
19 The temperature of the refrigerant at the inlet and

outlet of the condenser can be read on displays
(16) and (22) respectively; the temperatures in the
water circuit are indicated on digital displays (13)
and (15).
The inlet to the condenser is connected to the
22
delivery side of the piston compressor. The pres-
sure acting here can be read off on display (19).
Fig. 3.8 Condenser
3.4 Commissioning the System
The unit is supplied filled with refrigerant.
NOTICE
The heat pump must be left to stand for some time
prior to initial commissioning, otherwise the com-
pressor may be damaged!
To fill with water

24 9
11
Fig. 3.9 Water tank/ heat exchanger
1 3 2 18
Fig. 3.10
Fill the storage tank (7) with water through the

opening in the centre of the top using a hose or
funnel until the water level is visible in the sight
glass (24).
To start up the heat pump, the system must be
connected to a mains socket and switched on with
the main switch. Pressing switch (1) starts the
compressor, it is recommended to also switch on
the fans on the evaporator via the relevant switch
(9) because otherwise the system will ice up and
not output any heat.
To make it possible to use the unit for longer peri-
ods it is necessary to externally cool the tank. For
this purpose connect a source of cooling water to
the associated connections (2 & 3).
To heat up the water in the storage tank the pump
must be switched on at switch (18).
The system is equipped with a pressostat on the
delivery and on the suction side. These switch off
the compressor if a defined maximum pressure is
exceeded.
NOTICE
The two pressostats are matched to the refriger-
ation system, they should therefore not be
adjusted!
3.5 Care and Maintenance
The heat pump is of a low maintenance design

and required only little maintenance effort.
It is not necessary the replace the water in the
tank after every use. Nevertheless the water
should be replaced from time to time to remove
residues in the pipework.
If the water becomes too cloudy flow rate meas-
urements may be incorrect. The system should
then be drained via the water drain valve.
NOTICE
It should be ensured that the system is stored in
a frost-free place!
3.6 Data Acquisition
3.7 Installation of the Software
The following is needed for the installation:

• A fully operational PC with USB port (for mini-
mum requirements see Chapter 6, Page 49).
• G.U.N.T. CD-ROM.
All components necessary to install and run the
program are contained on the CD-ROM deliv-
ered by G.U.N.T.
Installation Routine
NOTICE
The trainer must not be connected to the PC's
USB port during the installation of the program.
Only after the software has been installed can the
trainer be connected.
• Boot the PC.

• Load the G.U.N.T. CD-ROM.
• From the “Installer” folder, launch the
“Setup.exe” installation program.
• Follow the installation procedure onscreen.
• After starting, the installation runs automati-
cally. During the course of the installation, var-
ious program components are loaded onto the
PC:
– Program for PC-data acquisition
– Driver routines for the „LabJack®“ USB con-
verter
• After installation is finished: reboot the PC.
3.8 Operating the Program
• Select and start the program by choosing:

Start / All Programs / G.U.N.T. / ET 102
• When the software is run for the first time after

installation, the language to be used for the
program is requested.
The language can subsequently be changed at
any time on the “Language” menu.
• Various pull-down menus are provided for
additional functions.
Fig. 3.11 Language selection • For detailed instructions on use of the program
refer to its Help function. This Help function is
accessed by opening the pull-down menu „?”
and choosing „Help”.
Saved measurement data can be imported into a

spreadsheet application (such as Microsoft Excel)
where it can be edited.
4 Basics
A heat pump is, in terms of its function, identical to

a cooling system. One can speak of either a "Heat
Pump Process" or a "Refrigeration System Pro-
cess".
On this basis, the following information on heat
pumps is also applicable to a refrigeration system.
In Chapter 4.3 the differences between heat
pumps and refrigeration systems are discussed.
4.1 Cyclic Processes
The basis for the operation of a heat pump is a

Heat discharge cyclic thermodynamic process.
In a cyclic thermodynamic process a working
medium flows through a set sequence of changes
Compression
of state. The changes of state are repeated cycli-

Expansion
cally, the working medium thus repeatedly returns

to its initial state. It is for this reason that the term
cyclic process is used.
Heat absorption
Fig. 4.1 Cyclic process
4 Basics 21
The term change of state refers to compression,

expansion, heating or cooling:
• Compression (volume reduction) involves the
absorption of mechanical energy
• Expansion (volume increase) involves the dis-
charge of mechanical energy
• Heating involves the absorption of thermal
energy (heat)
• Cooling involves the discharge of thermal
energy.
During a change of state, the state variables, e.g.

the pressure, specific volume or temperature of
the working medium, take on different values.
Gases or liquids that evaporate easily can be
used as the working medium. Pure liquids are not
suitable because they cannot be compressed, i.e.
they are incompressible.
By careful design of the sequence of the different
changes of state, it is possible to exchange ther-
mal and mechanical energy via the working
medium. The working medium can thus be used
as a vehicle to transfer energy.
The changes of state do not have to occur cleanly
separated from one another. For example it is
often the case that during compression, heat is
also discharged. The changes to the state varia-
bles occurring during changes of state are inter-
linked. Compression for example generally
involves
• Increase in temperature T
• Increase in pressure p
• Reduction in volume V.
22 4 Basics
In the case of gases, this interrelationship

between the state variables can be described
using the so-called thermal equation of state for
ideal gases:
pv = RT (4.1)
p Absolute pressure
v Specific volume (volume referred to
mass)
R Specific gas constant
T Absolute temperature (in Kelvin)
When considering the change of state of a gas, a

differentiation must be made between two states:
• 1 – State of the gas before the change of state
• 2 – State of the gas after the change of state.
The cases in which one state variable remains
unchanged (= constant) during a change of state
are of particular significance and are therefore
referred to using specific terms:
Term Isobaric Isochoric Isothermic

change of state change of state change of state
Condition p = constant v = constant T = constant
Equation of state v1 T p1 T p1 v
----- = -----1- ----- = -----1- ----- = ----2-
v2 T2 p2 T2 p2 v1
Gay-Lussac Law Boyle-Mariotte Law
Tab. 4.1 Special cases of the equation of state
4 Basics 23
A change of state without the discharge of heat is

termed an isentropic change of state (specific
entropy), a change of state without the exchange
of heat is termed an adiabatic change of state.
In the case of pure compression or expansion
without the discharge or absorption of heat (isen-
tropic or adiabatic respectively), the mechani-
cal energy W1,2 necessary for the change of state
from state 1 to state 2 can be calculated as
R
W 1,2 = m  ------------   T 1 – T 2  (4.2)
–1
or
R
W 1,2 = m  ------------   p 1  v 1 – p 2  v 2  (4.3)
–1
 Isentropic exponent
m Mass of the gas
In the case of isochoric heating or cooling (i.e.

same volume, however increasing or decreasing
temperature), the amount of heat added or output
Q1,2 is
Q 1,2 = m  c v   T 2 – T 1  (4.4)
cv Specific heat capacity of the gas

under consideration at constant vol-
ume.
24 4 Basics
In the case of gases, a differentiation between two

types of specific heat capacity must be made:
• Heating from T1 to T2 results in a pressure
increase, the volume remains constant: cv
• Heating results in an increase in volume, the
pressure remains constant: cp
The isentropic exponent  can be derived from

the specific heat capacities as:
c
 = ----p- (4.5)
cv
In reality, an ideal gas is practically never encoun-

tered. The observation of changes of state in liq-
uids or vapours in the case of the working media
commonly used in refrigeration systems is much
more complex. Additional state variables are
used, such as entropy or enthalpy, with the aid of
caloric equations of state. These equations
have been converted into graphical form for each
working medium, these graphs being much easier
to use than the mathematical equation of state.
This graphical form is termed a p,h state dia-
gram.
4 Basics 25
4.2 Cyclic Process in a Heat Pump
Whilst in the process used in a steam power plant,

the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical
energy is of primary importance, in the case of a
heat pump, it is the effect of heat transport that is
exploited.
The term "heat pump" can be explained as fol-
lows: heat is pumped from a low temperature
region to a higher temperature region using
mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is not
lost, but is also discharged in the higher tempera-
ture region in the form of thermal energy.
The cyclic process in a steam power plant is used
in reverse in a heat pump or refrigeration system.
As a result, the direction of the flow of heat is also
reversed:
• A compressor compresses the vaporous
working medium, during this process mechani-
cal energy Win is absorbed.
• Heat Qout is extracted (at constant tempera-
ture) from the working medium in the con-
denser, the working medium condenses.
• The liquid working medium expands in an
expansion valve, during this process the
working medium cools.
• The working medium is evaporated in an evap-
orator, heat being absorbed during this pro-
cess Qin.
The working medium is now fed back to the com-
pressor and the cyclic process begins again.
26 4 Basics
Expansion valve liquid
·
Q in
·
Q out
Evaporator
Condenser
Vapour Compressor
·
W in = P in
Fig. 4.2 Heat pump cyclic process
4.3 Comparison of a Heat Pump with a Refrigerator
In terms of function, a heat pump is identical to a

refrigerator. In a refrigeration system heat is also
pumped from a low energy region 1 (out of the
medium being cooled) to a high energy region 2
(into the surrounding environment). Whilst in the
·
case of a heat pump the heat discharged Q out
is used, the benefit in the case of a refrigeration
·
system lies in the heat absorbed Q in .
In both cases work is required in the form of the
necessary mechanical energy Win.
4 Basics 27
The advantage of processes using a vaporous/

·
W in liquid working medium is the high energy transfer
density. During evaporation the working medium
· absorbs the evaporation heat at low temperature
Q out
· differences. On condensation the working
Q in =
· medium discharges this heat again. The evapora-
Q benefit
tion heat for the working media used is much
T1<T2 higher than the amount of heat that could be
transferred via the specific heat capacity of the
Refrigerator vapour.
An Example, Water:
T1<T2 The amount of heat required to evaporate 1kg of
water is 2256kJ, on the other hand increasing the
·
Q out = temperature of steam from 100°C to 200°C only
·
Q benefit requires 199kJ of heat (both cases at 1bar).
· A high energy density considerably reduces
Q in
costs: compact high performance systems can be
built.
· Heat pump
W out It also possible to implement a heat pump process
using a purely gaseous working medium. Sys-
Fig. 4.3
tems of this type using the Sterling Principle are
manufactured, however a high level of manufac-
turing effort is required.
28 4 Basics
4.4 Heat Pump Processes on the p-h diagram
The changes of state in a cyclic process can be

plotted on a p-h diagram to good effect.
On a p-h diagram, pressure p is plotted against
specific enthalpy h.
Enthalpy H is the term used for the total energy
content of a gas or vapour. It comprises the inter-
nal energy U, a measure of the thermal energy
content of a material, and the displacement work
p  V.
H = U+pV (4.6)
When referred to mass, one also obtains specific

variables here
h = u+pv (4.7)
with the specific internal energy
u = u0 + cv   T – T0  (4.8)
Because basically only differentials are being

considered, u0 and T0 are in principle reference
points that can be selected arbitrarily.
4 Basics 29
At this point it is useful to define a further impor-

System limit
tant state variable, entropy S. Entropy can be
explained with the aid of a bucket filled with water
State 1 State 2 that is standing in a closed room:
In state 1, the water is in the bucket and has a
temperature T, the air is the same temperature,
an exchange of heat is thus not possible.
If one leaves the bucket to stand for a few days
then the water evaporates (state 2) and is present
Water Water vapour in the room as water vapour (provided the air can
absorb the water). The temperatures are still
Fig. 4.4
always the same, and no energy was able to
escape via the system boundaries. The enthalpy
of the water has therefore remained the same, the
entropy has however increased! Why?
The water molecules are now evenly distributed
across the room and are in a natural steady state.
This is the state with the lowest degree of "order",
that is with the maximum degree of "disorder". In
order to put the water back in the bucket, i.e. in
order to increase the degree of order, work must
be performed.
The entropy is a measure for the degree of order
in materials, its value is greatest in the state of
maximum disorder. All materials will naturally
strive for a state of maximum entropy!
The unit of entropy S is J/K, specific entropy
(referred to mass) has the unit J/kgK.
30 4 Basics
4.4.1 Construction of a p-h diagram
There are special p-h diagrams for each of the dif-

ferent working media; the liquid phase, wet
vapour and dry saturated vapour regions are
marked on these diagrams. Wet vapour means
that the working medium is present as a mixture
of liquid and vapour. The temperature in the wet
vapour region corresponds exactly to that of the
boiling point. In the dry saturated region the work-
ing medium is present purely as vapour (super-
heated vapour); the temperature is always above

that of the boiling point.
In addition curves can be plotted for constant tem-
peratures T (isotherms), constant vapour content
x, constant entropy s (isentropes) or constant vol-
ume v.
The curve x = 1 (vapour content 100%) always
forms the boundary between the wet vapour
region and the dry saturated vapour region, the
curve x = 0 (liquid content 100%, vapour content
0%) forms the boundary between the liquid phase
and the wet vapour region.
In the wet vapour region the isotherms always run
horizontally!
4 Basics 31
Pressure log p
Liquid phase
s
pe
tr o
en
Is
T = const.
x=0
Wet vapour Dry saturated vapour
x=1
Specific enthalpy h
Fig. 4.5 p-h diagram
32 4 Basics
4.4.2 Ideal Cyclic Process
The changes of state in the working medium that

occur in the cyclic process in a heat pump will now
be plotted on the p-h diagram:
• 1-2 Isentropic compression to the final com-
pression temperature with superheating
of the working medium, no discharge of
heat
• 2-2’ Isobaric cooling to the condensation tem-
perature, discharge of the superheating
enthalpy h2,2’
• 2’-3 Isobaric condensation, discharge of the
condensation enthalpy h2’,3
• 3-4 Expansion in the wet vapour region, no
enthalpy discharge, cooling and partial
evaporation
• 4-1 Isobaric evaporation, absorption of the
evaporation enthalpy h4,1
4 Basics 33
Expansion
h4,1 h2,2‘ +
h2‘,3
Evaporation Condensation
Compression
h1,2
Fig. 4.6 Heat pump cyclic process

Pressure log p
2‘ 2
3
T = const.
x=0
4 1
Wet vapour Dry saturated vapour
x=1
Specific enthalpy h
Fig. 4.7 p-h diagram for a heat pump
34 4 Basics
4.4.3 Real Cyclic Process
The most important difference between real and

ideal cyclic processes is that compression is not
isentropic (i.e. without the discharge of heat);
point 2 is displaced to 2* by internal friction in the
working medium vapour and heat losses in the
compressor. Thus more work is required at the
compressor to achieve the same final pressure.
Furthermore it is necessary to superheat, 1-1*,
the working medium vapour prior to compression
in order to ensure that there is no possibility of liq-

uid droplets entering the compressor. Otherwise
the compressor could be damaged by the impact
of liquid droplets.
The vapour content on entry to the evaporator is
reduced by liquid supercooling, 3-3*. As a result
more evaporation heat, 4*-1, can be absorbed.
4 Basics 35
3* 3 2 2*
T = const.
4* 4 1 1*
Wet vapour
Dry saturated vapour
Fig. 4.8 log p-h diagram for a real cyclic process
36 4 Basics
4.5 Output Coefficient
In order to be able to make a judgement as to the

effectiveness of a heat pump, an output coeffi-
cient is used. This corresponds to the efficiency of
thermal power plants and is determined from the
relationship of benefit to work. The benefit com-
·
prises the heat flow discharged Q out , the work
the power input Pin or the mechanical energy
·
expended W in .
· ·
Q out Q benefit
 = ----------
· - = -------------------
P in
- (4.9)
W in
Contrary to the efficiency of other machines and

systems, the output coefficient is in general larger
than 1. The output coefficient can therefore not be
termed efficiency.
Efficiencies larger than 1 could only be achieved
by perpetual motion, something that, as is well
known, does not exist. That the efficiency (output
coefficient) appears to be larger than 1 stems
·
from the fact that the heat input Q in is provided
cost-free by the surrounding environment and is
thus not considered as work.
4 Basics 37
4.5.1 Derivation from the p-h diagram
The quantities of energy converted in the cyclic

process can be taken directly from the p-h dia-
gram as differences in the enthalpies. Thus the
output coefficient for the ideal process can be
derived in a very straight forward manner
· h2 – h3
Q out
 ideal = ----------
· - = -----------------
- (4.10)
W in h2 – h1
For the real process with suction gas superheat-

ing and liquid supercooling the following applies
* *
h2 – h3
 real = -----------------
- (4.11)
* *
h2 – h1
Pressure log p
3* 3 2‘ 2 2*
T = const. Tü*
x=0
1*
4* 4 1*
T0*
x=1
h2 - h1 h
h2 - h3
Fig. 4.9 Output coefficient from the p-h diagram
38 4 Basics
4.5.2 Derivation from Power and Heat Flow
The output coefficient can also be calculated from

the actual amount of heat drawn off from the con-
denser using the water circuit and the actual
power input by the compressor.
Here all the losses due to radiation, heat conduc-
tion, friction, etc. are also taken into account.
· ·
Q Q
 actual = ----------
out benefit
· - = -------------------- (4.12)
W in P in
The benefit, that is the heat flow, is calculated

from the flow of the water, the temperature differ-
ence between the inlet and the outlet, and the
specific heat capacity of water.
· ·  c   T – T  = V·    c   T – T 
Q benefit = m p out in p out in (4.13)
The lower the temperature difference between the

absorption side and the suction side, the larger
the output coefficient.
4 Basics 39
40 4 Basics
5 Experiments
The measured values given are not to be consid-

ered as reference or calibration values under all
conditions. Depending on the exact components
used and the environmental conditions, large var-
iations may occur when the experiments are per-
formed to a greater or lesser degree.
5.1 Experimental Determination of the Ideal / Real Output Coefficient

Here the output coefficient is determined from the

differences in the enthalpies on the log p-h dia-
gram. To do this the cyclic process must be plot-
ted on the log p-h diagram.
5.1.1 Performing the Experiment
• Switch on the compressor.

• Switch on the fans.
• Switch on the circulation pump.
• If cooling via tap water, connect to the cold
water supply with hoses.
• Leave the test stand to run until the pressures
on the suction and delivery side have stabi-
lised.
• At the control valve set the flow in the water cir-
cuit such that the flow rate is around 20l/h.
• Read off and note the working medium pres-
sures on the suction and delivery side.
5 Experiments 41
5.1.2 Evaluating the Experiment
Plot the cyclic process on the p-h diagram

(Chapter 6).
p • The pressures for the suction and delivery

sides form the top and bottom boundary iso-
pDelivery bars of the cyclic process on the p-h diagram.
pSuction
p • The intersection of the lower pressure isobar

and the boundary curve between the wet and
dry saturated vapour states (x = 1) is point 1
3 (evaporator outlet) of the cyclic process. The
1 intersection of the upper pressure isobar and
the boundary curve between the liquid and
wet vapour states (x = 0) is point 3 (con-
denser output).
h
p • Point 4 (evaporator inlet) is the intersection

between the suction pressure isobar and the
vertical through point 3 (expansion in the
expansion valve).
4
42 5 Experiments
p • From point 1 (evaporator output, compressor
ion
input) compression is performed isentropi-
ss
pre
cally.
m
co
ic
op
ntr
1
is e
p • Point 2 (compressor outlet, condenser inlet) is

the intersection between the isentrop and the

3 2 upper isobar. The ideal cyclic process is now
fully defined by states 1-4.
4 1
p • The amounts of energy converted in the cyclic

process can be taken directly from the log p-
h2 - h3 h diagram as the differences in the enthalpies
h2 - h1 and h2 - h3. The output coefficient can
thus be determined for the ideal cyclic pro-
cess in a very straightforward manner.
· h2 – h3
h2 - h1 Q out
•  ideal = ----------
· - = -----------------
-
W in h2 – h1
h
5 Experiments 43
The pressures read at the inlet and outlet of the

compressor are now plotted on the p,h-diagram
p 1/4 = 4,18bar abs.
p 2/3 = 12,90bar abs.
Enthalpy values:
h1 = 404 kJ/kg
h2 = 426kJ/kg
h3,4 = 270kJ/kg
Compressor compression ratio:

p 2/3
 = --------- = 12,90
--------------- = 3,09
p 1/4 4,18
The output coefficient for the ideal cyclic process

can now be calculated using the differences in the
enthalpies.
h2 – h3
- = 156
 ideal = ----------------- kJ/kg- = 7,09
------------------------
h2 – h1 22 kJ/kg
To determine the output coefficient for the real

cyclic process, the cyclic process is plotted on the
p,h-diagram taking the temperatures into account.
T1 = 18,9°C
T2 = 62,0°C
T3 = 38,6°C
T4 = 9,0°C
44 5 Experiments
Enthalpy values:
h1* = 410kJ/kg
h2* = 437kJ/kg
h3*,4 = 253kJ/kg
The output coefficient for the real cyclic process

then has the following value
h 2* – h 3*
- = 184
 real = --------------------- kJ/kg
------------------------- = 6,81 kJ/kg
h 2* – h 1* 27 kJ/kg
The theoretical performance numbers obtained

from the enthalpies are always slightly higher than
those determined from the measured output. This
is because of the thermal output power dissipated
through the compressor housing. This heat dissi-
pation results in removal of heat from the hot gas
before the compressor outlet.
Point 2 in the p-h diagram thus moves to the left
and the compression enthalpy is too low by the
enthalpy dissipated through the compressor.
This effect is particularly noticeable when starting
up the cold system. When starting up the system,
the compressor initially stores the heat and less
heat goes into the hot gas.
5 Experiments 45
5.2 Experimental Determination of the Actual Output Coefficient
The actual output coefficient is calculated from

the amount of heat extracted from the condenser
using the hot water circuit and the power input at
the compressor. Here all the losses due to radia-
tion, heat conduction, friction, etc. are also taken
into account.
· ·
Q out Q benefit
 actual = ----------
· - = -------------------
- (5.1)
W in P in
The benefit, that is the heat flow, is calculated

from the water flow rate, the temperature differ-
ence between the inlet and outlet and the specific
heat capacity of the water (cp = 4,19kJ/kg K).
·  c  T – T  ·
m V    c p   T out – T in 
 actual = ------------------------------------------------
p out in
= ------------------------------------------------------
-
(5.2)
P compr P compr
·
V Flow rate in m³/s
 Density in kg/m³
Pcompr Compressor output in kJ/s,
corresponding to kW
46 5 Experiments
5.2.1 Performing the Experiment
• If cooling via tap water, connect to the cold

water supply using hoses.
• Switch on the compressor.
• Switch on the fans.
• Switch on the circulation pump in the water cir-
cuit.
• At the control valve adjust the flow rate in the
hot water circuit so that the flow rate is approx.
20l/h.
• Leave the test stand running until the pres-
sures on the suction and delivery sides of the
working medium circuit have stabilised.
• Read the compressor power on the power
meter.
• Read the hot water flow rate.
• Read the hot water inlet and outlet temperature
Compressor power Pcompr 175 W

·
Flow rate V 20,4 L/h
Hot water inlet temperature Tin 31,3 °C
Hot water outlet temperature Tout 39,5 °C
Tab. 5.1 Measured values
The output coefficient can now be calculated

·
V    c p   T out – T in 
 actual = ------------------------------------------------------
- (5.3)
P compr
5,67 m³/s  996 kg/m³  4,19 kJ/kg K   39,5 °C – 31,3 °C - = 1,11

 actual = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0,175 kW
5 Experiments 47
The actual output coefficient is considerably lower

than the ideal/real output coefficient due to heat
losses resulting from radiation and conduction.
The output coefficient for a heat pump is depend-
ent on the temperature gradients between the hot
medium on the hot side and the heat source on
the cold side. The higher this temperature differ-
ence, the lower the output coefficient. This effect
is comparable with the behaviour of a normal
pump: the higher the pump head, the lower the
capacity.
48 5 Experiments
6 Appendix
6.1 Technical Data
Support
Housing, powder coated, white
Frame, powder coated, black
Width 1380 mm
Depth 550 mm
Height 1850 mm
Weight 90 kg
Power supply 230 V / 50 Hz, 6 A

Alternatives optional, see type plate
Piston compressor
Type Danfoss TL5GX
Power consumption 213 W
(50 Hz, Condensing temperature = 55°C,
Ambient temperature = 32°C
Liquid temperature = 55°C
Evaporation temperature = 7,2°C)
Coaxial pipe cluster condenser

outside coil diameter 225 mm
outside pipe diameter D 25 mm
outside pipe diameter d 16
Performance (tc=7...20 K, tc= 45°C, Waterflow=0,5...2 m/s,
tH= ca. 65°C, tcU =4 K) 3...10 kW
Finned pipe evaporator

Dimensions 315 x 310 x 70 mm
Fans
Total flow rating 380 m³/h
Power supply 230 V/ 50 Hz
Power consumption 29 W
6 Appendix 49
Pressure transmitter
Measurement range -1...15 bar rel.
Output signal 0 ...10 V DC
Power supply 24 V DC
Power transmitter
Measurement range 0...600 W
Output signal 0 ... 5 V DC
Power supply +/- 15 V DC
Water flowmeter
Measurement range 15...160 L/h
Flow rate sensor with transmitter (water)

Type DPL-18
Measurement range 0,05...1,8 L/min
Output signal 0...5 V DC
Temperature Sensor with transmitter

Measurement range 0 ...100 °C
Output signal 0...10 V DC
Circulation pump (with 3 stages)

Type BUP 20-1,5U
Stage Speed/ Power consumption
1 2600 min-1/ 58 W
2 2050 min-1/ 43 W
3 1500 min-1/ 28 W
Qmax 1,9 m³/h
Hmax 1,4 m
50 6 Appendix
Refrigerant R134a
Data acquisition
Program environment:
LabVIEW Runtime
System requirements:
PC with processor Pentium IV, 1GHz
Minimum 1024MB RAM
Minimum 1GB available memory on hard disk
1 CD-ROM drive
1 USB port
Graphics card resolution min. 1024 x 768 pixels, True Color
Windows 7 / Windows 8
6 Appendix 51
52
6.2
ET 102
Enthalpy h in kJ/kg
Mollier-h, lg p diagram
for 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluorethan, CH2F-CF3
calculated using state equation by
U. K. Rombusch
Pressure p in bar
Volume v in dm³/kg
Temperature t in °C
Enthalpy h in kJ/kg
Entropy s in kJ/kgK
Set point h‘ = 200,00kJ/kg
s‘ = 1,0000kJ/kgK at t = 0°C
HEAT PUMP TRAINER
p-h diagram for the refrigerant R134a
Pressure p in bar
Pressure p in bar
Enthalpy h in kJ/kg
6 Appendix
6.3 Work Sheet for Recording a Cyclic Process
Name: Date:
Ambient temperature: Time:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T1
in °C
T2
in °C
T3
in °C
T4
in °C
T5
in °C
T6
in °C
F1
in L/min
F2
in L/h
Pel
in kW
p1/4
in bar
p2/3
in bar
h1
in kJ/kg
h2
in kJ/kg
h3
in kJ/kg
h4
in kJ/kg
·
mW
in kg/s
6 Appendix 53
6.4 Symbols and Units
cp,cv Specific heat capacity kJ/kgK

h Specific enthalpy kJ/kg
m· Water mass flow rate kg/s
w
pi Pressure at measurement point i bar

Pcompr Compressor power W
q Specific power kJ/kg
·
Q out Output heat W
·
Q in Input heat W
·
Q benefit Benefit heat W
R Specific gas constant kJ/kg K
s Specific entropy kJ/kg K
Ti Temperature at the measurement point °C (K)
v Specific volume m³/kg
·
Vw Water flow rate L/h
w Specific compressor work kJ/kg
Wout Mechanical energy discharged W
x Vapour content of the working medium %
 Output coefficient (cop) 1
 ideal Ideal output coefficient 1
 real Real output coefficient 1
 actual Actual output coefficient 1
 Isentropic exponent 1
 Compressor compression ratio 1
 Specific density kg/m³
54 6 Appendix
6.5 Index
A
Adiabatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
B
Boyle-Mariotte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
C
Caloric equation of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Change of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–25
Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22
Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 26
Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 26
Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Counterflow principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Cyclic process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cyclic process, ideal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Cyclic process, real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Cyclic thermodynamic process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
D
Degree of order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Discharge of heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Displacement work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Dry vapour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
E
Energy density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Energy transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Energy transfer density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 30
Equation of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23–25
Evaporation enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Evaporation heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Evaporator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 26
Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22
Expansion valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 26
55
F
Frost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
G
Gas constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Gay-Lussac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
H
Heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Heat pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
I
Ideal gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Incompressible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Internal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Isentropes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Isentropic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Isentropic exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Isobaric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Isochoric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Isothermic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Isotherms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
L
Liquid content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Liquid droplets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
M
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Mechanical energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
O
Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
P
p-h diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 52
Pressostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
56
R
Refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Refrigerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
S
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Specific heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
State variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Sterling Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Superheated vapour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Superheating enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
T
Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Temperature sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Thermal equation of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
V
Vapour content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
W
Wet vapour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
57
58

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Experiment Instructions

ET 102 Heat Pump Trainer

Last modification by: Dipl.-Ing. Peter Mittasch

This manual must be kept by the unit.

Before operating the unit:

Version 0.4 Subject to technical alterations

3.1 Unit Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

The G.U.N.T.-device ET 102 Heat Pump Trainer

pump and refrigeration engineering. They will

Apart from the basic explanation of how a heat

2.1 Intended use

The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.

2.2 Structure of safety instructions

The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

Signal word Explanation

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will result in

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

Indicates a situation which may result in damage to

2.3 Safety instructions

3.1 Unit Construction

3.1.1 Overall System

1 Compressor 11 Temperature sensor

3.1.2 Refrigerant Circuit

3.1.3 Water Circuit

1 Water drain valve

7 Water tank with cooling coil/

Fig. 3.3 Water circuit

3.1.4 Schematic diagram of the refrigeration system

1 Compressor 6 Expansion Valve

E1 Compressor Power Consumption T1 Compressor Intake Temperature

Fig. 3.4 Schematic diagram

3.2 Features of the Unit

The ET 102 Heat Pump Trainer is a complete

ation engineering provide the link to practice.

3.3 System Components

The compressor is fitted with an overload protec-

The evaporator is of a finned tube construction

Fig. 3.6 Evaporator Below the evaporator is a collecting trough with

3.3.3 Expansion Valve

The refrigerant is expanded in an expansion valve

Fig. 3.7 Expansion valve

19 The temperature of the refrigerant at the inlet and

Fig. 3.8 Condenser

3.4 Commissioning the System

The unit is supplied filled with refrigerant.

To fill with water

Fill the storage tank (7) with water through the

3.5 Care and Maintenance

The heat pump is of a low maintenance design

3.6 Data Acquisition

3.7 Installation of the Software

The following is needed for the installation:

• Boot the PC.

3.8 Operating the Program

• Select and start the program by choosing:

• When the software is run for the first time after