Concrete Structures I

Master in Civil Engineering

2019 / 2020

Concrete Structures I
Class 3/26: Safety concept in structural design

Eduardo S. Júlio

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Table of contents

Safety concept in structural design

1.  Main goals
2.  Ultimate limit states
3.  Serviceability limit states
4.  Examples

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 Concrete Structures I

Table of contents

Safety concept in structural design

1.  Main goals
2.  Ultimate limit states
3.  Serviceability limit states
4.  Examples

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 Concrete Structures I

Main goals

There are two main goals regarding the safety of (concrete) structures:

1.  To ensure an adequate performance in service situations (previewed in

codes)

2.  To prevent collapse in the event of extreme (most unfavourable) loading

situations (previewed in codes)

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Main goals

Regarding the first goal (adequate performance in service situations), it

implies checking the structural safety to Serviceable Limit States (SLS), aiming
at:

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•  Limiting deformation L éconsiderado
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which, according to most recent recommendations, and for current concrete
buildings, corresponds to limit the final deformation to 1/250 of the span, or to
limit the deformation increment (after execution of the masonry walls infill) to
1/500 of the span, for quasi-permanent loads.

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Main goals

•  Limiting the stress level both in concrete and steel

depending on the type and level of actions.

•  Controlling the crack width fendilhação

typically to values varying between 0.2 and 0.4mm, for quasi-permanent loads.

•  Ensuring an adequate dynamic behaviour ressonância

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by controlling the natural frequencies, aiming at avoiding resonance.

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Main goals

Regarding the second goal (to prevent collapse), it implies checking the
structural safety to Ultimate Limit States (ULS), locally in terms of:

•  Axial force (tension or compression)

•  Bending
•  Shear force
•  Torsion
•  Combinations of the previous
•  D-Zones (discontinuity zones)

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Main goals

as well as globally in terms of:

•  Equilibrium of the structure

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Table of contents

Safety concept in structural design

1.  Main goals
2.  Ultimate limit states
3.  Serviceability limit states
4.  Examples

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 Concrete Structures I

Ultimate limit states

Aiming at preventing failure, design codes have adopted since the 1960s a
safety philosophy, which takes into account the variability of both actions and
materials, aiming at ensuring an almost null probability of failure (lower than
10-5 = 0.001%).

A semi-probabilistic approach is adopted, assuming for both actions and

strengths ‘characteristic values’ and ‘partial safety coefficients’. Moreover,
‘combination coefficients’ are also defined for variable actions to consider
realistic loading scenarios (combination of actions) with different
probabilities of occurrence.

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Ultimate limit states

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1) The characteristic values are:
definir esses 1

•  for actions, values that statistically are not exceeded in

95% of cases

•  for materials, values that statistically are exceeded in

95% of cases

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Ultimate limit states

2) The partial safety coefficients assume:

Coefaguaça
•  for actions, values higher than 1, which are multiplied
by the corresponding characteristic values

(γg for permanent loads, γq for variable loads)

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Ultimate limit states

Typically the following values are used:

Permant actions
γg=1.35 if the effect is unfavourable, and γg=1.0 if the effect is favourable

Variable actions Imante mas quando

γq=1.5 considered only when the effect is unfavourable
Jeito é jamais

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Ultimate limit states

The partial safety coefficients assume:

•  for strengths, values higher than 1, by which the

corresponding characteristic values are divided

(γc=1.5 for concrete, and γs=1.15 for steel) vacaatéexagerado

jogapela segurança

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Ultimate limit states

3) The combination coefficients assume:

•  values lower than 1, which are multiplied by the

corresponding characteristic values of the variable
actions, leading to the ‘combination value’, ‘frequent
value’ and ‘quasi-permanent value’

(ψ0Ak: combination value, ψ1Ak: frequent value, ψ2Ak: quasi-permanent value)

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Ultimate limit states

The following combinations of actions have to be considered:

-  fundamental:
1,35
-  accidental:

-  seismic:

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Ultimate limit states

4)  The effect of the combination of actions on the structure is usually

assessed based on a linear elastic analysis of the latter, with the needed
adaptations to take into account, in hyperstatic structures, the non-linear
behaviour of reinforced concrete.

For instance, for bending, and assuming a permanent and a variable

action, the design value will be given by

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Ultimate limit states

5)  The load-bearing capacity of the structure / structural member depends on

both the geometry and the adopted materials.

For instance, the resistant bending moment can be given by:

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Ultimate limit states

6)  The structural safety is verified if the following condition is true:

For the bending moment, this reads:

The very low probability of failure (10-5) results clear from the graphic
below:

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Table of contents

Safety concept in structural design

1.  Main goals
2.  Ultimate limit states
3.  Serviceability limit states
4.  Examples

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Serviceability limit states

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To ensure the adequate behaviour in service, the effective response of the
structure has to be assessed. In this sense, expected loading scenarios have
sereia
to be considered (and thus neither characteristic values nor partial safety

1
coefficients will be considered).

For the same reason, materials strength will assume mean values (and not me
characteristic values affected by partial safety coefficients) considerar
coef.de
This approach leads to a probability of underestimation of 10 %.
segurança

Ver exercícios

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Serviceability limit states

The procedure to check the safety of the structure to SLS includes the
following steps:

1)  For the permanent actions, such as the dead-weight, average values are
taken, whereas for the variable actions current values are assumed,
these latter defined as quasi-permanent, frequent or rare/characteristic

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Serviceability limit states

2)  The actions are then combined according to the state-limit duration,
namely:
•  For long-duration state-limits (> 50% of the structure life-time), the
quasi-permanent combination of actions is considered

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Serviceability limit states

•  For short-duration state-limits (> 5% of the structure life-time), the

frequent combination of actions is considered

•  For very-short duration state-limits (just a few hours during the

structure life-time), the characteristic combination of actions is
considered

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Serviceability limit states

3)  The effect of the combination of actions is assessed assuming the

average values of the material properties since the goal is to best
estimate the effective structural behaviour.

It should be noted that assuming a linear structural behaviour is

acceptable for internal forces but not for deformation estimation.

It should also be noted that, due to imposed deformations to the structure,

the internal forces highly depend on the structure’s stiffness, and thus the
elastic stiffness has to be corrected.

Therefore, cracking and creep have both to be considered in the

structural response.

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Serviceability limit states

4)  Then it is necessary to check the safety of the structure regarding

deformation, stress level, and cracking, as previously referred to, according
to codes specifications, which will be focused in detail later on, during the
present course unit.

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Table of contents

Safety concept in structural design

1.  Main goals
2.  Ultimate limit states
3.  Serviceability limit states
4.  Examples

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e
Examples

Consider the slab supported by beams illustrated in the figure.

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Examples

A.  Calculate, for the S1 and S2 cross-sections of the beam, the value of the
acting internal forces to check the safety of the latter to ULS

B.  Calculate, for the same sections, the value of the acting internal forces in
service, namely for quasi-permanent, frequent and rare combination of
actions

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Examples

1) The structural model adopted to analyse the beam is illustrated in the figure:

Comments:
(1)  the beam-to-column connection is assumed hinged;
(2)  the slab is assumed to be supported only by the transversal beams (one-
way slabs due to span ratio)

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Examples

2) Computation of actions in the beam

Permanent loads
dead-weight =

remain permanent loads (RPL)

Variable loads
live-load =

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Examples

3) Diagrams of internal forces for unit load

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Examples

i) Computation of reactions at supports

ii) Computation of bending moment at mid-span

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Examples

iii) Computation of maximum bending moment

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Examples g = 28.3 kN/m

q = 12.0 kN/m
SOLUTION A.

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Examples

SOLUTION A. (cont.)
internal forces

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Examples

SOLUTION A. (cont.)
variation of the live-load

Since the live-load is a variable action it can be applied to the whole beam or
just to part of it. Regarding the cantilever, the maximum values are those
already determined but, for the simply supported part, the maximum values
are reached for the loading case illustrated in the figure.

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Examples

SOLUTION A. (cont.)
variation of the live-load

It has to be highlighted that, being the beam isostatic, there is a single

distribution of the internal forces, contrary to what happens in hyperstatic
beams (where different distributions of internal forces are possible, compatible
with the nonlinear behaviour of materials)

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Examples

SOLUTION B.

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Examples

SOLUTION B. (cont.)

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Examples

SOLUTION B. (cont.)

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