Concrete Structures I

Master in Civil Engineering

2019/ 2020

Concrete Structures I

0mm
Class 6/26: Design of rectangular RC cross-sections in bending

Eduardo S. Júlio

2019/2020 0/56
 Concrete Structures I

Table of contents

1.  EC2 parabola-rectangle diagram

2.  EC 2 rectangular diagram
3.  Static equilibrium-based design
4.  Formulae-based design
5.  Tables-based design

2019/2020 1/56
 Concrete Structures I

Table of contents

1.  EC2 parabola-rectangle diagram

2.  EC 2 rectangular diagram
3.  Static equilibrium-based design
4.  Formulae-based design
5.  Tables-based design
Ee
o
ftp.t

iii
2019/2020
As QuantidadedeArmadura
2/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

Assuming the parabola-rectangle diagram… a partir do ç lemes

97 azeiras
diferenças

2019/2020 3/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

… the following equations apply:

⎡ ⎛ n
ε c ⎞ ⎤
σ c = f cd ⎢1 − ⎜⎜1 − ⎟ ⎥ ⇐ 0 ≤ ε c ≤ ε c2
⎢ ⎝ ε c 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
σ c = fcd ⇐ ε c 2 ≤ ε c ≤ ε cu 2
Classes 12/15 ~ 50/60 55/67 60/75 70/85 80/95 90/105
fck(MPa) 12~50 55 60 70 80 90
fcd(MPa) 8.0~33.3 36.7 40.0 46.7 53.3 60.0
εc2(‰) 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
εcu2(‰) 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6
n 2 1.75 1.6 1.45 1.4 1.4

2019/2020 4/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

From these equations, it is possible to write the equations of the

resultants of the rectangular (Fc1) and of the parabolic (Fc2) parts of
the concrete stress diagram, being the resultant of the latter, Fc,
given by the addition of Fc1 to Fc2.

2019/2020 5/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design
Vermáquinam

For rectangular cross-sections, with a width ‘b’, submitted to pure

bending, being ‘x’ the neutral axis depth relatively to the most
compressed fibre, it reads:

ε cu 2 − ε c 2
Fc1 = f cd ⋅ ⋅b⋅ x

iii
ε cu 2

7
n ε

Ê
Fc 2 = f cd ⋅ ⋅ c2 ⋅ b ⋅ x
n + 1 ε cu 2
# 1 εc2 &
Fc = Fc1 + Fc2 = fcd ⋅ %1− ⋅ (⋅ b ⋅ x
$n+1

εcu2 '

k1

2019/2020 6/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

The strains at the level of the resultants (Fc1 and Fc2) are,
respectively:

ε c 2 + ε cu 2
ε G1 =
2
n+3
ε G2 = ε c2
2n + 4

2019/2020 7/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

Being ‘c’ the distance of the resultant to the most compressed fibre,
it reads:

x x
Fc1 ⋅ ε G1 ⋅ + Fc 2 ⋅ ε G 2 ⋅
ε cu 2 ε cu 2
x−c =
Fc1 + Fc 2

2019/2020 8/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

The former can be rewritten as: FÉ

" " εc2 % %
2

$ 1 1
− $ ' '
$ 2 ( n +1) ( n + 2 ) # εcu2 & '
c = $1− 'x
"
1 εc2 %
$ 1− $ ' '
$ n +1 # εcu2 & '
# &
 
k2

2019/2020 9/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

Finally, the following equations are obtained:

Fc = f cd ⋅ k1 ⋅ b ⋅ x

c = k2 ⋅ x

Classes ≤ 50/60 55/67 60/75 70/85 80/95 90/105

k1 0.810 0.742 0.695 0.637 0.599 0.583

k2 0.416 0.392 0.377 0.362 0.355 0.353

2019/2020 10/56
 Concrete Structures I

Table of contents

1.  EC2 parabola-rectangle diagram

2.  EC 2 rectangular diagram
3.  Static equilibrium-based design
4.  Formulae-based design
5.  Tables-based design

2019/2020 11/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Classes ≤ 50/60 55/67 60/75 70/85 80/95 90/105

λ 0.800 0.788 0.775 0.750 0.725 0.700

η 1.000 0.975 0.950 0.900 0.850 0.800

5

2019/2020 12/56
 Recordai

Para facilitar o cálculo manual

Mais facilcalcular a área

de um quadrado do que

aft
1
1 da

Depois as armaduras em cedência

quero

ima
ftp
Temos de por as

nã dá a importância que
quero
estou a
aqui haja duetibilidade e assim
desperdiçar aço
 A solução seja e como me c

Concrete Structures I

Table of contents

1.  EC2 parabola-rectangle diagram

2.  EC 2 rectangular diagram
3.  Static equilibrium-based design
4.  Formulae-based design
5.  Tables-based design

2019/2020 13/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

steel concrete

2019/2020 14/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

εcu3=3.5‰ fcd
x 0.8x
Fc
h d

As εs Fs

2019/2020 15/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

fcd
0.8x
Fc

Fs

2019/2020 16/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
fcd
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x
Fc

Fs

2019/2020 17/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Miúdo do Diagram
Estamos a calculo u
sinão

c
fcd
Computation of resultants
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x Parafaxiam ocálculomanual
Fc Fs = f yd ⋅ As
Mmaisfacileducaraárea
ummadradodoque
__de
fi
JA
Fs a
aff

2019/2020 18/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
fcd
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x
Fc Fs = f yd ⋅ As

Fs

unknown

2019/2020 19/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
fcd
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x
Fc Fs = f yd ⋅ As

Fs

unknown
unknown

2019/2020 20/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
fcd
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x
Fc Fs = f yd ⋅ As

Static equilibrium equations

N Rd = ∑ Fi =Fc − Fs = 0 = N Ed
Fs i

2019/2020 21/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
fcd
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x
Fc Fs = f yd ⋅ As

Static equilibrium equations

N Rd = ∑ Fi =Fc − Fs = 0 = N Ed
Fs i

M Rd = ∑ M i ≥ M Ed
i

2019/2020 22/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
fcd
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x
Fc Fs = f yd ⋅ As

Static equilibrium equations

N Rd = ∑ Fi =Fc − Fs = 0 = N Ed
Fs i

M Rd = ∑ M i ≥ M Ed ⇒ x
i

2019/2020 23/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
fcd
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x
Fc Fs = f yd ⋅ As

Static equilibrium equations

N Rd = ∑ Fi =Fc − Fs = 0 = N Ed ⇒ As
Fs i

M Rd = ∑ M i ≥ M Ed ⇒ x
i

2019/2020 24/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
fcd
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x de
Fc Fs = f yd ⋅ As

C Egide
Static equilibrium equations
N Rd = ∑ Fi =Fc − Fs = 0 = N Ed ⇒ As
Fs i

M Rd = ∑ M i ≥ M Ed ⇒ x
i

Next, the strain at the reinforcing bars has

to be computed to ensure ductility…

2019/2020 25/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
fcd
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ f cd ⋅ b
0.8x
Fc Fs = f yd ⋅ As

Static equilibrium equations

N Rd = ∑ Fi =Fc − Fs = 0 = N Ed ⇒ As
Fs i

M Rd = ∑ M i ≥ M Ed ⇒ x
i

… being necessary, in some cases, to

preview compressive reinforcement.

2019/2020 26/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

plastificação icedência
ductile failure Modo deRotuadidal

•  failure occurs at the most compressed concrete fibre

•  strain at rebars is higher than εy [and lower than εud (*)]

(* ) this second condition only needs to be checked assuming

yielding with hardening

2019/2020 27/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

ductile failure
•  failure occurs at the rebars (*)
•  strain at most compressed concrete fibre is lower than εcu3

(* ) this failure mode only needs to be considered assuming

yielding with hardening

2019/2020 28/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

os

µ
fragile failure
ü ü
•  failure occurs at the most compressed concrete fibre
•  strain at rebars is lower than εy (*)

(* ) this failure mode is not acceptable

4dm Es
2019/2020 29/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Example: Assuming C30/37 concrete and S500 steel, determine

the reinforcement (As) required by a rectangular cross-section
(w=0.25m x h=0.50m) to resist a bending moment of 250kNm.

o oas
0,05 F
d
2019/2020 30/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

0125
Computation of resultants
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ fcd ⋅ b = 4000 x

zorra

2019/2020 31/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ fcd ⋅ b = 4000 x
Fs = f yd ⋅ As = 435000 ⋅ As

ta

2019/2020 32/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ fcd ⋅ b = 4000 x

irmãs
Fs = f yd ⋅ As = 435000 ⋅ As

Static equilibrium equations só podemos

M Rd = ∑ M i ≥ M Ed ⇒ 4000 x × ( 0.45 − 0.4 x ) = 250 ⇒ x = 0.16m
ter1linha
i
neutra
Fa

assim chega para dizer que a armadura está em cedência

gota temos de calcular deformação se no Examepedir

2019/2020 33/56
 Concrete Structures I

Static equilibrium-based design

Computation of resultants
Fc = 0.8x ⋅ fcd ⋅ b = 4000 x
Fs = f yd ⋅ As = 435000 ⋅ As

Static equilibrium equations

M Rd = ∑ M i ≥ M Ed ⇒ 4000 x × ( 0.45 − 0.4 x ) = 250 ⇒ x = 0.16m
i

N Rd = ∑ Fi =Fc − Fs = 0 = N Ed ⇒ As = 14, 7cm2

i

2019/2020 34/56
 Concrete Structures I

Table of contents

1.  EC2 parabola-rectangle diagram

2.  EC 2 rectangular diagram
3.  Static equilibrium-based design
4.  Formulae-based design
5.  Tables-based design

2019/2020 35/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

There are several advantages in using dimensionless values of the

cross-section area of the longitudinal reinforcement, As, and of the
resistant bending moment, MRd, of an RC cross-section…

2019/2020 36/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

PERCENTAGEM
MECÂNICA
ARMADURA
DE
… which are identified as ω and µ, respectively, and given by the
following equations:

aE.mu oGr
g
AsiofEHa
yd M Rd
ω= µ=
bdfcd bd 2 fcd
GnYpbeta
t.ro E w
2019/2020 37/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

In pure bending, for cross-sections with only tension reinforcement,

the tension resultant in the reinforcement must equal the
compression resultant in concrete and thus one gets:

As f yd f cd ⋅ k1 ⋅ b ⋅ x x
ω= = = k1 ⋅ = k1 ⋅ α
bdf cd bdf cd d

being α the ratio between the neutral axis depth, x, and the effective depth of the
cross-section, d.

2019/2020 38/56
 Concrete Structures I

Formulae-based design

The resistant bending moment can be defined, in this case, as the

torque materialized by the tension resultant at the reinforcement
and the compression resultant at concrete, leading to:

M Rd fcd ⋅ k1 ⋅ b ⋅ x ⋅ ( d − c )
µ= = = k1 ⋅ α ⋅ (1− k2 ⋅ α )
bd 2 fcd bd 2 fcd

2019/2020 39/56
 Concrete Structures I

Table of contents

1.  EC2 parabola-rectangle diagram

2.  EC 2 rectangular diagram
3.  Static equilibrium-based design
4.  Formulae-based design
5.  Tables-based design

2019/2020 40/56
 Concrete Structures I

Tables-based design

E
pifam
LN
da

2019/2020 41/56
 Concrete Structures I

Tables-based design

2019/2020
µg
g w µ a www.ggaaqm
42/56
 Concrete Structures I

Tables-based design

2019/2020 43/56
 Concrete Structures I

Tables-based design

2019/2020 44/56
 Concrete Structures I

Tables-based design

2019/2020 45/56
 Concrete Structures I

Tables-based design

2019/2020 46/56
 Concrete Structures I

Tables-based design

2019/2020 47/56
 Concrete Structures I

Tables-based design

Example: Assuming C30/37 concrete class and S500 steel grade,

determine the required reinforcement for a 0.25 x 0.50 m2 cross-
section submitted to an acting bending moment of 250 kNm.

2019/2020 48/56
 Concrete Structures I

Tables-based design

Importante eitapartenão éprecisosabernada

Ai µ=
M Rd
2
bd f cd
= 0.247 → ω = 0.290 → As =
ωbdfcd
f yd
= 15cm2

NoEXAME
issa dimensione as armaduras pode sefazer
À
disser dimensione as armaduras pelo
desconta se mito
de retangular
Múrda
se fizermos apenas isto
2019/2020 49/56
 sono
fed fed pânidiíde

EFFIE
Iii Êüü
p força de tração

E
quantidade
de armadura
Maisaexteusi
aarmaduudim.m l
Menordictit

forma indireta de saber peça está

se a em

cedência na alinhamento
 Concrete Structures I

Resistant moments variations with As

M Rd

M4
M3
M2

M1

As
1 2 3 4

µ
0,35

0,30

0,25

0,20

EC2 - k=1,00
0,15
EC2 - Classe A - k=1,05
EC2 - Classe B - k=1,08
0,10
EC2 - Classe C - k=1,15
EC2 - Classe C - k=1,35
0,05
REBAP
0,00
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45
ω

Comparison diagram between different codes hypothesis

2019/2020 50/56
 Concrete Structures I

Beams and Slabs structural behavior and design

das
braço interiores
forças

LETAREI
For β = 0

É
µ = 0.15 ⇒ z = 0.9 d ⇒ MRd = As × fyd × 0.9 d

For normal β = 0.2 to 0.5 braço

µ 0.20 ⇒ z ≅ 0.9 d ⇒ MRd ≅ As × fyd × 0.9 d

Método mais

Mean
mfiieftset.FR
2019/2020 51/56
e ao ar e um me do meme
Concrete Structures I

Resistant moment variations with other variables

Tension reinforcement has big impact
Tension reinforcement
Fc
2Fc

z M Rd
<z

As Fs 2As 2Fs

Compression reinforcement
F s2 Fc
Fc As2

M Rd >z
z

As1 F s1 F s1
As1

Section width
Fc
Fc

M Rd >z
z

As Fs As Fs

Compression reinforcement or width b has small influence unless u values are big.

Concrete compression resistance has also a limited influence…

2019/2020 52/56
 Concrete Structures I

Section deformations and ductility

Neutral axis for εc = 3.5 ‰ and εs = εyd (yielding iniciation)

c = 3.5‰ A400: εyd = 1.74 ‰

x d
3.5 = 3.5 + 1.74 ⇒ x = 0.67 d
(-)
x
d
A500: εyd = 2.175 ‰
(+) x d
εs=εyd 3.5 = 3.5 + 2.175 ⇒ x = 0.62 d

For a class C steel: neutral axis for εc = 3.5‰ and εud = 0.9 × 75‰ = 67.5‰
εc = 3.5‰
(-) x
x d distância
d
3.5 = 71⇒ x = 0.05 d
(+) da LN
εud

Between these two cases steel is yielded as seen before

This is a condition for ductility but insufficient

2019/2020 53/56
 Concrete Structures I

Section deformations and ductility adiferençadem

17
Muitopoucodiatil dopar
éente
Érika
MRd
εcx = -3.5‰
As4 (x4;εs4;menor ductilidade)
As3 (x3;εs3) patarmadura 1
(-)
x pergunta
R
ü
Â
As2 (x2;εs2)

joso
(1) (2) As1 (x1;εs1;maior ductilidade)
www.t.a.de (+)
As1 < As2< As3 < As4 As εs

a extensadiminui
1 εcx
Gawain Curvaturadiminui
(1 / R) y (1 /R) u (1 / R) = -
q (1) εs=εsyd R x
Armadura aumenta
Diagrammatic
(2) Rotura da secção por esmagamento do betão comprimido (εc≈ 3.5‰) ou
menos correntemente, por deformação de armaduras (εc = εud)

As the amount of the tension reinforcement increases the same happens to the resistant moment.

On the opposite direction usually goes ductility

maiaductilidade
Ia
The smaller x/d (if bigger than 0.05d) the better for ductility. menor
Good enough ductility is usually considered with x/d not bigger than 0.4 to 0.5

If ductility is insufficient compression reinforcement helps

2019/2020 54/56
 Concrete Structures I

Beams and Slabs structural behavior and design

Let’s take now the following figure that
shows how the resistant moment and the
position of the neutral axis vary as we
increase the amount of reinforcement,
considering different relations between the
tension and compression reinforcement
(β = As2/As1).

Concerning resistance we notice that:

a)  For values of µ till around 0.20 there is a

practically linear relation between As
and MRd for any value of β.
And aproximatelly we can say that:
MRd = 0.9 d × As × fyd

b)  For a value of β=0.4 or 0.8 this

“linearity” goes well beyond µ=0.3.

c) Taking β=0 in design is an unfavorable

hypothesis if µ is over 0.20 to 0.25,
because, after detailing the beam, β will
be around 0.2 to 0.5.

2019/2020 55/56
 Concrete Structures I

Beams and Slabs structural behavior and design

For ductility the position of the neutral
axis, k = x/d, is the reference parameter

Then, considering ductility we can notice that:

a)  Good ductility is always available if µ≤0.20

independently of β (this is the case for slabs
and as well many beams).

b)  The β value, although not much relevant for

resistance, is of paramount importance for
ductility.

c)  For:
µ=0.30 and β=0 ⇒ k=x/d ≅ 0.6 (bad ductility)
µ=0.30 and β=0.4 ⇒ k=x/d ≅ 0.3 (good ductility)
µ=0.40 and β=0.4 ⇒ k=x/d ≅ 0.4 (reasonable
ductility)

2019/2020 56/56