CH 04

Problem 4.
1 [Difficulty: 2]
4.1 A mass of 2.27 kg is released when it is just in contact with

a spring of stiffness 365 kg/s2 that is attached to the ground.
What is the maximum spring compression? Compare this to
the deflection if the mass was just resting on the compressed
spring. What would be the maximum spring compression if
the mass was released from a distance of 1.5 m above the top
of the spring?
Given: Data on mass and spring.
Find: Maximum spring compression.
Solution:
The given data is M = 2.27 kg h = 1.5 m k = 365 kg/s 2
Apply the First Law of Thermodynamics: for the system consisting of the mass and the spring (the spring has
gravitional potential energy and the spring elastic potential energy).
Total mechanical energy at initial state E1 = 0
Note: The datum for zero potential is the top of the uncompressed spring.
1
Total mechanical energy at instant of maximum compression x E 2 = M ⋅ g ⋅ ( −x ) + ⋅ k ⋅ x2
2
But E1 = E 2
1
so 0 = M ⋅ g ⋅ ( −x ) + ⋅ k ⋅ x2
2
2⋅M⋅g 2 × 2.27 kg × 9.81 m/s 2

Solving for x x= x= x = 0.122 m
k 365 kg/s 2
M ⋅g
When just resting on the spring x= x = 0.061 m
k
When dropped from height h:
Total mechanical energy at initial state E1 = M ⋅ g ⋅ h
1
Total mechanical energy at instant of maximum compression x E2 = M ⋅ g ⋅ ( −x ) + ⋅ k ⋅ x2
2
Note: The datum for zero potential is the top of the uncompressed spring.
But E1 = E 2
1
so M ⋅ g ⋅ h = M ⋅ g ⋅ ( −x ) + ⋅ k ⋅ x2
2
2⋅M ⋅g 2⋅M ⋅g ⋅h
Solving for x x2 − ⋅x − =0
k k
2
M⋅g  M⋅g  2⋅M⋅g ⋅h
x= +   +
k  k  k
2
2.27 kg × 9.81 m/s 2  2.27 kg × 9.81 m/s 2   2 × 2.27 kg × 9.81 m/s 2 
x= 2
+  2  + 2
× 1.5 m 
365 kg/s  365 kg/s   365 kg/s 
x = 0.49 m
Note that ignoring the loss of potential of the mass due to spring compression x gives.
2⋅M ⋅g ⋅h
x= x = 0.43 m
k
Problem 4.2
4.2 An ice-cube containing 270 mL of freshwater at 20 C is

placed in a freezer at -7 C. Determine the change in internal
energy (KJ) and entropy (KJ/K) of the water it has frozen.
Given: An ice-cube tray with water at 20 C is frozen at -7 C.
To find: Change in internal energy and entropy
Solution:
Apply the Tds and internal energy equations
Governing equations:
Tds  du   dv du  Cv dT
Assumptions:
1) Neglect volume change

2) Liquid properties similar to water
The given data/ available data is:
T1   20  273 K  293K
T2   7  273 K  266K
KCal
Cv  1
kg×K
kg
  998 3  Table A-8
m
Then with the assumptions:
Tds  du   dv  du  Cv dT
dT
ds  Cv
T
Integrating:
T 
S 2  S1  Cv ln  2  or
 T1 
T 
S  m  S 2  S1   VCv ln  2 
 T1 
kg 106 m3 KCal  266  J
S  998 3  270mL  1  ln    4190
m mL kg×K  293  KCal
KJ
S  0.1091
K
Also,
U 2  U1  Cv T2  T1  or U  mCv T2  T1   VC T
kg 106 m3 KCal J
U  998 3
 270mL  1   266  293 K  4190
m mL kg×K KCal
U   30.48KJ
Problem 4.3 [Difficulty: 2]
Given: Data on ball and pipe
Find: Speed and location at which contact is lost

θ V
Solution: Fn
M
The given data is r = 1 ⋅ mm R = 50⋅ mm
∑ Fn = Fn − m⋅g⋅cos(θ) = m⋅an
2
V
an = −
R+r
2
V
Contact is lost when Fn = 0 or −m⋅ g ⋅ cos ( θ) = −m⋅
R+r
2
V = g ⋅ ( R + r) ⋅ cos( θ) (1)
2 2
V V
For no resistance energy is conserved, so E = m⋅ g ⋅ z + m⋅ = m⋅ g ⋅ ( R + r) ⋅ cos( θ) + m⋅ = E0 = m⋅ g ⋅ ( R + r)
2 2
2
Hence from energy considerations V = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( R + r) ⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) (2)
2
Combining 1 and 2, V = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( R + r) ⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) = g ⋅ ( R + r) ⋅ cos( θ) or 2 ⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) = cos( θ)
θ = acos⎛⎜
2⎞
Hence θ = 48.2⋅ deg
⎝3⎠
m
Then from 1 V = ( R + r) ⋅ g ⋅ cos( θ) V = 0.577
s
Problem 4.4
4.4 The steam that enters the turbine with velocity of 35m/s has
an enthalpy, h1, of 3548 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the turbine in
the form of the mixture of liquid and vapour with the velocity
of 70 m/s. The enthalpy of the mixture is 2780 kJ/kg. Consider
the flow through the turbine as adiabatic and changes in
elevation are negligible. Calculate the work output per unit
mass of steam through-flow.
Given: Velocity of steam entering the turbine and its enthalpy; velocity of mixture
leaving the turbine and its enthalpy.
Find: Work output per unit mass of steam through-flow
Solution:
The energy equation in terms of enthalpy is given as,
 V 2  V12 
m  hˆ2  hˆ1  2 g  z2  z1    Qnet  Wshaft net
 2  in in
Assumptions, 1) Adiabatic system 2) changes in elevation are negligible
Hence, energy equation reduces to,
 ˆ ˆ V2 2  V12   
m  h2  h1    Wshaft net  g  z2  z1   0; Qnet  0 
 2  in  in 
The work output per unit mass is given as
Wshaft net in ˆ V 2  V12

Wshaft net in  h2  hˆ1  2
m 2
Wshaft net out   Wshaft net in
ˆ ˆ V2 2  V12
Wshaft net out  h2  h1 
2
Substitute values in above expression,

V 2  V12
Wshaft net out  hˆ2  hˆ1  2
2
 2 m
2
2 m 
2
  2   2 
70  35
kJ kJ  s s 
= 2780  3548 +
kg kg 2
kJ
= 1069.5
kg
kJ
Thus, work output per unit mass of steam through-flow is 1069.5
kg
4.5 A police investigation of tire marks showed that a car

traveling along a straight and level street had skidded to a stop
for a total distance of 50 m after the brakes were applied. The
coefficient of friction between tires and pavement is estimated
to be μ = 0.6. What was the probable minimum speed km/hr
of the car when the brakes were applied? How long did the car
skid?
Given: Car sliding to a stop.
Find: Initial speed; skid time.
Solution:
Governing equations: ∑F x = M ⋅ax Ff = μ ⋅ W
Assumptions: Dry friction; neglect air resistance
Given data L = 50 m μ = 0.6
W W d2
∑F x = − Ff = −μ ⋅ W = M ⋅ a x =
g
⋅ ax = ⋅
g dt 2
x
or d2
x = −μ ⋅ g
dt 2
Integrating, and using I.C. V = V0 at t = 0
dx
Hence = − μ ⋅ g ⋅ t + c1 = − μ ⋅ g ⋅ t + V0 (1)
dt
Integrating again 1 1 since x = 0 at t = 0 (2)

x = − ⋅ g ⋅ t 2 + V0 ⋅ t + c 2 = − ⋅ g ⋅ t 2 + V0 ⋅ t
2 2
We have the final state, at which x f = L and dx at t = tf

= 0
dt
From Eq. 1 dx so V0
= 0 = −μ ⋅ g ⋅ t f + V0 tf =
dt μ ⋅g
2
Substituting into Eq. 2 1 1 1 ⎛ V ⎞ V V02
x = xf = L = − ⋅ g ⋅ t 2 + V0 ⋅ t = − ⋅ g ⋅ t f2 + V0 ⋅ t f = − ⋅ g ⋅ ⎜ 0 ⎟ + V0 ⋅ 0 =
2 2 2 ⎝ μ ⋅g ⎠ μ ⋅g 2 ⋅μ ⋅g
Solving V 02 or V0 = 2 ⋅ μ ⋅ g ⋅ L
L =
2 ⋅μ ⋅g
Using the data V0 = 87.5 km/hr The skid time is t f = V0 t f = 4.13 s

μ ⋅g
4.6 A car traveling at 48 km/hr encounters a curve in the road.

The radius of the road curve is 30 m. Find the maximum speeds
(km/hr) before losing traction, if the coefficient of friction on a
dry road is μdry − 0.7 and on a wet road is μwet = 0.3.
Given: Car entering a curve.
Find: Maximum speed.
Solution:
V2
Governing equations: ∑ Fr = M ⋅ a r Ff = μ ⋅ W ar =
r
Assumptions: Dry friction; neglect air resistance
Given data μdry = 0.7 μ wet = 0.3 r = 30 m
V2
∑ Fr = −Ff = −μ ⋅ W = −μ ⋅ Μ ⋅ g = M ⋅ a x = M ⋅
r
or V = μ⋅r ⋅g
Hence, using given data V = μ dry ⋅ r ⋅ g V = 51.67 km/h V = μwet ⋅ r ⋅ g V = 33.82 km/h
Problem 4.7
4.7 Air at 25 C and an absolute pressure of 101.3 KPa is

compressed adiabatically in a piston-cylinder device, without
friction, to an absolute pressure of 415.3 KPa in a piston-
cylinder device. Find the work done (MJ).
Given: Data on air compression process
Find: Work done
Solution:
Basic Equation
W  p  dV
Assumptions:
1) Adiabatic process
2) Frictionless process  W  p  dV
Given Data:
p1  101.3KPa p2  415.3KPa T1  25C  298K
From Table A.6
J
R  286.9 and k  1.4
kg×K
Before integrating we need to relate p and V. An adiabatic frictionless (reversible) process is

isentropic, which for an ideal gas gives
Cp
p  vk  C where k
CV
 W  p  dV  CV  k  dV
Integrating,
W
C
k 1
V11 k  V21 k  
1
 k  1
 p2V2 kV21k  p1V1kV21k 
R R  T1  T2 
W T2  T1   1 1
 k  1  k  1  T1 
But,
p V k  C means,
 R  T1   R  T2 
p1V1k  p2V2 k or p1   k  p2  k
 p1   p2 
k 1
T2  p2  k
Rearranging,  
T1  p1 
combining with eq n 1
 k 1

R  T1  p2  k 
W    1
p1  p1 
 
substituting given values in above eq n
 1.4 1

1 J   415.3 
 1
1.4
W  286.9  298K  
0.4 kg×K  101.3  
 
KJ
W  107
kg
KJ
The work (W) done is 107
kg
T 
S 2  S1  Cv ln  2  or
 T1 
T 
S  m  S 2  S1   VCv ln  2 
 T1 
kg 106 m3 KCal  266  J
S  998 3  270mL  1  ln    4190
m mL kg×K  293  KCal
KJ
S  0.1091
K
Also,
U 2  U1  Cv T2  T1  or U  mCv T2  T1   VC T
kg 106 m3 KCal J
U  998 3
 270mL  1   266  293 K  4190
m mL kg×K KCal
U   30.48KJ
4.8 In an experiment with a can of soda, it took 2 hr to cool from an

initial temperature of 24°C to 10°C in a 4°C refrigerator. If the can is
now taken from the refrigerator and placed in a room at 20°C, how long
will the can take to reach 15°C? You may assume that for both processes
the heat transfer is modeled by Q = k (T − Tamp ), where T is the can
temperature, Tamb is the ambient temperature, and k is a heat transfer
coefficient.
Given: Data on cooling of a can of soda in a refrigerator.
Find: How long it takes to warm up in a room.
Solution:
The First Law of Thermodynamics for the can (either warming or cooling) is
dT dT
M⋅c⋅ = − k ⋅ ( T − Tamb ) or = −k ⋅ ( T − Tamb )
dt dt
where M is the can mass, c is the average specific heat of the can and its contents, T is the temperature, and Tamb is
the ambient temperature
dT
Separating variables = − A ⋅ dt
T − Tamb
Integrating T ( t ) = Tamb + ( Tinit − Tamb ) ⋅ e − At
where Tinit is the initial temperature. The available data from the cooling can now be used to obtain a value for
constant A
Given data for cooling Tinit = ( 24 + 273) K Tinit = 297 K Tamb = ( 4 + 273) K Tamb = 277 K
T = (10 + 273) K T = 283 K when τ = 3 hr
1  Tinit − Tamb  1 1⋅ hr 297 − 277

Hence k= ⋅ ln  = × × ln k = 1.115 × 10 −4
τ  T − Tamb  3 ⋅ hr 3600 ⋅ s 283 − 277
Then, for the warming up process
Tinit = (10 + 273) K Tinit = 283 K Tamb = ( 20 + 273) K Tamb = 293 K
Tend = (15 + 273 ) K Tend = 288 K
with Tend = Tamb + ( Tinit − Tamb ) ⋅ e − kτ

1  Tinit − Tamb  s  283 − 293
τ= ⋅ ln = ⋅ ln  τ = 6.2 × 103 s
 288 − 293
Hence the time τ is
k  Tend − Tamb  1.115 × 10−4
τ = 1.72 hr
Problem 4.9
4.9 A block of copper of mass 8 kg is heated to 80°C and then

plunged into an insulated container obtaining 5 L of water 20°.
Find the final temperature of the system. For copper, the
specific heat 390 J/kg·K and for water the specific heat is 4200
J/kg·K.
Given: Data on heating and cooling a copper block
Find: Final system temperature
Solution:
Basic Equation
Q  W  E
Assumptions
1) Stationary system E  V
2) No work W  0
3) Adiabatic Q  0
Then for the system (water and copper)

U  0 or
M copper  Ccopper  Tcopper  MW  CW  TW   M copper  Ccopper  MW  CW   TF (1)
Where,
TF is the final temperature of the water (W) and copper (C)
The given data is.

M copper  8 kg,
Ccopper  390 J/kg  K
CW  4200J/kg  K
V 5L
Tcopper   80  273 K
=353 K
TW   20  273 K
 293 K
Also, for the water

kg
  999 3
m
So,
MW   V
MW  5.00 kg
Solve, equation (1) for TF
M C T  M W  CW  TW
TF  copper copper copper  2
M copper  Ccopper  M W  CW
Substitute corresponding values in equation (2)
TF 
8 kg  3690 J/kg  K    353 K   8 kg  4200 J/kg  K  293 K 
8 kg  390 J/kg  K    5 kg  4200 J/kg  K 
 300.76 K
 27.76C
Hence, the final temperature of the system is 27.76C .

Given: Data on heat loss from persons, and people-filled auditorium
Find: Internal energy change of air and of system; air temperature rise
Solution:
Basic equation Q − W = ∆E
Assumptions: 1) Stationary system ∆E =∆U 2) No work W = 0
W 60⋅ s
Then for the air ∆U = Q = 85⋅ × 6000⋅ people × 15⋅ min × ∆U = 459 ⋅ MJ
person min
For the air and people ∆U = Qsurroundings = 0
The increase in air energy is equal and opposite to the loss in people energy
p⋅ V
For the air ∆U = Q but for air (an ideal gas) ∆U = M ⋅ cv ⋅ ∆T with M = ρ⋅ V =
Rair⋅ T
Q Rair⋅ Q⋅ T
Hence ∆T = =
M ⋅ cv cv ⋅ p ⋅ V
J J
From Table A.6 Rair = 286.9 ⋅ and cv = 717.4 ⋅
kg⋅ K kg⋅ K
2
286.9 6 1 m 1 1
∆T = × 459 × 10 ⋅ J × ( 20 + 273 ) K × ⋅ × ⋅ ∆T = 1.521 K
717.4 3 N 5 3
101 × 10 3.5 × 10 m
∆T K
This is the temperature change in 15 min. The rate of change is then = 6.09⋅
15⋅ min hr
Given: Data on velocity field and control volume geometry
Find: Volume flow rate and momentum flux z
Solution:
3m
First we define the area and velocity vectors y
r 4m
dA = dydziˆ + dydyxkˆ
5m
r r
V = axiˆ + byˆj or V = xiˆ + yˆj x
3 4
We will need the equation of the surface: z = 3 − x or x = 4 − z
4 3
Then
a) Volume flow rate
)( )
3
(
r r 3 5 3
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Q = ∫ V ⋅ dA = ∫ xiˆ + yˆj ⋅ dydziˆ + dxdykˆ = ∫∫ xdydz = 5∫ ⎜ 4 − z ⎟dz = 5⎜ 4 z − z 2 ⎟
0⎝
A A
0 0
3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠0
m3 m3
Q = (60 − 30 ) = 30
s s
b) Momentum flux
(
r
) ( )
ρ ∫ V V ⋅ dA = ρ ∫ (xiˆ + yˆj )(xiˆ + yˆj )⋅ dydziˆ + dxdykˆ = ρ ∫ (xiˆ + yˆj )( xdydz )
A
r r
A A
2 5 3
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
3 5 3 5 3
y2
= ρ ∫ ∫ x dydziˆ + ρ ∫ ∫ xydydzˆj = 5∫ ⎜ 4 − z ⎟ dziˆ +
2
∫ ⎜⎝ 4 − 3 z ⎟⎠dzˆj
0⎝
0 0 0 0
3 ⎠ 2 00
3 3
⎛ 16 ⎞ 25 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 16 3 ⎞ ˆ 25
3
z ⎟ i + (12 − 6) ˆj
32 16
= 5∫ ⎜16 − z + z 2 ⎟dziˆ + ⎜ 4 z − z 2 ⎟ ˆj == 5⎜16 z − z 2 +
0⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠0 ⎝ ⎠0
3 9 2 3 3 27 2
= 5(48 − 48 + 16)iˆ + 75 ˆj
Momentum flux = 80iˆ + 75 ˆj N

Given: Data on velocity field and control volume geometry

z
4m
Find: Surface integrals
3m
Solution:
5m
First we define the area and velocity vectors
r r r y
dA = dydziˆ + dxdzˆj V = axiˆ + byˆj + ckˆ or V = 2 xiˆ + 2 yˆj + kˆ
3 2
We will need the equation of the surface: y = x or x = y
2 3 x
Then
∫ V ⋅ dA = ∫ (− axiˆ + byˆj + ckˆ )⋅ (dydziˆ − dxdzˆj )

r
A A
2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2
2 3 1 3
= ∫∫ − axdydz − ∫∫ bydxdz = −a ∫ dz ∫ ydy − b ∫ dz ∫ xdx = − 2a y 2 − 2b x 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0
2 3 0 4 0
3
Q = (− 6a − 6b ) = −24
m
s
3 2 3
We will again need the equation of the surface: y = x or x = y , and also dy = dx and a = b
2 3 2
∫ (
A
r r r
) (
V V ⋅ dA = ∫
A
ˆ ˆ )( ˆ ˆ )(
− axi + byj + ck − axi + byj + ck ⋅ dydzi − dxdzj
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ )
= ∫ (− axiˆ + byˆj + ckˆ )(− axdydz − bydxdz )
A
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 3 ⎞
= ∫ ⎜ − axiˆ + axˆj + ckˆ ⎟⎜ − ax dxdz − a xdxdz ⎟
A
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ ⎞
= ∫ ⎜ − axiˆ + axˆj + ckˆ ⎟(− 3axdxdz )
3
A
⎝ 2 ⎠
2 2 2 2 2 2
9
= 3∫ ∫ a x dxdziˆ − ∫ ∫ a 2 x 2 dxdzˆj − 3∫ ∫ acxdxdzkˆ
2 2
0 0
200 0 0
⎛ x3 ⎞ 2
⎛ 3 2
⎞ ⎛ 2 2
⎞
= (6)⎜ a 2 ⎟iˆ − (9)⎜ a 2 x ⎟ ˆj − (6)⎜ ac x ⎟ = 16a 2 iˆ − 24a 2 ˆj − 12ackˆ
⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ 0⎠
m4
= 64iˆ − 96 ˆj − 60kˆ
s2
Given: Control Volume with linear velocity distribution
Find: Volume flow rate and momentum flux
Solution: Apply the expressions for volume and momentum flux
∫ ( )
r r r r
Governing equations: ∫
Q = V ⋅ dA
A
mf = ρ V V ⋅ dA
A
Assumption: (1) Incompressible flow
r V r
For a linear velocity profile V = yiˆ and also dA = − w dyiˆ
h
For the volume flow rate:

h h h
Q= ∫
V ˆ
h
( )
i ⋅ − w dyiˆ = −
Vw
h ∫ y dy = −
Vw y 2
h 2
y =0 y =0 0
1
Q = − Vhw
2
The momentum flux is
h h h
V ˆ ⎛ ⎞ V 2w V 2w y3
∫ ∫
Vw
mf = i ⋅⎜− ρ ydy ⎟ = − ρ 2 iˆ y 2 dy = − ρ 2 iˆ
y =0
h ⎝ h ⎠ h y =0
h 3
0
1
mf = − ρV 2 whiˆ
3
Given: Control Volume with parabolic velocity distribution
Find: Volume flow rate and momentum flux
Solution: Apply the expressions for volume and momentum flux
∫ ( )
r r r r
Governing equations: ∫
Q = V ⋅ dA
A
mf = ρ V V ⋅ dA
A
Assumption: (1) Incompressible flow
r ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤ r
For a linear velocity profile V = uiˆ = umax ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥iˆ and also dA = 2πrdriˆ
⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
For the volume flow rate:

⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
R R h
⎡ r3 ⎤ ⎡ r2 r4 ⎤ ⎡ R2 R2 ⎤
∫ ˆ ˆ (
Q = umax ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥i ⋅ 2πrdri = 2πumax ) ∫
⎢ r − 2 ⎥ dy = 2πumax ⎢ − ⎥ = 2πu max ⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
2
r =0
⎢
y =0 ⎣
R ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 4 R ⎦⎥ 0 ⎣⎢ 2 4 ⎦⎥
1
Q= πumax R 2
2
R
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤ ⎫⎪ ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎧⎪ R
⎡ r3 ⎤ ⎪
⎫
mf = ∫ ˆ ˆ (ˆ )
umax ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥i ⎨umax ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥i ⋅ 2πrdri ⎬ = umax ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥i ⎨2πumax
ˆ
∫⎢ r − 2 ⎥ dr ⎬
⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪ ⎢
y =0 ⎣
R ⎥⎦ ⎪
r =0 ⎩ ⎭
R
⎡ 2r 3 r 5 ⎤
= 2πumax ∫ ⎢ r − 2 + 4 ⎥ dr
2 ˆ
i
⎢
y =0 ⎣
R R ⎥⎦
h
2 ˆ⎡ r r6 ⎤
2
r4
= 2πumax i⎢ − 2
+ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 4 R 6 R 4 ⎥⎦ 0
2 ˆ⎡ R R2 R2 ⎤
2
= 2πumax i⎢ − + ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 4 6 ⎦⎥
1 2
mf = πumax R 2iˆ
3
4.15 A shower head fed by a 19.05 mm ID water pipe consists

of 50 nozzles of 0.79 mm ID. Assuming a flow rate of 1.30 ×
10−4 m3/s. What is the exit velocity (m/s) of each jet of water?
What is the average velocity (m/s) in the pipe?
Given: Data on flow through nozzles.
Find: Exit velocity in each jet; velocity in pipe.
Solution:
r r
Basic equation ∑ (V ⋅ A ) =
CS
0
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow
The given data is Q = 1.39 × 10−4 m3 /s d = 0.79 mm n = 50 (Number of nozzles) D = 19.05 mm
π 2
Area of each nozzle A= ⋅d A = 4901.67 × 10−4 mm 2
4
π 2
Area of the pipe Apipe = ⋅D A pipe = 285.023 mm 2
4
Total area of nozzles Atotal = n⋅A Atotal = 24.5084 mm2
The jet speeds are then Q

V= V = 5.7 m/s
A total
r r
Then for the pipe flow ∑ ( V ⋅ A ) = −V
CS
pipe ⋅ A pipe + n ⋅ V ⋅ A = 0
n⋅A
2
⎛d⎞
Hence Vpipe = V ⋅ = V ⋅n ⋅⎜ ⎟
A pipe ⎝D⎠
2
m ⎛ 0.79 ⎞ m
× 50 × ⎜
⎝ 19.05 ⎟⎠
Vpipe = 5.7 Vpipe = 0.49
s s
Problem 4.16
4.16 A farmer is spraying a liquid through 20 nozzles, 5 mm ID,

at an average exit velocity of 5 m/s. What is the average exit
velocity in the 35 mm ID head feeder, what is the system flow
rate in L/m?
Given: Data on flow through nozzles
Find: Average velocity in head feeder; flow rate
Solution:
Basic Equation
 V  A  0
CS
Assumptions
1) Steady flow
2) Incompressible flow
3) Uniform flow
Then for the nozzle flow

 V  A  V
CS Feeder  AFeeder  20 Vnozzel  Anozzel  0
Hence,
2
20  AFeeder D 
VFeeder  Vnozzel   Vnozzel  20  nozzel 
AFeeder  DFeeder 
2
 5 
  5 m/s  20   
 35 
 2.04 m/s
Hence, the average velocity is 2.04 m/s .
Now, the flow rate is given by

Q  VFeeder  AFeeder
  DFeeder
2
 VFeeder  1
4

2
   1 m   100 L  60 s 
Q   2.04 m/s     35 mm     
 4  1000 mm   1 m3  1 min 
 11.78 L/min
Hence, the system flow rate is 11.78 L/min .

Given: Data on flow into and out of tank
Find: Time at which exit pump is switched on; time at which drain is opened; flow rate into drain
Solution:
Basic equation ∂
M CV +
∑ ( ρ⋅ V⋅ A ) = 0
→→
∂t
CS
Assumptions: 1) Uniform flow 2) Incompressible flow
After inlet pump is on ∂

M CV +
∑ ( ρ⋅ V⋅ A ) = M tank − ρ⋅ Vin⋅ Ain = 0
→→ ∂ ∂
M tank = ρ⋅ Atank ⋅
dh
= ρ⋅ Vin⋅ Ain
∂t ∂t ∂t dt
CS
2
dh Ain ⎛ Din ⎞
= Vin⋅ = Vin⋅ ⎜ where h is the level of water in the tank
dt Atank
⎝ Dtank ⎠
2
h exit ⎛ Dtank ⎞
h exit 1 s ⎛ 3⋅ m ⎞
2
Hence the time to reach hexit = 0.7 m is t exit = = ⋅⎜ texit = 0.7⋅ m × ⋅ × ⎜ 0.1⋅ m t exit = 126 s
dh Vin
⎝ Din ⎠ 5 m ⎝ ⎠
dt
∑( )
∂ →→ ∂ dh
After exit pump is on M CV + ρ⋅ V⋅ A = M tank − ρ⋅ Vin⋅ Ain + ρ⋅ Vexit ⋅ Aexit = 0 Atank⋅ = Vin⋅ Ain − Vexit ⋅ Aexit
∂t ∂t dt
CS
2 2
dh Ain ⎛ Din ⎞
Aexit ⎛ Dexit ⎞
= Vin⋅ − Vexit ⋅ = Vin⋅ ⎜ − Vexit ⋅ ⎜
dt Atank Atank
⎝ Dtank ⎠ ⎝ Dtank ⎠
(hdrain − hexit) (hdrain − hexit)

Hence the time to reach hdrain = 2 m is t drain = t exit + =
dh 2 2
⎛ Din ⎞ ⎛ Dexit ⎞
dt Vin⋅ ⎜ − Vexit ⋅ ⎜
⎝ Dtank ⎠ ⎝ Dtank ⎠
1
t drain = 126 ⋅ s + ( 2 − 0.7) ⋅ m ×
2 2 t drain = 506 s
0.1⋅ m ⎞ 0.08⋅ m ⎞
5 ⋅ × ⎛⎜ − 3 ⋅ × ⎛⎜
m m
s ⎝ 3⋅ m ⎠ s ⎝ 3⋅ m ⎠
The flow rate into the drain is equal to the net inflow (the level in the tank is now constant)
2 2
π⋅ Din π⋅ Dexit m π 2 m π 2 m
3
Qdrain = Vin⋅ − Vexit ⋅ Qdrain = 5 ⋅ × × ( 0.1⋅ m) − 3 ⋅ × × ( 0.08⋅ m) Qdrain = 0.0242
4 4 s 4 s 4 s
4.18 A wet cooling tower cools warm water by spraying it into a

forced dry-air flow. Some of the water evaporates in this air and is
carried out of the tower into the atmosphere; the evaporation cools
the remaining water droplets, which are collected at the exit pipe
(150 mm ID) of the tower. Measurements indicate the warm water
mass flow rate is 31.5 kg/s, and the cool water (21°C) flows at an
average speed of 1.7 m/s in the exit pipe. The moist air density is
1.06 kg/m3. Find (a) the volume flow rate (L/min) and mass flow
rate (kg/s) of the cool water, (b) the mass flow rate (kg/s) of the
moist air, and (c) the mass flow rate (kg/s) of the dry air. Hint:
Google “density of moist air” for information on relating moist
and dry air densities!
Given: Data on flow into and out of cooling tower.
Find: Volume and mass flow rate of cool water; mass flow rate of moist and dry air.
Solution:
ur ur
Basic equation ∑ (ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A ) = 0
CS
and at each inlet/exit Q = V·A
Assumptions: 1) Uniform flow 2) Incompressible flow
Given data: mwarm = 31.5 kg/s D = 150 mm V = 1.7 m/s ρmoist 1.06 kg/m3
π
At the cool water exit Q cool = V ⋅ A Qcool = 1.7 m/s × × ( 0.15 m ) Qcool = 1800 L/ min
2
Q cool = 0 ⋅ 03 m 3 /s
4
kg m3 kg kg
The mass flow rate is m cool = ρ ⋅ Q cool m cool = 1000 × 0.03 mcool = 30 mcool = 1.08 × 105
m3 s s hr
NOTE: Software does not allow dots over terms, so m represents mass flow rate, not mass!
ur ur
For the water flow we need ∑ ( ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A ) = 0 to balance the water flow
CS
kg
We have − m warm + m cool + m v = 0 m v = m warm − m cool m v = 1.5
s
mv
This is the mass flow rate of water vapor. To obtain air flow rates, from psychrometrics x=
mair
ρmoist 1+ x
where x is the relative humidity. It is also known (try Googling “density of moist air”) that =
ρdry RH 0
1 + x⋅ 2
R air
kg
We are given ρmoist = 1.06
m3
ρ
For dry air we could use the ideal gas equation ρdry = but here we use atmospheric air density (Table A.3)
R ⋅T
kg
ρdry = 1.2250
m3
Note that moist air is less dense than dry air!
1.06 1 + x
Hence = using data from Table A.6
1.2250 461.4
1 + x⋅
286 ⋅ 9
0.165
x= x = 0.344
0.48
mv mv 1
Hence = x leads to m air = m air = 1.5 kg/s × mair = 4.36 kg/s
m air x 0.344
Finally, the mass flow rate of moist air is m moist = m v + m air m moist = 5.86 kg/s
4.19 Fluid with 1040 kg/m3 density is flowing steadily through the
rectangular box shown. Given A1 = 0.046 m2, A2 = 0.009 m2,
r r
A3 = 0.056 m2, V1 = 3iˆ m/s and V2 = 6jˆ m/s, determine velocity
r
V3 .
Given: Data on flow through box.
Find: Velocity at station 3.
Solution:
r r
Basic equation ∑(V ⋅ A) = 0
CS

r r
Then for the box ∑(V ⋅ A) =
CS
− V1 ⋅ A1 + V2 ⋅ A 2 + V3 ⋅ A 3 = 0
Note that the vectors indicate that flow is in at location 1 and out at location 2; we assume outflow at location 3.
A1 A 0.046 0.009
Hence V3 = V1 ⋅ − V2 ⋅ 2 V3 = 3 m/s × − 6 m/s × V3 = 1.5 m/s
A3 A3 0.056 0.056
Based on geometry Vx = V3 ⋅ sin ( 60 ⋅ deg ) Vx = 1.30 m/s
Vy = − V3 ⋅ cos ( 60 ⋅ deg ) Vy = − 0.75 m/s
r
V3 = 1.30 m/s , − 0.75 m/s
Given: Data on flow through device
Find: Volume flow rate at port 3
Solution:
∑ V⋅A) = 0
(
→→
Basic equation
CS
∑( )
→→
Then for the box V⋅ A = −V1⋅ A1 + V2⋅ A2 + V3⋅ A3 = −V1⋅ A1 + V2⋅ A2 + Q3
CS
Note we assume outflow at port 3
3
m 2 m 2 m
Hence Q3 = V1 ⋅ A1 − V2 ⋅ A2 Q3 = 3 ⋅ × 0.1⋅ m − 10⋅ × 0.05⋅ m Q3 = −0.2⋅
s s s
The negative sign indicates the flow at port 3 is inwards. Flow rate at port 3 is 0.2 m3/s inwards
Problem 4.21
4.21 A rice farmer needs to fill her 125 m x 300 m field with
water to a depth of 9 cm in 2 hours. How many 45 cm diameter
supply pipes are needed if the average velocity in each must be
less than 2 m/s?
Given: Water needs of farmer
Find: Number of supply pipes needed
Solution:
Basic Equation
Q V  A
Assumptions
1) Steady flow
3) Uniform flow
The given data is

A  125 m  300 m
 3.75 104 m 2
h  9 cm,
t  2 hr
D  45 cm
V  2 m/s
Then,
A h
Q
t
Substitute corresponding values in the given equation
Q
 3.75 104 m2  9 102 m 
3600 second
 0.9375 m3 /s
If ‘n’ is the number of pipes

Q V   D 2  n or
4
4Q
n
 V  D 2
Substitute corresponding values in the above equation
4  0.9375 m3 /s 
n
  45 cm   2 m/s 
2
 2.9473
3
Hence, the farmer needs 3 pipes.

4.22 You are making beer. The first step is filling the glass
carboy with the liquid wort. The internal diameter of the carboy
is 37.5 cm, and you wish to fill it up to a depth of 0.6 m. If your
wort is drawn from the kettle using a siphon process that flows
L
at 11.36 , how long will it take to fill?
min
Given: Data on filling of glass carboy.
Find: Time to fill.
Solution:
We can treat this as an unsteady problem if we choose the CS as the entire carboy.
∂ r r
Basic equation
∂t cs
( )
M CV + ∑ ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A = 0
Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Uniform flow
L
Given data: Q = 11.36 D = 37.5 cm h = 0.6 m
min
∂ r r
Hence
∂t
M CV = ρ ⋅ A
dh
dt
h
τ cs
( )
= ρ ⋅ A ⋅ = −∑ ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A = ρ ⋅ Q
where Q is the fill rate, A is the carboy cross-section area, dh/dt is the rate of rise in the carboy, and τ is the fill time
π 2
⋅D ⋅h
Hence τ= 4 τ = 5.83 min
Q
4.23 In your kitchen, the sink is 0.6 m by 45.7 cm by 30.5 cm

deep. You are filling it with water at the rate of 252 × 10−6 m3/s.
How long will it take (in min) to half fill the sink? After this
you turn off the faucet and open the drain slightly so that the
tank starts to drain at 63 × 10−6 m3/s. What is the rate (m/s) at
which the water level drops?
Given: Data on filling of a sink.
Find: Time to half fill; rate at which level drops.
Solution:
This is an unsteady problem if we choose the CS as the entire sink.
∂
( )

Basic equation M CV + ∑ ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A = 0
∂t CS
Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow
Given data: m rate = 252 × 10 −6 m3 /s L = 0.6 m w = 45.7 cm d = 30.5 cm Q = 252 × 10−6 m3 /s

Q drain = 63 × 10−6 m3 /s
∂
( )

Hence M CV = − ∑ ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A = Inflow − Outflow (1)
∂t CS
1
To half fill: V= ⋅L⋅ w ⋅d V = 4 ⋅ 2 × 10−2 m3 V = 42 L
2
V V
Then, using Eq. 1 =Q τ= τ = 167 S τ = 2.78 min
τ Q
dV
After the drain opens, Eq. 1 becomes = L ⋅ w ⋅ Vlevel = − Q drain where Vlevel is the speed of water level drop
dt
Qdrain
Vlevel = − Vlevel = 229.76 × 10−6 m / s
L⋅w
Given: Air flow system
Find: Flow rate and velocity into each room; narrowest supply duct
Solution:
Basic equation Q = V⋅ A
L
The given data is: Qperson = 8 ⋅ n rooms = 6 n students = 20
s
m
h = 200 ⋅ mm w = 500 ⋅ mm Vmax = 1.75⋅
s
3
L m
Then for each room Qroom = n students ⋅ Qperson Qroom = 160 Qroom = 0.16
s s
Qroom m
and Vroom = Vroom = 1.6
w⋅ h s
3
L m
For the supply duct Q = n rooms⋅ Qroom Q = 960 Q = 0.96
s s
and Q = Vmax⋅ A = Vmax⋅ w⋅ h where w and h are now the supply duct dimensions h = 500 ⋅ mm
Q
w = w = 1.097 m
Vmax⋅ h
4.25 you are trying to pump storm water out of your basement
during a storm. The pump can extract 0.6 Lit/s. The water level
in the basement is now sinking by about 0.4 mm/min. What is
the flow rate (Lit/s) from the storm into the basement? The
basement is 7.6 m × 6 m.
Given: Data on filling of a basement during a storm.
Find: Flow rate of storm into basement.
Solution:
This is an unsteady problem if we choose the CS as the entire basement
∂ ⎛ → →⎞
Basic equation M CV + ∑ ⎜ ρ ⋅ V⋅ A ⎟ = 0
∂t CS ⎝ ⎠
Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow
dh
Given data: Q pump = 0.6 Lit/s = 0.4 mm/min A = 7.6 m × 6 m
dt
∂ dh ⎛ → →⎞
Hence M CV = ρ ⋅ A ⋅ = − ∑ ⎜ ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A ⎟ = ρ ⋅ Q storm − ρ ⋅ Q pum p where A is the basement area
∂t dt CS ⎝ ⎠ and dh/dt is the rate at which
the height of water in the
basement changes.
dh
or Qstorm = Q pump − A ⋅
dt
Lit ⎛ 0.0004⎞ 1hr 1000Lit

Qstorm = 0.6 − 7.6 m × 6 m × ⎜ − × ×
s ⎝ 1hr ⎟⎠ 3600s m3
Data on gals from Table G.2
Qstorm = 0.6 Lit/s

Given: Data on compressible flow
Find: Downstream density
Solution:
Basic equation
∑ ( ρ⋅ V⋅ A ) = 0
→→
CS
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Uniform flow
Then for the box

∑ ( ρ⋅ V⋅ A ) = −ρu ⋅ Vu⋅ Au + ρd ⋅ Vd ⋅ Ad = 0
→→
CS
m
Vd ⋅ Ad 1000⋅ 2
kg s 0.1⋅ m kg
Hence ρu = ρd ⋅ ρu = 1⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ρu = 0.267
Vu⋅ Au 3 m 2 3
m 1500⋅ 0.25⋅ m m
s
Given: Data on flow down an inclined plane
Find: Find u max
Solution:
⌠
Basic equation mflow = ⎮ ρu dA
⌡
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow
h h
⌠ ⌠
ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin ( θ) ⎛ y ⎞ ⎛
⎮ 2⎞
ρ ⋅ g ⋅ sin ( θ) ⋅ w ⎮
2 2
Evaluating at 1 and 2 mflow = ⎮ ρ⋅ ⋅⎜h ⋅y − ⋅ w dy = ⋅⎮ ⎜ h ⋅ y − y dy
⎮
⌡
μ ⎝ 2 ⎠ μ ⎮
⌡ ⎝ 2 ⎠
0 0
2
ρ ⋅ g ⋅ sin ( θ) ⋅ w ⎛ h3 h
3⎞
mflow = ⋅⎜ −
μ ⎝ 2 6 ⎠
2 3
ρ ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ w⋅ h
Hence mflow =
3⋅ μ
Problem 4.28
Given: Data on flow an inlet and outlet of channel
Find: Find max
Solution:
Basic equation:  V  dA  0
CS
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
Evaluating at 1) and 2)
h
 U 2hW     y  dy  0
h
h
  y 2 
 max 1   h   dy  2hU
h  
  h3  h3   
max   h    h     2
   2     2hU
  3h  3h   
4
max  2hU
3h
Hence,
3
max  U
2
3 m
  3.5
2 s
m
max  5.25
s
m
The exit centreline velocity, max is 5.25
s
Given: Data on flow at inlet and outlet of pipe
Find: Find U
Solution:
r r
Basic equation
∫ ρ V ⋅ dA = 0
CS

R
⌠
2 ⌠
R ⎮ ⎡ 2⎤
⎮ u max⋅ ⎢1 − ⎛ r ⎞ ⎥ ⋅ 2⋅ r dr = R2⋅ U
Evaluating at inlet and exit −ρ⋅ U⋅ π⋅ R + ⎮ ρ⋅ u ( r) ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r dr = 0 ⎜R
⌡
0 ⎮
⌡ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
0
u max⋅ ⎛⎜ R −
2 1 2⎞ 2 1
⋅R = R ⋅U U= ⋅ u max
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
1 m m
Hence U= × 3⋅ U = 1.5⋅
2 s s
Given: Velocity distribution in annulus
Find: Volume flow rate; average velocity; maximum velocity; plot velocity distribution
Solution:
⌠ →→
⎮ Q
Governing equation For the flow rate (Eq. 4.14a) and average velocity (Eq. Q = ⎮ V dA Vav =
4.14b) ⌡ A
∆p kPa N⋅ s
The given data is Ro = 5 ⋅ mm Ri = 1 ⋅ mm = −10⋅ μ = 0.1⋅ (From Fig. A.2)
L m 2
m
⎛ ⎛ Ro ⎞ ⎞
2 2
−∆p ⎜ 2 2
Ro − Ri
u ( r) = ⋅ R −r + ⋅ ln⎜
4 ⋅ μ⋅ L ⎜ o ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎝ r ⎠⎟
⎜ ln⎜
⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠
R
⌠ o
The flow rate is Q = ⎮ u ( r) ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r dr
⌡R
i
⎡⎛R 2 2⎞ ⎤
∆p⋅ π ⎛ 2 2⎞ ⎢ ⎝ o − R i ⎠ ⎛ 2 2⎞⎥
Q = ⋅ R − Ri ⋅
⎠ ⎢ ⎛ R ⎞ − ⎝ Ri + Ro ⎠⎥
Considerable mathematical manipulation leads to
8 ⋅ μ⋅ L ⎝ o o
⎢ ln⎜ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ Ri
⎦
m ⎞ ⎡⎢ 5 2⎤
⋅ ( −10⋅ 10 ) ⋅ ⋅ ( 5 − 1 ) ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ( 5 + 1 ) ⋅ ⎛⎜
2 2 2 2 2
Substituting values Q =
π 3 N
⋅
m 2 2
⋅
−1 2 ⎥ m ⎞
8 2 0.1⋅ N⋅ s ⎝ 1000 ⎢
⎠ ⎛5⎞ ⎥ 1000 ⎝ ⎠
m ⋅m ⎢⎣ ln⎜⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
3
−5m mL
Q = 1.045 × 10 Q = 10.45 ⋅
s s
3 2
⋅ ⎛⎜
Q Q 1 −5 m 1 1000 ⎞ m
The average velocity is Vav = = Vav = × 1.045 × 10 ⋅ × Vav = 0.139
A
π⋅ ⎛ R o − R i
2 2⎞ π s 2
5 −1
2 ⎝ m ⎠ s
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ⎛ ⎛ Ro ⎞ ⎞⎤⎥
Ro − Ri
2 2 ⎡ ⎛ R 2 − R 2⎞ ⎤
The maximum velocity occurs when
du
=0=
d ⎢ −∆p ⎜ 2 2
⋅ Ro − r + ⋅ ln⎜ =−
∆p ⎢
⋅ −2 ⋅ r −
⎝ o i ⎠⎥
dr dx ⎢ 4 ⋅ μ⋅ L ⎜ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎝ r ⎠ ⎟⎥ 4 ⋅ μ⋅ L ⎢ ⎛ Ri ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⎜ ln⎜ ⎥ ⎢ ln⎜ ⋅r ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎝ Ro ⎠ ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
Ro
2 2
Ri − Ro m
Then r = r = 2.73⋅ mm Substituting in u(r) u max = u ( 2.73⋅ mm) = 0.213 ⋅
⎛ Ri ⎞ s
2 ⋅ ln⎜
⎝ Ro ⎠
The maximum velocity using Solver instead, and the plot, are also shown in an Excel workbook
Ro = 5 mm
Ri= 1 mm
¬p /L = -10 kPa/m
2
¬◊ϕ 0.1 N.s/m
r (mm) u (m/s)
1.00 0.000 Annular Velocity Distribution
1.25 0.069 6
1.50 0.120
1.75 0.157 5
2.00 0.183
r (mm)
2.25 0.201 4
2.50 0.210
2.75 0.213 3
3.00 0.210
2
3.25 0.200
3.50 0.186 1
3.75 0.166
4.00 0.142 0
4.25 0.113 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
4.50 0.079
u (m/s)
4.75 0.042
5.00 0.000
The maximum velocity can be found using Solver
r (mm) u (m/s)
2.73 0.213
Problem 4.31
Given: Data on flow at inlet and outlet of a reducing elbow
Find: Find the maximum velocity at section (1)
Solution:
 V  dA  0
CS
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
Evaluating at 1, 2, and 3
h1
  V1  y  Wdy  V2Wh2  V3Wh3  0

0
or
h1
V1max V1max h12
h1 0 ydy  h1  2  V2 h2  V3h3
Hence,
2
V1max  V3h3  V2 h2 
h1
2  m m 
V1max   7  0.25m  2  0.3m 
0.7m  s s 
m
V1max  6.71
s
Given: Data on flow at inlet and outlet of channel
Find: Find u max
Solution:
r r
Basic equation ∫ ρ V ⋅ dA = 0
CS
h
⌠
Evaluating at inlet and exit −U⋅ w⋅ h + ⎮ Vexit ( x ) ⋅ w dx = 0
⌡
0
( )
x
Here we have Vexit = Vmax − Vmax − Vmin ⋅ But we also have Vmax = 2 ⋅ Vmin
h
x
Hence Vexit = 2 ⋅ Vmin − Vmin⋅
h
⎛ 2 ⋅ V − V ⋅ x ⎞ ⋅ w dx = ⎜ 2 ⋅ V ⋅ h − V ⋅ h ⎞ ⋅ w = 3 ⋅ V ⋅ h ⋅ w
⌠
h ⌠
h
⎛ 2
⎮ Vexit ( x ) ⋅ w dx = ⎮ ⎜ min min h
⌡
0
⎮
⌡ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ min min 2 ⋅ h
⎠ 2 min
0
3 2
⋅ Vmin⋅ h ⋅ w = U⋅ w⋅ h Vmin = ⋅ U
Hence 2 3
2 m m
Vmin = × 7.5⋅ Vmin = 5.00⋅
3 s s
Problem 4.27 Problem 4.33 [Difficulty: 2]
4.34 A hydraulic accumulator is designed to reduce

pressure pulsations in a machine tool hydraulic system.
For the instant shown, determine the rate at which the D = 32 mm
accumulator gains or loses hydraulic oil. Q = .36 Lit/s V = 1.3 m/s
Solution:
Use the control volume shown.
Basic equation:
∂
∫ ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ dA

0=
∂t cV cs
Assumptions : (1) uniform flow at section (2)

(2) ρ = constant
Then,
∂
0=
∂t
( M cv ) + ∫ {− ρV
A1 1 dA1 } + ∫ { ρV
A2 2 dA 2 }
But ∫A1
ρV1 dA1 = ρQ1 where Q = volume flow rate and ρ = SG ρH2 o
∂
So 0= M cv − ρQ1 + ρV2 A 2
∂t
∂M cv
or = ρ ( Q1 − V2 A 2 )
∂t
 D2 
= SG ρH2 o  Q1 − V2 π 2  where SG = 0.88 (Table A.2)
 4 
 Lit m3 min π 2 m2 
= 0.88 × 998 kg/m3  0.36 × × − 1.3 m/s × × ( 32 ) mm 2 × 6 
 s 1000 Lit 60 s 4 10 mm 2 
∂M cv ∂M cv
= 0.91 kg/s (mass is decreasing in pre CV )
∂t ∂t
Since M cv = ρ V
oil oil
∂M cv ∂ ∂V ∂V
oil = SG ρ oil
∂t
= ρ V
∂t oil oil
=ρ (
oil ∂t oil )
H 2 o
∂t
∂V 1 ∂M cv 1 m3
oil = = × 998 × − 0.91 kg/s
∂t SG ρH2 o ∂t 0.88 kg
oil
∂V ∂V
oil = 1.036 × 10−3 m3 /s or 1.036 Lit/s oil
∂t ∂t
Problem 4.35
4.35 A cylindrical tank, 0.5 m in diameter, drains through hole in

its bottom. At the instant when the water depth is 0.8 m the
flow rate from the tank is observed to be 6 kg/s. Determine the
rate of change of water level at this instant.
Solution:
Required Sketch:
Apply conservation of mass to CV shown. Note section (2) cuts below free surface velocity;
Volume of CV is constant
Basic Equation:
 01
0    d    V  dA
t CV CS
Assumptions
1) Incompressible flow, so unsteady term is zero, since volume of CV is fixed
2) Uniform flow at each section
Then,
0  V1  A1  V2  A2  m1  V2  A2
And
m1
V2  A2 


kg m3
V2  A2  6.0   0.006 m3 /s
s 999 kg
Since,
V2  A2  0
Flow at the section (2) is into CV.
Therefore,
V2 A2
V2 
A2

4 1
V2  0.006 m3 /s  
  0.52 m2
 0.0305 m/s
The water level is falling at 30.5 mm/s

Vs  V2ˆj  30.5jˆ mm/s
Hence, the rate of change of water level is 30.5jˆ mm/s .

CS
Outflow
Given: Data on airflow out of tank
Find: Find rate of change of density of air in tank
Solution:
Basic equation ∂ r r
∫
∂t CV
ρ d V + ∫ ⋅ dA = 0
CS
ρ V
Assumptions: 1) Density in tank is uniform 2) Uniform flow 3) Air is an ideal gas
dρtank dρtank ρexit ⋅ V⋅ A p exit ⋅ V⋅ A

Hence Vtank⋅ + ρexit ⋅ V⋅ A = 0 =− =−
dt dt Vtank Rair⋅ Texit ⋅ Vtank
dρtank 2
3 N m 2 ⎛ 1⋅ m ⎞ × 1 ⋅ kg⋅ K × 1 1
= −300 × 10 ⋅ × 250 ⋅ × 100 ⋅ mm × ⎜ 1000⋅ mm ×
dt
m
2 s ⎝ ⎠ 286.9 N⋅ m ( −20 + 273 ) ⋅ K
0.4⋅ m
3
kg
dρtank m
3
= −0.258 ⋅ The mass in the tank is decreasing, as expected
Hence dt s
4.37 Air enters a tank through an area of 0.018 m2 with a

CV
velocity of 4.6 m/s and a density of 15.5 kg/m3. Air leaves 1
Tank
with a velocity of 1.5 m/s and a density equal to that in the V2 = 1.5 m/s
tank. The initial density of the air in the tank is 10.3 kg/m3. A2 = 0.04 m2
The total tank volume is 0.6 m3 and the exit area is V = 0.6 m3 P2 = P0
0.04 m2. Find the initial rate of change of density in the P0 = 10.3 kg/m3
tank.
2
Solution: Apply conservation of mass, using CV shown.
∂
∂t ∫cv ∫

Basic equation: 0 = ρdV +
cs
ρV ⋅ dA
∂ ∂
Assumptions: (1) Density is uniform in tank, so
∂t ∫cv
ρdV =
∂t
( ρ0 V ) .
(2) Flow is uniform at inlet and outlet sections.
Then
∂

0 =
∂t
( ρ0 V ) + ρ1 V1 ⋅ A1 + ρ0 V2 ⋅ A 2
=0
∂V ∂ρ
0 = ρ0 + V 0 − ρ1V1A1 + ρ0 V2 A 2
∂t ∂t
∂ρ0 ρ1 V1A1 − ρ0 V2 A 2
or =
∂t V
∂ρ0 1  kg 4.6 m kg 15 m 
Substituting magnitudes = 155 m3 × × 0.018 m 2 − 10.3 3 × × 0.04 m 2 
∂t 0.6 m3  s m s 
∂ρ0 ∂ρ0
= 1.109 kg / ( m3 ⋅ s )
∂t ∂t
∂ρ0
{Note since > 0 , mass in tank increases.}
∂t
4.38 A recent TV news story about lowering Lake (The How rate during draining was stated to be
Shafer near Monticello, Indiana, by increasing the equivalent to 60.5 m3/s.) The announcer also said that
discharge through the dam that impounds the lake, during draining the lake level was expected to fall at the
gave the following information for flow through the rate of 0.3 m every 8 hr. Calculate the actual flow rate
dam: during draining in m3/s. Estimate the surface area of the
Normal flow rate 8.2 m3/s lake.
Flow rate during draining of lake 57 m3/s
Solution: Convert units
Q = 57 m3/s Q
Apply conservation of mass using CV shown:

CV
Qi
Q0
∂ r r
Basic equation: 0= ∫
∂t cv
ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ dA
cs
Assumption: (1) p = constant
dV dh r r
Then =A = − ∫ V ⋅ dA = −Qo + Qi
dt dt cs
Qo − Qi ΔQ
A=− =− ; ΔQ = Q o − Q i
dh/dt dh/dt
0.3
But ΔQ = 48.8 m3 /s and dh/dt = − m/hr, since decreasing.
8
8 hr s
Thus A = − 48.8 m3 /s × × 3600 = 0.47 × 107 m 2 A
−0.3 m hr
4.48 A cylindrical tank, of diameter D = 50 mm, drains through

an opening, d = 5 mm, in the bottom of the tank. The speed of
the liquid leaving the tank is approximately V = 2gy where y is
the height from the tank bottom to the free surface. If the tank
is initially filled with water to y0 = 0.4 m, determine the water
depths at t = 1 min, t = 2 min, and t = 3 min. Plot y (m) versus t
for the first three min.
Given: Data on draining of a tank.
Find: Depth at various times; Plot of depth versus time.
Solution:
∂ r r
Basic equation ∫ ρ dV + ∫ ρ V ⋅ dA = 0
∂t CV CS
Assumptions: 1) Uniform flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Neglect air density
Treating the tank as the CV the basic equation becomes
∂ y π dy π
∂t ∫0
ρ⋅A dy + ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A =0 or ρ ⋅ ⋅ D2 ⋅ + ρ ⋅ ⋅ d2 ⋅ V = 0
tank opening 4 dt 4
2 1
dy ⎛d⎞
Using V = 2⋅g⋅ y and simplifying = − ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ y2
dt ⎝D⎠
2 2
dy ⎛d⎞ ⎛ 1 1
⎞ ⎛d⎞
Separating variables 1
= ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ dt and integrating 2 ⋅ ⎜ y 2 − y 02 ⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 2 ⋅ gt
⎝D⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝D⎠
y 2
2
⎡ g ⎛d⎞ ⎤
2
Solving for y y(t) = y0 ⋅ ⎢1 − ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅ t⎥

⎣⎢ 2 ⋅ y0 ⎝ D ⎠ ⎦⎥
Using the given data y(1·min) = 0.49 m y(2·min) = 4.10 m y(3·min) = 11.25 m
12.5
11.25
10
7.24
7.5
Depth (m)
5
4.1
2.5
1.85
0.49
0.001
0
0 50 100 150 200
t (sec)
4.40 For the conditions of Problem 4.48, estimate the times

required to drain the tank from initial depth to a depth y = 0.3 m
(a change in depth of 0.1 m), and from y = 0.3 m to y = 0.2 m
(also a change in depth of 0.1 m). Can you explain the
discrepancy in these times? Plot the time to drain to a depth y =
0.1 m as a function of opening sizes ranging from d = 2.5 mm to
12.5 mm.
Given: Data on draining of a tank.
Find: Times to a depth of 0.1 m; Plot of drain time versus opening size.
Solution:
∂
∫ ρ dV + ∫ ρV ⋅ dA = 0

Basic equation
∂t CV CS
Treating the tank as the CV the basic equation becomes
∂ y π dy π
∂t ∫0
ρ ⋅ A tank dy + ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A opening = 0 or ρ ⋅ ⋅ D2 ⋅ + ρ ⋅ ⋅ d 2 ⋅ V = 0
4 dt 4
2 1
dy d
Using V = 2⋅g ⋅ y and simplifying = −  ⋅ 2⋅g ⋅ y2
dt D
2
 1  d
1 2
dy d
Separating variables 1
=   ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ dt and integrating 2 ⋅  y 2 − y0 2  =   ⋅ 2 ⋅ gt
D   D
y2
2 ⋅ y0  D 
2
 y 
Solving for t t= ⋅  ⋅ 1 −  Using the given data t(0.3 m) = 3.83 s t(0.2 m) = 8.36 s
g d  y0 

Hence for the first drop of 0.1 m ∆t = t(0.3 m) ∆t = 3.83 s
For the second drop of 0.1 m ∆t = t(0.2 m) − t(0.3 m) ∆t = 4.53 s
This is because as the level drops the exit speed, hence drain rate, decreases.
28
27
Drain Time (sec)

26
25
24
23
2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5
d (mm)
Problem 4.39
Problem 4.41
P4.48.
4.43 A conical funnel of half-angle θ = 30° drains through a

small hole of diameter d = 6.25 mm at the vertex. The speed of
the liquid leaving the funnel is approximately V = 2 gy ,
where y is the height of the liquid free surface above the hole.
The funnel initially is filled to height y0 = 300 mm. Obtain an
expression for the time, t, for the funnel to completely drain,
and evaluate. Find the time to drain from 300 mm to 150 mm (a
change in depth of 150 mm), and from 150 mm to completely
empty (also a change in death of 150 mm). Can you explain the
discrepancy in these times? Plot the drain time t as a function
diameter d for d ranging from 6.25 mm to 12.5 mm.
Given: Data on draining of a funnel.
Find: Formula for drain time; time to drain from 300 mm to 150 mm; plot drain time versus hole
diameter.
Solution:
∂
∫ ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ dA = 0

Basic equation
∂t CV CS
Treating the funnel as the CV the basic equation becomes
∂ y
∂t ∫0
ρ⋅A
funnel
dy + ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A
opening
=0
For the funnel A = π ⋅ r 2 = π ⋅ (y ⋅ tan(θ))2

funnel
∂ y 2 π d  y3  d2
Hence ρ⋅π⋅ (tan(θ))2 ⋅
∂t ∫0
y dy + ρ⋅ V⋅ ⋅ d2 = 0 or
4
(tan(θ)) 2 ⋅
dt  3 
= − 2 ⋅ g ⋅ y ⋅
4
dy d2
Then (tan(θ)) 2 ⋅ y 2 ⋅ = − 2⋅g⋅ y⋅
dt 4
3
2 ⋅ g ⋅ d2
Separating variables y 2 ⋅ dy = ⋅ dt
4 ⋅ tan(θ)2
3
0 2 ⋅ gd 2 5
2 ⋅g ⋅d
Hence ∫y0
y 2 dy = −
4 ⋅ tan(θ) 2
⋅t or
5
⋅ y02 =
4 ⋅ ta n ( θ ) 2
⋅t
5
8 tan(θ)2 ⋅ y 0 2
Solving for t t= ⋅ and using the given data t = 2.53 min
5 2 ⋅ g ⋅ d2
To find the time to drain from 300 mm to 150 mm, we use the time equation with the two depths; this finds the time
to drain from 300 mm and 150 mm, so the difference is the time we want
5 5
8 tan(θ) 2 ⋅ y0 2 8 tan(θ) 2 ⋅ y1 2
y1 = 150 mm ∆t 1 = ⋅ − ⋅ ∆t1 = 2.1 ⋅ min
5 2 ⋅ g ⋅d 2 5 2 ⋅ g ⋅d 2
5
8 tan(θ) 2 ⋅ y1 2
∆t 2 = ⋅ ∆t 2 = 0.448 min Note that ∆t1 + ∆t 2 = 2.53 min
5 2 ⋅ g ⋅ d2
The second time is a bit longer because although the flow rate decreases, the area of the funnel does too.
3
Drain Time (min)
6.25 7.5 8.75 10 11.25 12.5

d (mm)
4.44 For the funnel of problem 4.55, find the diameter d

required if the funnel is to drain in t = 1 min from an initial
depth y0 = 30 cm. Plot the diameter d required to drain the
funnel in 1 min as a function of initial depth y0, for y0 ranging
from 2.5 cm to 60 cm.
Given: Data on draining of a funnel.
Find: Diameter that will drain in 1 min; plot diameter versus depth y0.
Solution:
∂
∫ ∫

Basic equation ρ dV + ρ V ⋅ dA = 0
∂t CV CS
Treating the funnel as the CV the basic equation becomes
∂ y
∂t ∫ 0
ρ ⋅ A funnel dy + ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A opening = 0
For the funnel A funnel = π ⋅ r 2 = π ⋅ (y ⋅ tan(θ )) 2
∂ y 2 π d  y3  d2
∂t ∫0
2 2
Hence ρ⋅ π⋅ ( tan(θ) ) ⋅ y dy + ρ⋅ V ⋅ ⋅ d2 = 0 or ( tan(θ)) ⋅   = − 2⋅g ⋅ y ⋅
4 dt  3  4
2 dy d2 3
2 ⋅ g ⋅ d2
Then ( tan(θ) ) ⋅ y2 ⋅ = − 2⋅g ⋅ y ⋅ Separating variables y 2 ⋅ dy = − ⋅ dt
dt 4 4 ⋅ tan( θ ) 2
3
0 2⋅ g ⋅ d 2 52 2⋅g ⋅d
Hence ∫y0
y2 ⋅ dy = −
4 ⋅ tan(θ)2
⋅t or
5
⋅ y0 =
4 ⋅ tan(θ) 2
⋅t
Solving for d 8 tan( θ ) 2 ⋅ y 02 and using the given data, for t = 1 min d = 1.01 cm
d = ⋅
5 2⋅g ⋅t
2.5
2.0
1.5
d (cm)
1.0
0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
y0 (cm)
Problem 4.45 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
4 . 5 7 O ver time, air seeps through pores in the rubber of high-

pressure bicycle tires. The saying is that a tire loses pressure at the
rate of “6.9 kPa per day.” The true rate of pressure loss is not
constant; instead, the instantaneous leakage mass flow rate is
proportional to the air density in the tire and to the gage pressure
in the tire, m α ρρ. Because the leakage rate is slow, air in the tire
is nearly isothermal. Consider a tire that initially is inflated to 0.7
MPa (gage). Assume the initial rate of pressure loss is 6.9 kPa per
day. Estimate how long it will take for the pressure to drop to 500
kPa. How accurate is “6.9 kPa per day” over the entire 30-day
period? Plot the pressure as a function of time over the 30-day
period. Show the rule-of-thumb results for comparison.
Solution:
Apply conservation of mass to tire as the CV. CV
∂
Basic equation: 0=
∂t ∫ CV
ρ dV + ∫ CS
ρ V ⋅ dA m
Assumptions: (1) uniform properties in tire

(2) air inside CV behaves as ideal gas
(3) T = constant, V = constant
(4) M = C(p − p )ρ
atm
Then we can write
∂p ∂p
0=V +m
=V + C ( p − patm ) ρ (1)
∂t ∂t
∂ρ 1 dp
But ρ = p RT and = , so
∂t RT dt
V dp cρ
0 = + ( p − patm )
RT dt RT
dρ dρ 
At t = 0 , ρ = ρ0 and = . Thus
dt dt 0
dρ  V dρ 
0=V  + cρ0 ( p0 − patm ) and C = − 
dt 0 ρ0 ( p 0 − p atm ) dt 0
Substituting into Eq. 1 we obtain
dρ ρ ( p − p atm ) dρ 
0= − 
dt ρ0 ( p 0 − p atm ) dt 0
y
2h
x
c CS d
Given: Data on flow at inlet and outlet of channel
Find: Ratio of outlet to inlet momentum flux
Solution:
r
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction at a section mf x = ∫ uρV ⋅ dA
A
2
Evaluating at 1 and 2 mfx1 = U⋅ ρ⋅ ( −U⋅ 2 ⋅ h ) ⋅ w mfx1 = 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ w⋅ U ⋅ h
h
⌠ h
⎮ 2 ⌠
⌠
h
⎡ 2⎤ ⎮ ⎡ 2 4⎤
mfx2 = ⎮ ρ⋅ u ⋅ w dy = ρ⋅ w⋅ u max ⋅ ⎮
2 2
⎢1 − ⎛y⎞ ⎥ 2
dy = ρ⋅ w⋅ u max ⋅ ⎮ ⎢1 − 2 ⋅ ⎛⎜
y⎞ ⎛ y ⎞ ⎥ dy
Hence
⎮ ⎜h + ⎜h
⌡
−h ⌡ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎮
⌡ ⎣ ⎝h⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
−h −h
mfx2 = ρ⋅ w⋅ u max ⋅ ⎛⎜ 2 ⋅ h − ⋅ h + ⋅ h⎞ = ρ⋅ w⋅ u max ⋅ ⋅ h

2 4 2 2 16
⎝ 3 5 ⎠ 15
Then the ratio of momentum fluxes is
16 2
⋅ ρ⋅ w⋅ u max ⋅ h 2
mfx2 15 8 ⎛ u max ⎞
= = ⋅⎜
mfx1 2 15 ⎝ U ⎠
2 ⋅ ρ⋅ w⋅ U ⋅ h
2
⎛ 3
⋅U ⎞
3 mfx2 8 ⎜ 2 6
But, from Problem 4.34 u max = ⋅U = ⋅⎜ = = 1.2
2 mfx1 15 ⎝ U ⎠ 5
Hence the momentum increases as it flows in the entrance region of the channel. This appears to contradict common sense, as
friction should reduce flow momentum. What happens is the pressure drops significantly along the channel so the net force on
the CV is to the right.
Given: Data on flow at inlet and outlet of pipe
Find: Ratio of outlet to inlet momentum flux
Solution:
r
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction at a section mf x = ∫ uρV ⋅ dA
A
Evaluating at 1 and 2 (
mfx1 = U⋅ ρ⋅ −U⋅ π⋅ R
2
) mfx1 = ρ⋅ π⋅ U ⋅ R
2 2
R
⌠ R
⎮ 2 ⌠
⌠
R
⎡ 2⎤
2⎮ ⎛ 3 5⎞
2 2⎮
mfx2 = ⎮ ρ⋅ u ⋅ 2⋅ π⋅ r dr = 2⋅ ρ⋅ π⋅ u max ⋅ r ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎛r ⎞⎥ ⎜ r − 2⋅ r + r dy
Hence ⎜R dr = 2⋅ ρ⋅ π⋅ u max ⋅ ⎮
⌡ ⎮ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎮ ⎜ 2 4
0 ⌡
0 ⌡ ⎝ R R ⎠
0
2 ⎛R
2 2 2⎞ 2
R R 2 R
mfx2 = 2⋅ ρ⋅ π⋅ u max ⋅ ⎜ − + = ρ⋅ π⋅ u max ⋅
⎝ 2 2 6 ⎠ 3
Then the ratio of momentum fluxes is

1 2 2
⋅ ρ⋅ π⋅ u max ⋅ R 2
mfx2 3 1⎛ u max ⎞
= = ⋅⎜
mfx1 2 2 3 ⎝ U ⎠
ρ⋅ π⋅ U ⋅ R
mfx2 2
2⋅ U ⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜
1 4
But, from Problem 4.35 u max = 2 ⋅ U = = = 1.33
mfx1 3 ⎝ U ⎠ 3
Hence the momentum increases as it flows in the entrance region of the pipe This appears to contradict common sense, as friction
should reduce flow momentum. What happens is the pressure drops significantly along the pipe so the net force on the CV is to
the right.
Problem 4.49
4.49 Water jets are being used more and more for metal cutting
operations. If a pump generates a flow of 63 × 10−6 m3 /s
through an orifice of 0.254 mm diameter, what is the average jet
speed? What force (N) will the jet produce at impact, assuming as
an approximation that the water sprays sideways after impact?
Given: Water jet hitting object.
Find: Jet speed; Force generated.
Solution:
Basic equations: Continuity and Momentum flux in x direction.
r r ∂ r r
∫CS ⋅ dA = 0 Fx = FSx + FBx = ∂t ∫CV u ρ dV +
V ∫CS
u ρV ⋅ dA
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure throughout 4) Uniform flow
Given data Q = 63 × 10−6 m3 /s d = 0 ⋅ 254 mm ρ = 1000 kg/m3
π Q
Using continuity Q = V ⋅ A = U ⋅ ⋅ d 2 Using data U= U = 1243 m/s FAST!
d π 2
⋅d
4
π ⋅ d2
Using momentum R x = u1 ⋅ ρ ⋅ ( − u1 ⋅ A1 ) = − ρ ⋅ U 2 ⋅ A = − ρ ⋅ U 2 ⋅
4
π ⋅ d2
Hence R x = − ρ ⋅ U2 ⋅
4
m ⎞ π ( ⋅000254 ) m
2 2 2
kg ⎛
R x = − 1000 3 × ⎜1243 ⎟ × R x = − 78 ⋅ 3 N
m ⎝ s ⎠ 4
Given: Data on flow and system geometry
Find: Force required to hold plug
Solution:
Basic equation:
3
m kg
The given data is D1 = 0.25⋅ m D2 = 0.2⋅ m Q = 1.5⋅ p 1 = 3500⋅ kPa ρ = 999 ⋅
s 3
m
2
π⋅ D1 2 Q m
Then A1 = A1 = 0.0491 m V1 = V1 = 30.6
4 A1 s
A2 = ⋅ ⎛ D1 − D2 ⎞
π 2 2 2 Q m
A2 = 0.0177 m V2 = V2 = 84.9
4 ⎝ ⎠ A2 s
Applying the basic equation
( ) (
−F + p 1 ⋅ A2 − p 2 ⋅ A2 = 0 + V1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + V2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ) and p2 = 0 (gage)
F = p 1 ⋅ A1 + ρ⋅ ⎛ V1 ⋅ A1 − V2 ⋅ A2⎞
2 2
Hence
⎝ ⎠
kN ⎡⎛
kg m⎞
2
2 ⎛ m⎞
2
2⎤
× ⎢⎜ 30.6⋅ ⋅ 0.0177⋅ m ⎥
2
F = 3500 × ⋅ 0.0491⋅ m + 999 ⋅ ⋅ 0.0491⋅ m − ⎜ 84.9⋅ F = 90.4⋅ kN
2 3 ⎣⎝ s⎠ ⎝ s⎠ ⎦
m m
Given: Large tank with nozzle and wire
Find: Tension in wire; plot for range of water depths
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the tank
2
2 π⋅ d 1 2
Hence Rx = T = V⋅ ρ⋅ ( V⋅ A) = ρ⋅ V ⋅ A = ρ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ g ⋅ y ) ⋅ T= ⋅ ρ⋅ g ⋅ y ⋅ π⋅ d T is linear with y!
4 2
2
π kg m 2 N⋅ s
When y = 0.9 m T = × 1000⋅ × 9.81⋅ × 0.9⋅ m × ( 0.015 ⋅ m) × T = 3.12 N
2 3 2 kg⋅ m
m s
3
T (N)
0 0.3 0.6 0.9
y (m)
This graph can be plotted in Excel
Problem 4.52
Given: Water flowing past cylinder
Find: Horizontal force on cylinder
Solution:
Basic equations: momentum flux in x direction

Fx  FSx  FBx   u  d   CS u V  A
t CV
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
3) Atmospheric pressure throughout
4) Uniform flow
Hence,
Rx  u1    u1 A1   u2    u2 A2   0    V sin    Vab 

Rx   V 2 ab sin  
For given data

kg  m  N×s 2
Rx  1000   4  2  .014m  0.0035m  sin  30  
m3  s  kg×m
Rx  0.34N
This is the force on the fluid (it is to the left). Hence the force on the cylinder is
Rx   Rx
Rx  0.34N
4.53 A vertical plate has a sharp-edged orifice at its center. A water

jet of speed V strikes the plate concentrically. Obtain an expression
for the external force needed to hold the plate in place, if the jet
leaving the orifice also has speed V. Evaluate the force for V = 4.6
m/s, D = 100 mm, and d = 25 mm. Plot the required force as a
function of diameter ratio for a suitable range of diameter d.
Given: Water jet hitting plate with opening.
Find: Force generated on plate; plot force versus diameter d.
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction.
∂ r r
Fx = FSx + FBx =
∂t ∫CV
u ρ dV + ∑ CS
u ρV ⋅ A
π ⋅ D2 π ⋅ d2 π ⋅ ρ ⋅ V2 ⋅ D2 ⎡ ⎛d⎞ ⎤
2
Hence R x = u1 ⋅ ρ ⋅ (− u1 ⋅ A1 ) + u 2 ⋅ ρ( u 2 ⋅ A 2 ) = −ρ ⋅ V 2 ⋅ + ρ ⋅ V2 ⋅ Rx = ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (1)
4 4 4 ⎣⎢ ⎝ D ⎠ ⎦⎥
π kg ⎛ m⎞
2
⎡ ⎛1⎞ ⎤
2
N ⋅ s2
R x = − ⋅ 1000 3 × ⎜ 4.6 ⎟ × ( 0.1 m ) × ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ×
2
For given data R x = 156 N
4 m ⎝ s ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦ kg ⋅ m
From Eq 1 (using the absolute value of Rx)

160
120
Force (N)
80
40
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Diameter Ratio (d/D)
This graph can be plotted in Excel

Given: Water tank attached to mass
Find: Whether tank starts moving; Mass to just hold in place
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the tank
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure at exit 4) Uniform flow
2
2 π⋅ D
Hence Rx = V⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ ρ⋅ ( V⋅ A) = ρ⋅ V ⋅ ⋅ cos( θ)
4
We need to find V. We could use the Bernoulli equation, but here it is known that V= 2⋅ g⋅ h where h = 2 m is the
height of fluid in the tank
m m
V = 2 × 9.81⋅ × 2⋅ m V = 6.26
2 s
s
2
× ⎛⎜ 6.26⋅
kg m⎞ π 2
Hence Rx = 1000⋅ × × ( 0.05⋅ m) × cos( 60⋅ deg) Rx = 38.5 N
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ 4
This force is equal to the tension T in the wire T = Rx T = 38.5 N
For the block, the maximum friction force a mass of M = 10 kg can generate is Fmax = M ⋅ g ⋅ μ where µ is static friction
2
m N⋅ s
Fmax = 10⋅ kg × 9.81⋅ × 0.55 × Fmax = 54.0 N
2 kg⋅ m
s
Hence the tension T created by the water jet is less than the maximum friction F max; the tank is at rest
The mass that is just sufficient is given by M ⋅ g ⋅ μ = Rx
Rx 2
1 s 1 kg⋅ m
M= M = 38.5⋅ N × ⋅ × × M = 7.14 kg
g⋅ μ 9.81 m 0.55 2
N⋅ s
Problem 4.55
4.55 A gate is 2 m wide and 2.4 m tall and hinged at the bottom. On
one side of the gate holds a 2 m deep body of water on the other
side, a 6 cm diameter water jets hits the gate at a height of 2 m.
What jet speed V is required to hold the gate vertical? What will
the required speed if the body of water is lowered to 1.0 m? What
will required speed be if the water level is lowered to 0.25 m?
Given: gate held in place by water jet
Find: Required jet speed for various water depths
Solution:
basic equation of momentum flux in x  direction for the wall

f x  f sx  f Bx

  u  d   CS u VdA
t CV
NOTE:
We use this equation only for the jet impacting the wall. For hydrostatic force and location we
use computing equations
FR  Pc  A
I XX
y '  yc 
A  yc
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
2) Incompressible
3) Uniform flow
Hence,
RX  V    VAjet 
 D2
  V 2
4
Hence, “ D ” is the jet diameter.
For the hydrostatic force

h 1
FR  Pc  A    g   h  w     g  w  h 2
2 2
I XX
y '  yc 
A  yc
W  h3
h 2
  12  h
2 W h h 3
2
Here,
" h " is the water depth and ' w ' is the gate width
For the gate, we can take moments about the hinge to obtain
h
 f jet  h jet  f R  h  y '   f jet  h jet  f R  0
3
Here,
' h jet ' is the height of the jet from the ground.
Hence,
 D2 h
f jet    V 2   h jet  f R
4 3
1 h
  gWh 2
2 3
Solve above equation for "V "

2 gWh3
V (1)
3 D 2 h j
Case 1:
For h  2 m
Substitute corresponding values in equation (1), for h  2 m

2
3 1   1 
Vh 2 m 
2
3
 9.81 m/ s 2   2 m  2 m     
 0.06 m   2 m 
 68.01 m/s
Hence, the jet speed for h  2 m is 68.01 m/s .

Case 2:
For h  1 m
Substitute corresponding values in equation (1), for h  1 m

2
3 1   1 
Vh 1 m 
2
3
 9.81 m/ s 2   2 m 1 m     
 0.06 m   2 m 
 24.05 m/s
Hence, the jet speed for h  1 m is 24.05 m/s .
Case 3:
For h  0.5 m
Substitute corresponding values in equation (1), for h  0.5 m

2
3 1   1 
Vh 1 m 
2
3
 9.81 m/ s 2   2 m  0.5 m     
 0.06 m   2 m 
 8.05 m/s
Hence, the jet speed for h  0.5 m is 8.05 m/s .

Problem 4.57
4.57 A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 20-gal

bucket. The inner diameter of the hose is 4 cm, and it reduces
to 0.9 cm at the nozzle exit. If it takes 60 s to fill the bucket
with water, determine
(a) The volume and mass flow rates of water through the hose,
and
(b) The average velocity of water at the nozzle exit.
Solution:
A garden hose is used to fill a water bucket. The volume and mass flow rates of water and the
exit velocity are to be determined.
Assumptions:
1) Water is nearly incompressible substance.
2) Flow through the hose is steady
3) There is no waste of water by splashing.
Properties: We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3  1 kg/L
Analysis:
(a)
Noting that 20 gal of water are discharged in 60 s, the volume and the mass flow rates of water
are
V
V
t
Substitute corresponding values in the above expression:

20 gal  3.7854 L 
V  
60 s  1 gal 
 1.2618 L/s
Hence, the volume flow rate is 1.2618 L/s .
Write expression of m
m  V
Substitute corresponding values in the above expression

m  1 kg/L 1.2618 L/s 
 1.2618 kg/s
Hence, the mass flow rate is 1.2618 kg/s .
(b)
The cross sectional are of the nozzle exit is
The volume flow rate through the hose and the nozzle is constant. Their average velocity of
water at the nozzle exit becomes
V
Ve 
Ae

1.2618 L/s
Ve  2
 0.45 
 
 100 
1.2618 L/s  1 m3 
  
0.6361104 m 2  1000L 
 19.84 m/s
Hence, the average velocity of water at the nozzle exit is 19.84 m/s .
x CS
c
Rx
Given: Water flow through elbow
Find: Force to hold elbow
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the elbow
( ) ( ) Rx = −p 1g ⋅ A1 − p 2g ⋅ A2 − ρ⋅ ⎛ V1 ⋅ A1 + V2 ⋅ A2⎞
2 2
Hence Rx + p 1g ⋅ A1 + p 2g ⋅ A2 = V1⋅ −ρ⋅ V1⋅ A1 − V2⋅ ρ⋅ V2⋅ A2
⎝ ⎠
2
A1 ⎛ D1 ⎞ 2
V2 = 0.8⋅ ⋅ ⎛⎜
m 0.2 ⎞ m
From continuity V2 ⋅ A2 = V1 ⋅ A1 so V2 = V1⋅ = V1⋅ ⎜ V2 = 20⋅
s ⎝ 0.04⎠
A2
⎝ D2 ⎠ s
2 2
3 N π⋅ ( 0.2⋅ m) 3 N π⋅ ( 0.04⋅ m)
Hence Rx = −350 × 10 ⋅ × − 75 × 10 ⋅ × ...
2 4 2 4
m m
kg ⎡⎛ π⋅ ( .04⋅ m) ⎤ N⋅ s
2 2 2 2 2
× ⎢⎜ 0.8⋅ ⎞ × + ⎛⎜ 20⋅ ⎞ ×
m π⋅ ( 0.2⋅ m) m
+ −1000⋅ ⎥× Rx = −11.6⋅ kN
3 ⎣⎝ s⎠ 4 ⎝ s⎠ 4 ⎦ kg⋅ m
m
The force is to the left: It is needed to hold the elbow on against the high pressures, plus it generates the large change in x momentum
4.60 Water is flowing steadily through the 180° elbow shown.

At the inlet to the elbow the gage pressure is 103 kPa. The
water discharges to atmospheric pressure. Assume properties
are uniform over the inlet and outlet areas: A1 = 2500 mm2,
A2 = 650 mm2, and V1 = 3 m/s Find the horizontal component
of force required to hold the elbow in place.
Given: Water flow through elbow.
Find: Force to hold elbow.
Solution:
∂
∂t ∫CV ∫

Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the elbow Fx − FSx + FBx − u ρ dV + u ρV ⋅ dA
CS
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure at exit 4) Uniform flow
Hence R x + p1g ⋅ A1 = V1 ⋅ ( −ρ ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 ) − V2 ⋅ ( ρ ⋅ V2 ⋅ A 2 ) R x = − p1g ⋅ A1 − ρ ⋅ ( V12 ⋅ A1 + V22 ⋅ A 2 )
A1 m 2500
From continuity V2 ⋅ A 2 = V1 ⋅ A1 so V2 = V1 ⋅ V2 = 3 V2 = 11⋅ 54 m/s
A2 s 650
 2 2
 2
Hence Rx = −103 × 10−3 N 2 × 2500 mm2 − 999 kg3 × 3 m  × 2500 mm2 + 11.54 m  × 650 mm2  ×  1 m  × N⋅ s
2
mm m  s   s  1000 mm  kg ⋅ m
Rx = 366.5 N
The force is to the left: It is needed to hold the elbow on against the high pressure, plus it generates the large change
in x momentum.
Problem 4.61
Given: Water flow through nozzle
Find: force to hold nozzle
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the elbow

Fx  FSx  FBx   u  d   CS u V  dA
t CV
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
3) Uniform flow
Hence,
Rx  p1 gA1  p2 gA2  V1   V1 A1   V2 cos   V2 A2 

Rx   p1 gA1   V2 2 A2 cos    V12 A1 
From continuity,
V2  A2  V1  A1 so,
2
A D 
V2  V1 1  V1  1 
A2  D2 
2
m  35 
V2  2.5  
s  18 
m
V2  9.5
s
Hence,
 0.35 m   1000 kg   0.18  0.35m   Ns 2

2 2 2 2 2
N m  m
Rx  17 103 2    9.5     cos  40    2.5    
m 4 m3  s  4  s  4  Kg×m
Rx  475N
The joint is in tension. It is needed to hold the elbow against the high pressure plus it generates
the large change in x momentum.
4.62 A spray system is shown in the diagram. Water is supplied at V = 4.6 m/s
a = 650 mm2
p = 10 kPa (gage), thorough the flanged opening of area
A = 1900 mm2. The water leaves in a steady free jet at atmospheric
pressure. The jet area and speed are a = 650 mm2 and V = 4.6 m/s. M = 0.09 kg
V = 196 cm3
The mass of the spray system is 0.09 kg and it contains V =196
cm3 of water. Find the force exerted on the supply pipe by the spray
system.
Supply A = 1900 mm2
p = 10 kPa (gage)
Solution:
Apply the y component of the momentum equation to the fixed control volume shown.
Basic equation: 0(1)

∂
FSy + FBy = ∫ v ρdV + ∫ v ρV ⋅ dA

(1)
∂t CV CS
Assumptions: (1) steady flow

(2) incompressible flow
(3) uniform flow at each section
(4) calculation of surface forces is simplified through use of gage pressures
∂
∂t ∫ ∫

From continuity, 0 = ρdV + ρV ⋅ dA , for given conditions
CS
A2 a
0 = − ρV1A1 + ρV2 A 2 and V1 = V2 =V
A1 A
∫

v ρV ⋅ dA = v1 {− ρV1A1 } + v 2 { ρV2 A 2 } = V1 ( −ρV1A1 ) + V ( ρVa )
CS
( −ρVa ) + V ( ρVa ) = ρV 2 a 1 − 

a a
=V
A  A
Then from eq (1) we can write
 a
Ry + ρ1g A − ρVg − M g = ρV 2 a  1 −  Solving for Ry,
 A
 a
Ry = −ρ1g A + ρVg + M g + ρV 2 a 1 − 
 A
N kg m m3 N ⋅ s2 m N ⋅ s2
−10−2 × 1900 mm 2
× 999 × 196 cm 3
× 9.81 × × × 0.09 kg × 9.81 ×
mm 2 m3 s 2 106 cm3 kg ⋅ m s 2 kg ⋅ m
kg 2 m
2
m2 N ⋅ s2  650 mm 2 
+999 3
× ( 4.6 ) 2 × 650 mm 2 × 6 × 1 − 
m s 10 mm kg ⋅ m  1900 mm 2 
2
Ry = 7.16 N
The force of the spray system on the supply pipe is
K y = − Ry = 7.16 N (Upward) Ky
4.63 A flat plate orifice of 50 mm diameter is located at the D = 100 mm

CS
end of a 100 mm diameter pipe. Water flows through the pipe d = 38 mm
and orifice at 0.57 m3/s. The diameter of the water jet
Q = 0.57 m3/s
downstream from the orifice is 38 mm. Calculate the external
force required to hold the orifice in place. Neglect friction on y
the pipe wall. x Rx
p = 1.38 MPa (gage)
Given: Water flow through orifice plate.
Find: Force to hold plate.
Solution:
∂
∂t ∫CV ∫

Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the elbow Fx = FSx + FBx = uρdV + uρV ⋅ dA
CS
Hence R x + p1g ⋅ A1 − p 2g ⋅ A 2 = V1 ⋅ ( −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 ) + V2 ⋅ ( ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A 2 ) (

R x = − p1g ⋅ A1 + ρ⋅ V22 ⋅ A2 − V12 ⋅ A1 )
From continuity Q = V1 ⋅ A1 = V2 ⋅ A 2
2 2
Q m3 4 m A1  D m  100  m
so V1 = = 0.57 × 2
= 72.6 and V2 = V1 ⋅ = V1 ⋅   = 72.6 ×   = 502.8
A1 s π ( 0.1 m ) s A2  
d s  38  s
NOTE: Problem has an error: Flow rate should be 0.057 m3/s not 0.57 m3/s! We will provide answers to both.
Hence
N π ( 0.1 m )
2
kg  m
2 2
π⋅ ( 33 mm )  m
2
π (100 mm ) 
2
R x = − 1.38 × 106 2
× × 999 ×   502.8  × −  72.6  ×  ×
m 4 m3  s  4  s  4 
2
 1 m  N ⋅ s2
  ×
 1000 mm  kg ⋅ m
Rx = 234282 N
With more realistic velocities
Hence
kg  m  π ( 0.1 m )   1 m 
2 2 2 2 2 2
N π ( 0.1 m ) m  π ( 38 mm )  N ⋅ s2
R x = − 1.38 × 106 2
× × 999 3 ×  50.3  × −  72.6  × ×  ×
m 4 m  s  4  s  4   1000 mm  kg ⋅ m
Rx = 7972 N
Problem 4.64
Problem 4.65
Given: Data on rocket motor
Find: Thrust produced
Solution:
basic equation of momentum flux in x  direction for the elbow


f x  f sx  f Bx   u  d   CS u VdA
t CV
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
2) Neglect change of momentum within CV
3) Uniform flow
Hence,
RX  Peg  Ae  Ve  eVe Ae   meVe
RX  Peg Ae  meVe (1)
Hence, Peg is the exit pressure (gage), me is the mass flow rate at the exit (software cannot
render dot over m ! )and Ve is the exit velocity.
For the mass flow rate
me  mnitricacid  maniline

me  60 kg/s  30 kg/s
 90 kg/s
Again substitute values in equation (1)

  0.4 
2
RX  105  101 10 N/m  3 2

 90 kg/s 160 m/s  Ns 2 /kg  m
4
 14.9 kN
Hence, the thrust produced by the motor on a test stand at standard sea-level pressure is
14.9 kN .
4.66 A typical jet engine test stand installation is 2

1
shown, together with some test data. Fuel enters the A1 = 5.9 m2
top of the engine vertically at a rate equal to 2 percent V2 = 365 m/s V1 = 152 m/s
of the mass flow rate of the inlet air. For the given p1 = –2.05 MPa (gage)
conditions, compute the air flow rate through the p2 = patm
engine and estimate the thrust.
Solution:
Apply x-component of the momentum equation to CV shown.
= 0(1) =0(2)
∂
Basic equations: FSx + FBx =
∂t ∫CV
uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ dA
CS
m
air = ρ1 V1 A1 , ρ = P/RT
Assumptions: (1) FB x = 0
(2) steady flow
(3) uniform flow at inlet and outlet sections
(4) air behaves as ideal gas; T = 20°C
(5) fuel enters vertically (given)
ρ1  N N  kg ⋅ K 1
ρ1 = = 101.3 × 103 2 − 14.3 ×103 2  × × = 1.935 kg/m3
RT1  m m  286.9 J 293 K
air = ρ1 V1 A1 = 1.03 kg/m 3 × 152 m/s × 5.9 m 2 = 928 kg/s

m
From the momentum equation
=0 = 0(5)
R1x − ρ1g A1 + ρ2g A 2 = u1 {−m 2 } + u ρ {− m
1} + u 2 {m ρ}
u1 = − V1 , u 2 = − V2 , m
2 =m
1 +m
ρ
Also thrust T = Kx (force of engine on surroundings) = –Rx
So
−T − ρ1g A1 = m
1V1 − m 1V1 − (1.02 m
2 V2 = m 1 ) V2
1 (1.02V2 − V1 ) − ρ1g A1
T=m
N ⋅ s2
T = 928 kg/s [1.02 × 365 m/s − 152 m s ] − ( −14.3 kPa ) 5.9 m 2
m ⋅ kg
T = 229 kN T
Given: Data on flow and system geometry
Find: Deflection angle as a function of speed; jet speed for 10o deflection
Solution:
kg 2 N
The given data is ρ = 999⋅ A = 0.01⋅ m L = 2⋅ m k = 500⋅ x 0 = 1⋅ m
3 m
m
Basic equation (y momentum):
Applying this to the current system in the vertical direction
Fspring = V⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ ( ρ⋅ V⋅ A) But (

Fspring = k ⋅ x = k ⋅ x 0 − L⋅ sin( θ) )
Hence ( ) 2
k ⋅ x 0 − L⋅ sin( θ) = ρ⋅ V ⋅ A⋅ sin( θ)
⎛ k⋅ x0 ⎞
Solving for θ θ = asin⎜
⎜ k⋅ L + ρ⋅ A⋅ V2
⎝ ⎠
N
(
k ⋅ x 0 − L⋅ sin( θ) ) 500 ⋅
m
⋅ ( 1 − 2 ⋅ sin( 5 ⋅ deg) ) ⋅ m
kg⋅ m m
For the speed at which θ = 10o, solve V= V = ⋅ V = 21.8
ρ⋅ A⋅ sin( θ) kg 2 2 s
999 ⋅ ⋅ 0.01⋅ m ⋅ sin( 5 ⋅ deg) N⋅ s
3
m
35
30
Angle (deg.)
25
20
15
10
5
0 5 10 15 20 25
V (m/s)
Problem 4.68
4.68 An aeroplane is flying at a speed of 981 km/hr. The density of the

air entering the jet engine is 0.846 kg/m3, and jet engine’s frontal
intake area is 0.90 m2. The engine’s exhaust gases moving away
from the jet engine with the speed of 1070 Km/hr. The exhaust gas
density is 0.615 kg/m3, and exhaust area of the engine is 0.665m2.
Determine the mass flow rate of the fuel into the engine in Kg/s.
Given: Speed of an aeroplane; density of air entering and leaving the jet engine; jet
engine frontal and exhaust area; speed of the engine exhaust gases.
Find: Mass flow rate of the fuel into the engine in kg/s
Solution:
Use equation for continuity,

t 
CV
 dV   W  dA  0
CS
 
Assuming one directional flow, continuity equation become, 
 t

CV
 dV  0 

CS
W  dA  0
Let the intake velocity relative to the moving control volume be W1
Let the exhaust, which also needs to be measured relative to the moving control volume W2
Assume flow to be one-dimensional,
 m fuel in  1 AW
1 1   2 A2W2  0
 m fuel in  2 A2W2  1 AW
1 1
The exhaust velocity relative to the moving control volume can be calculated,
W2  V2  VPlane
km km
 1070  981
h h
km m
 2050  569.44
h s
The intake velocity relative to the moving control volume can be calculated as,
W1  V1  VPlane
km km
 1070  981
h h
km m
 89  24.72
h s
Mass flow rate can be given as,
 m fuel in   2 A2W2  1 AW
1 1
 kg   m  kg   m
  0.615 3   0.665 m 2   569.44    0.846 3   0.90 m 2   24.72 
 m   s   m   s 
kg
 214.06
s
kg
Thus, the mass flow rate of the fuel into the engine is 214.06
s
Problem 4.71
y
x
Ry
Rx
CS
Given: Data on nozzle assembly
Find: Reaction force
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x and y directions
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow CV 3) Uniform flow

2
π⋅ D2
For x momentum (
Rx = V2 ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ ) 2
4
⋅ cos( θ)
2
A1 ⎛ D1 ⎞ m ⎛ 7.5 ⎞
2
m
From continuity A1 ⋅ V1 = A2 ⋅ V2 V2 = V1 ⋅ = V1 ⋅ ⎜ V2 = 2 ⋅ × ⎜ 2.5 V2 = 18
A2
⎝ D2 ⎠ s ⎝ ⎠ s
2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎛⎜ 18⋅
kg m⎞ π 2
Hence Rx = 1000⋅ × × ( 0.025 ⋅ m) × cos( 30⋅ deg) × Rx = 138 ⋅ N
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ 4 kg⋅ m
For y momentum (
Ry − p 1 ⋅ A1 − W − ρ⋅ Vol ⋅ g = −V1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 − V2 ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ) ( )
2
π⋅ D1 ρ⋅ π
⋅ ⎛ V ⋅ D1 − V2 ⋅ D2 ⋅ sin( θ) ⎞
2 2 2 2
Ry = p 1 ⋅ + W + ρ⋅ Vol ⋅ g +
4 4 ⎝ 1 ⎠
2
m N⋅ s 3
where W = 4.5⋅ kg × 9.81⋅ × W = 44.1 N Vol = 0.002 ⋅ m
2 kg⋅ m
s
2 2
3 N π⋅ ( 0.075 ⋅ m) kg 3 m N⋅ s
Hence Ry = 125 × 10 ⋅ × + 44.1⋅ N + 1000⋅ × 0.002 ⋅ m × 9.81⋅ × ...
2 4 3 2 kg⋅ m
m m s
⎡⎛ m ⎞ 2 ⎛ 18⋅ m ⎞ × ( 0.025 ⋅ m) 2 × sin( 30⋅ deg)⎥⎤ × N⋅ s
2 2
kg π
+ 1000⋅ × × ⎢⎜ 2 ⋅ 2
× ( 0.075 ⋅ m) − ⎜ s
m
3 4 ⎣⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ kg⋅ m
Ry = 554 ⋅ N
4.91 A water jet pump has jet area 0.009 m2 and jet speed 1 2
30.5 m/s. The jet is within a secondary stream of water having
speed Vs = 3 m/s. The total area of the duct (the sum of the jet and
secondary stream areas) is 0.07 m2. The water is thoroughly mixed Vs = 3 m/s
and leaves the jet pump in a uniform stream. The pressures of the Vj = 30.5 m/s
jet and secondary stream are the same at the pump inlet.
Determine the speed at the pump exit and the pressure rise, p2 − p1.
Given: Data on water jet pump.
Find: Speed at pump exit; pressure rise.
Solution:
Basic equation: Continuity, and momentum flux in x direction
∂ r r ∂ r r
∂t ∫CV
ρ dV + ∫ ρV ⋅ dA = 0
CS
Fx = FS x + FBx =
∂t ∫CV
u ρ dV + ∫ u ρV ⋅ dA
CS
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow CV 3) Uniform flow
As Aj ⎛ A2 − A j ⎞ Aj
From continuity − ρ ⋅ Vs ⋅ A s − ρ ⋅ Vj ⋅ A j + ρ ⋅ V2 ⋅ A 2 = 0 V2 = Vs ⋅ + Vj ⋅ = Vs ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ + Vj ⋅
A2 A2 ⎝ A2 ⎠ A2
m ⎛ 0.07 − 0.009 m 2 ⎞ m 0.009 m

V2 = 3 ×⎜ ⎟ + 30.5 × V2 = 6.5
s ⎝ 0.07 ⎠ s 0.07 s
( )
For x momentum p1 ⋅ A 2 − p 2 ⋅ A 2 = Vj ⋅ −ρ⋅ Vj ⋅ A j + Vs ⋅ ( −ρ⋅ Vs ⋅ A s ) + V2 ⋅ ( ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A 2 )
⎛ Aj A ⎞
Δp = p 2 − p1 = ρ⋅ ⎜ Vj2 ⋅ + Vs2 ⋅ s − V22 ⎟
⎝ A2 A2 ⎠
kg ⎡⎛ m ⎞ 0.009 ⎛ m ⎞ ( 0.07 − 0.009 ) ⎛ m⎞ ⎤ N ⋅ s2

2 2 2
Δp = 999 × ⎢⎜ 30.5 ⎟ × + ⎜3 ⎟ × − ⎜ 6.5 ⎟ ⎥ ×

m ⎢⎣⎝
3
s ⎠ 0.07 ⎝ s ⎠ 0.07 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎥⎦ kg ⋅ m
Hence Δp = 85111 Pa Δp = 85.1 kPa

V1 V2
CS
p1 p2
Rx
y
x
Given: Data on adiabatic flow of air
Find: Force of air on pipe
Solution:
Basic equation: Continuity, and momentum flux in x direction, plus ideal gas equation
p = ρ⋅ R⋅ T
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Ideal gas CV 3) Uniform flow
From continuity −ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + ρ2 ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = 0 ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A = ρ2 ⋅ V2 ⋅ A ρ1 ⋅ V1 = ρ2 ⋅ V2
For x momentum ( ) ( )
Rx + p 1 ⋅ A − p 2 ⋅ A = V1 ⋅ −ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A + V2 ⋅ ρ2 ⋅ V2 ⋅ A = ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A⋅ V2 − V1( )
( ) (
Rx = p 2 − p 1 ⋅ A + ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A⋅ V2 − V1 )
P1 3 N kg⋅ K 1 kg
For the air ρ1 = ρ1 = ( 200 + 101 ) × 10 ⋅ × × ρ1 = 3.15
Rair⋅ T1 2 286.9 ⋅ N⋅ m ( 60 + 273 ) ⋅ K 3
m m
2
3 N 2 kg m 2 m N⋅ s
Rx = ( 80 − 200 ) × 10 ⋅ × 0.05⋅ m + 3.15⋅ × 150 ⋅ × 0.05⋅ m × ( 300 − 150 ) ⋅ ×
2 3 s s kg⋅ m
m m
Hence Rx = −2456 N
This is the force of the pipe on the air; the pipe is opposing flow. Hence the force of the air on the pipe is Fpipe = −Rx
Fpipe = 2456 N The air is dragging the pipe to the right

4.73 A monotube boiler consists of a 6 m length of

d = 9.5 mm CV
tubing with 9.5 mm inside diameter. Water enters at
the rate of 0.135 kg/s at 3.45 MPa (abs). Steam leaves
Rx Steam
at 2.76 MPa (gage) with 12.4 kg/m3 density. Find the
magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the
flowing fluid on the tube. L=6m
1 2
p2 = 2.76 MPa (gage), p2 = 12.4 kg/m3
Solution: Apply the x component of the momentum equation, using the CV and coordinates shown.
Basic equation: = 0(1) = 0(2)

∂
FS x + FB x =
∂t ∫ CV
u ρ dV + ∫ CS
u ρv ⋅ dA
Assumptions: (1) FBx = 0

(2) Steady flow
(3) Uniform flow at each section
(4) Use gage pressures to cancel patm
From continuity,
m
= ρ1V1A1 = ρ2 V2 A 2 ; A = constant, so ρ1V1 = ρ2 V2 . Thus
m
m3 4 1 106 mm 2
V1 = = 0 ⋅135 kg/s × × 2
× = 1.9 m/s
ρ1A 1000 kg π ( 9.5 ) mm 2
m2
And
ρ1
V2 = V1 = 1.9 m/s × 1000 kg/m3 × m3 /12.4 kg = 153 m/s
ρ2
From momentum,
R x + ρ1g A1 − ρ2g A 2 = u1 {−m

} + u 2 {+ m
} = ( V2 − V1 ) m

u1 = V1 u 2 = V2
R X = ( p 2g − p1g ) A + ( V2 − V1 ) m

N π 2 m kg N ⋅s2
=  2 .7 6 − ( 3 .4 5 − 0 .1 0 1 3 )  2
× ⋅ ( 9 .5 ) m m 2 + (1 5 3 .1 9 ) × 0 .1 3 5 ×
mm 4 s s kg ⋅ m
R x = 21.33 N
But R x is force on CV; force on pipe is K x ,
K x = − R x = 21.33 N (to right) Kx

V1 V2
CS
p1 p2
ρ1 Rx V3 ρ2
y
x
Given: Data on heated flow of gas
Find: Force of gas on pipe
Solution:
Basic equation: Continuity, and momentum flux in x direction
p = ρ⋅ R⋅ T
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Uniform flow

ρ1 m3
From continuity −ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + ρ2 ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 + m3 = 0 V2 = V1 ⋅ − where m3 = 20 kg/s is the mass leaving
ρ2 ρ2 ⋅ A through the walls (the software does not
allow a dot)
3
m 6 kg m 1 m
V2 = 170 ⋅ × − 20⋅ × × V2 = 322
s 2.75 s 2.75⋅ kg 2 s
0.15⋅ m
For x momentum ( ) (
Rx + p 1 ⋅ A − p 2 ⋅ A = V1 ⋅ −ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A + V2 ⋅ ρ2 ⋅ V2 ⋅ A )
Rx = ⎡( p − p ) + ρ ⋅ V 2 − ρ ⋅ V 2⎤ ⋅ A
⎣ 2 1 2 2 1 1⎦
⎡ ⎡ 2 2⎤ 2⎤
Rx = ⎢( 300 − 400 ) × 10 ⋅
3 N
+ ⎢2.75⋅
kg
× ⎛⎜ 322 ⋅
m⎞
− 6⋅
kg
× ⎛⎜ 170 ⋅
m⎞ ⎥ × N⋅ s ⎥ × 0.15⋅ m2
⎢ 2 ⎢ 3 ⎝ s ⎠ 3 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎥ kg⋅ m⎥
⎣ m ⎣ m m ⎦ ⎦
Hence Rx = 1760 N
Problem 4.75
Given: Data on flow out of pipe device
Find: Velocities at 1 and 2; force on coupling
Solution:
Basic equations (continuity and x and y momentum)

  d   CS V  dA  0
x CV

Fx  FSx  FBx   u  d   CS u V  dA
t CV

Fy  FS y  FBy   u  d   CS u V  dA
t CV
The given data is

kg
  999
m3
D  25cm
L  1.5m
t  30mm
p3 g  60KPa
m3
Q  0.4
s
From continuity
Q = A Vave due to linear velocity distribution
1
Vave  V1  V2 
2
Note that at the exit
V  x   V1 
V2  V1  x
L
Hence,
1 1
Q V1  V2  Lt  V1  3V1  Lt
2 2
m
2  0.4
V1  s
4  1.5m  0.03m
m
V1  4.44
s
V2  2V1
 2  4.44
m
V2  8.88  8.9
s
At the inlet (location 3)

Q
V3 

 D2
4
m
0.4
 s

  0.25 
2
4
m
V3  8.15
s
Applying x momentum

Rx  p3 g D 2  V3  Q
4

Rx   p3 g D 2  V3  Q
4
 m kg m3
Rx  60KPa    0.25   8.15  999 3  0.4
2
4 s m s
Applying y momentum
V2  V1  x  dx
2

Ry    V  x  V  x  tdx    t 
L L
V1  
 L 
0 0
Expanding and Integrating

  V V  L  V V  L 
2 2 3
Ry    t V12 L  2V1  2 1    2 1  
  L  2  L  3 
  m m  m m
2

  
 8.9 4.44
s 
    8.9 4.44
s 
  
2 3
kg  m m s 1.5m s 1.5m
Ry  999 3  0.03m  4.44  2 1.5m  2  4.44     
m  s  s  1.5m  2  1.5m  3 
     
N×s 2

kg×m
Ry  2.07KN
Problem 4.78
Given: Data on flow in wind tunnel
Find: Mass flow rate in tunnel; Maximum velocity at section 2; Drag on object
Solution: Basic equations: Continuity, and momentum flux in x direction; ideal gas equation
p = ρ⋅ R⋅ T
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Uniform density at each section

2
π⋅ D1
From continuity mflow = ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 = ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ where mflow is the mass flow rate
4
p atm N kg⋅ K 1 kg
We take ambient conditions for the air density ρair = ρair = 101000⋅ × × ρ = 1.2
Rair⋅ Tatm 2 286.9 ⋅ N⋅ m 293 ⋅ K air 3
m m
2
kg m π⋅ ( 0.75⋅ m) kg
mflow = 1.2⋅ × 12.5⋅ × mflow = 6.63
3 s 4 s
m
R 2
⌠ ⌠ 2 ⋅ π⋅ ρair⋅ Vmax ⌠ R 2 2 ⋅ π⋅ ρair⋅ Vmax⋅ R
mflow = ⎮ ρ2 ⋅ u 2 dA2 = ρair⋅ ⎮
r
Also Vmax⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r dr = ⋅ ⎮ r dr =
⎮ ⎮ R R ⌡ 3
⌡ ⌡ 0
0
3 ⋅ mflow 3 2
× ⎛⎜ ⎞
3 1 kg m m
Vmax = Vmax = × 6.63⋅ × Vmax = 18.8
2 2⋅ π s 1.2⋅ kg ⎝ 0.375 ⋅ m ⎠ s
2 ⋅ π⋅ ρair⋅ R
⌠
For x momentum ( )
Rx + p 1 ⋅ A − p 2 ⋅ A = V1 ⋅ −ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A + ⎮ ρ2 ⋅ u 2 ⋅ u 2 dA2
⎮
⌡
R
⌠ 2
⎮ 2 2 ⋅ π⋅ ρair⋅ Vmax ⌠ R 3
⎛ r⎞
( )
Rx = p 2 − p 1 ⋅ A − V1 ⋅ mflow + ⎮ ρair⋅ ⎜ Vmax⋅
⎮ ⎝ R⎠
(
⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r dr = p 2 − p 1 ⋅ A − V1 ⋅ mflow +
2
) ⋅ ⎮ r dr
⌡
⌡ R 0
0
( )
π 2 2
Rx = p 2 − p 1 ⋅ A − V1 ⋅ mflow + ⋅ ρair⋅ Vmax ⋅ R
2
kg m
We also have p 1 = ρ⋅ g ⋅ h 1 p 1 = 1000⋅ × 9.81⋅ × 0.03⋅ m p 1 = 294 Pa p 2 = ρ⋅ g ⋅ h 2 p 2 = 147 ⋅ Pa
3 2
m s
π⋅ ( 0.75⋅ m)
2 ⎡ 2 ⎤
× ⎛⎜ 18.8⋅
m⎞
+ ⎢−6.63⋅
N kg m π kg 2⎥ N
Hence Rx = ( 147 − 294 ) ⋅ × × 12.5⋅ + × 1.2⋅ × ( 0.375 ⋅ m) ×
2 4 ⎢ s s 2 3 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎥ k
m ⎣ m ⎦
Rx = −54 N The drag on the object is equal and opposite Fdrag = −Rx Fdrag = 54.1 N
Given: Data on flow in 2D channel
Find: Maximum velocity; Pressure drop 2h

y
x
Solution:
c CS d
Basic equations: Continuity, and momentum flux in x direction
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Neglect friction

3
m kg
Given data w = 25⋅ mm h = 50⋅ mm Q = 0.025⋅ ρ = 750⋅
s 3
m
Q m
From continuity Q = U1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ h ⋅ w U1 = U1 = 10.0
2⋅ w⋅ h s
⌠
Also −ρ⋅ U1⋅ A1 + ⎮ ρ⋅ u 2 dA = 0
⎮
⌡
h
⌠
⎮ ⎛ 2⎞
u max⋅ ⎜ 1 − dy = w⋅ u max⋅ ⎡⎢[ h − ( −h ) ] − ⎡⎢ − ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎤⎥⎤⎥ = w⋅ u max⋅ ⋅ h
y h h 4
U1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ h ⋅ w = w⋅ ⎮
⎮ ⎜ 2 ⎣ ⎣ 3 ⎝ ⎠⎦⎦
3 3
⌡ ⎝ h ⎠
−h
3 m
Hence u max = ⋅ U1 u max = 15
2 s
⌠
For x momentum ( ⎮ )
p 1 ⋅ A − p 2 ⋅ A = V1 ⋅ −ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A + ⎮ ρ2 ⋅ u 2 ⋅ u 2 dA2 Note that there is no Rx (no friction)
⌡
h
⌠
⎮ 2 2
2⎛
2⎞ ρ⋅ u max
⎜ ⋅ ⎡⎢2 ⋅ h − 2 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⋅ h⎞ + 2 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⋅ h⎞⎤⎥
2 w ⎮ y 2 2 1
p 1 − p 2 = −ρ⋅ U1 + ⋅ ⎮ ρ⋅ u max ⋅ 1 − dy = −ρ⋅ U1 +
A ⎜ 2 h ⎣ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦
⎮
⌡ ⎝ h ⎠
−h
8 ⎡ 8 ⎛ 3 ⎞2 ⎤
⋅ ρ⋅ u max = ρ⋅ U1 ⋅ ⎢ ⋅ ⎜ 1⎥
2 2
∆p = p 1 − p 2 = −ρ⋅ U1 + −
15 ⎣ 15 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
1 2
Hence ∆p = ⋅ ρ⋅ U1 ∆p = 15.0⋅ kPa
5
Given: Data on flow in 2D channel
Find: Maximum velocity; Pressure drop 2h

y
x
Solution:
c CS d
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Neglect friction

3
m kg
Given data R = 75⋅ mm Q = 0.1⋅ ρ = 850⋅
s 3
m
2 Q m
From continuity Q = U1 ⋅ π⋅ R U1 = U1 = 5.66
2 s
π⋅ R
⌠
Also −ρ⋅ U1⋅ A1 + ⎮ ρ⋅ u 2 dA = 0
⎮
⌡
R
⌠
2 ⎮ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ R2 4 ⎞ 2 2
u max⋅ ⎜ 1 − ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r dr = 2 ⋅ π⋅ u max⋅ ⎜
r R R R
U1 ⋅ π⋅ R = ⎮ − = 2 ⋅ π⋅ u max⋅ = π⋅ u max⋅
⎮ ⎜ 2 ⎜ 2 2 4 2
⌡ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 4⋅ R ⎠
0
m
Hence u max = 2 ⋅ U1 u max = 11.3
s
⌠
For x momentum ( ⎮ )
p 1 ⋅ A − p 2 ⋅ A = V1 ⋅ −ρ1 ⋅ V1 ⋅ A + ⎮ ρ2 ⋅ u 2 ⋅ u 2 dA2 Note that there is no Rx (no friction)
⌡
R
⌠
⎮ 2
⎛ r ⎞
2
2 ⎛R
2 4
R ⎞
6
ρ⋅ u max ⋅ ⎜ 1 − ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ r dr = −ρ⋅ π⋅ R ⋅ U1 + 2 ⋅ π⋅ ρ⋅ u max ⋅ ⎜
2 ⎮
( ) 2 2 2 2 2 R
p 1 − p 2 ⋅ π⋅ R = −ρ⋅ π⋅ R ⋅ U1 + ⎮ − 2⋅ +
⎜ 2 ⎜ 2 2 4
⎮
⌡ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 4⋅ R 6⋅ R ⎠
0
∆p = p 1 − p 2 = −ρ⋅ U1 + ⋅ ρ⋅ u max = −ρ⋅ U1 + ⋅ ρ⋅ 2 ⋅ U1 = ρ⋅ U1 ⋅ ⎡⎢ ⋅ ( 2 ) − 1⎤⎥ = ⋅ ρ⋅ U1

( )
2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3 ⎣ 3 ⎦ 3
2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎛⎜ 5.66⋅
1 kg m⎞
Hence ∆p = × 850 ⋅ × ∆p = 9.08⋅ kPa
3
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ kg⋅ m
Problem 4.84
b CS c
y
x
a d
Ff
Given: Data on flow of boundary layer
Find: Plot of velocity profile; force to hold plate
Solution:
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No net pressure force
kg m
Given data ρ = 750 ⋅ w = 1⋅ m U0 = 10⋅ L = 1⋅ m δ = 5 ⋅ mm
3 s
m
0.8
y 0.6
δ
0.4
0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

u( y)
U0
δ
⌠
From continuity −ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ w⋅ δ + mbc + ⎮ ρ⋅ u ⋅ w dy = 0 where mbc is the mass flow rate across bc (Note:
⌡
0 sotware cannot render a dot!)
δ
⌠
Hence (
mbc = ⎮ ρ⋅ U0 − u ⋅ w dy
⌡
)
0
δ δ
⌠ ⌠
⎡−U 2 + u2 + U ⋅ ( U − u)⎤ ⋅ w dy
For x momentum ( )
−Ff = U0 ⋅ −ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ w⋅ δ + U0 ⋅ mbc + ⎮ u ⋅ ρ⋅ u ⋅ w dy = ⎮
⌡ ⌡ ⎣ 0 0 0 ⎦
0 0
δ
⌠
δ ⌠ 2 u ⎛ u ⎞
Then the drag force is
⌡
( )
Ff = ⎮ ρ⋅ u ⋅ U0 − u ⋅ w dy = ⎮ ρ⋅ U0 ⋅
⎮
⋅⎜1 − dy
0 ⌡
U0 ⎝ U0 ⎠
0
u 3 1 3
But we have = ⋅η − ⋅η where we have used substitution y = δ⋅ η
U0 2 2
η= 1 1
Ff ⌠ 2 ⌠
⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
u ⎞
dη = ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ δ⋅ ⎮ ⎛⎜ ⋅ η − ⋅ η − ⋅ η + ⋅ η − ⋅ η ⎞ dη
2 u 3 9 2 1 3 3 4 1 6
=⎮ ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ δ⋅
⎮ ⎮ ⎝2 ⎠
w
⌡
U0
⎝ U0
⎠ ⌡
4 2 2 4
0 0
Ff
= ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ δ⋅ ⎛⎜ −
2 3 3 1 3 1 ⎞ 2
− + − = 0.139 ⋅ ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ δ
w ⎝ 4 4 8 10 28 ⎠
Ff 2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎛⎜ 10⋅
kg m⎞
Hence = 0.139 × 750 ⋅ × 0.05⋅ m ×
w
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ kg⋅ m
Ff N
= 52.1
w m
b CS c
y
x
a d
Ff
Given: Data on flow of boundary layer
Find: Force on plate per unit width
Solution:
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No net pressure force

δ
⌠
From continuity −ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ w⋅ δ + mbc + ⎮ ρ⋅ u ⋅ w dy = 0 where mbc is the mass flow rate across bc (Note: sotware
⌡
0 cannot render a dot!)
δ
⌠
Hence (
mbc = ⎮ ρ⋅ U0 − u ⋅ w dy
⌡
)
0
δ δ
⌠ ⌠
⎡−U 2 + u2 + U ⋅ ( U − u)⎤ ⋅ w dy
For x momentum ( )
−Ff = U0 ⋅ −ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ w⋅ δ + U0 ⋅ mbc + ⎮ u ⋅ ρ⋅ u ⋅ w dy = ⎮
⌡ ⌡ ⎣ 0 0 0 ⎦
0 0
δ
⌠
δ ⌠ 2 u ⎛ u ⎞
Then the drag force is
⌡
( ⎮
)
Ff = ⎮ ρ⋅ u ⋅ U0 − u ⋅ w dy = ⎮ ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ ⋅⎜1 − dy
0 ⌡
U0 ⎝ U0 ⎠
0
u y
But we have = where we have used substitution y = δ⋅ η
U0 δ
η= 1
Ff ⌠ 2 ⌠
1
⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
2 u u ⎞
=⎮ ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ δ⋅ dη = ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ δ⋅ ⎮ η⋅ ( 1 − η) dη
⎮ ⌡
w
⌡
U0
⎝ U0
⎠ 0
0
Ff
= ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ δ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞ = ⋅ ρ⋅ U0 ⋅ δ
2 1 1 1 2
w ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ 6
Ff 2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎛⎜ 20⋅ ⎞ ×
1 mkg 2
Hence = × 1.225 ⋅ ⋅m × (using standard atmosphere density)
w 6 3 ⎝ s⎠ 1000 kg⋅ m
m
Ff N
= 0.163 ⋅
w m
Problem 4.83 Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
[Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
Problem *4.85 [Difficulty: 4]
*4.85 A horizontal axisymmetric jet of air with 13 mm diameter CS

strikes a stationary vertical disk of 203 mm diameter. The jet speed
is 69 m/s at the nozzle exit. A manometer is connected to the center
of the disk. Calculate (a) the deflection, h, if the manometer liquid
has SG = 1.75 and (b) the force exerted by the jet on the disk.
V = 69 m/s h SG = 1.75
Given: Air jet striking disk.
Find: Manometer deflection; Force to hold disk.
Solution:
Basic equations: Hydrostatic pressure, Bernoulli, and momentum flux in x direction
p V2 ∂ r r
ρ
+
2
+ g ⋅ z = constant Fx = FS x + FBx − ∫
∂t CV
u ρ dV + ∫ u ρV ⋅ dA
CS
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction 4) Flow along streamline 5) Uniform flow
6) Horizontal flow (g x = 0)
Applying Bernoulli between jet exit and stagnation point
p V 2 p0 1
+ = +0 p0 − p = ⋅ρair ⋅ V 2
ρair 2 ρair 2
1
⋅ρair ⋅ V 2
2 ρair ⋅ V 2
But from hydrostatics p0 − p = SG ⋅ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Δh so Δh = =
SG ⋅ρ ⋅ g 2 ⋅ SG ⋅ρ ⋅ g
1 m3 s2
Δh = 1.23 kg / m3 × ( 69 m/s ) × × × Δh = 0.17 m Δh = 170 m
2
2 (1.75) 999 kg 9.81 m
π ⋅ D2
For x momentum R x = V ⋅ ( −ρair ⋅ A ⋅ V ) = − ρair ⋅ V 2 ⋅
4
2
⎛ 13 ⎞
π⎜ m⎟ 2
× ⎝ ⎠ × Ns
1000
R x = − 1.23 kg/m3 × ( 69 m/s ) R x = 0.78 N
2
4 kg ⋅ m
The force of the jet on the plate is then F = − Rx F = 0.78 N

Problem 4.86
Given: Water jet shooting upwards; striking surface
Find: Flow rate; maximum pressure; Force on hand
Solution:
Basic equations: Bernoulli and momentum flux in x direction
p V2
  g  z  cons tan t
 2

Fx  FSx  FBx   u  d    u V  dA
t CV CS
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
3) Atmospheric pressure throughout
4) Uniform flow
Given data:
h  12m
kg
  1000
m3
D  0.8cm
Using Bernoulli between the jet exit and its maximum height h
patm V 2 patm
   g h
 2 
or
V  2 gh
m
V  2  9.8 12m
s2
m
V  15.34
s

Then Q D 2 V
4
h
Q  46.26
min
For Dr. Pritchard the maximum pressure is obtained from Bernoulli
patm V 2 pmax
 
 2 
1
p V 2
2
p  117.66KPa  gage 
For Dr. Pritchard blocking the jet from x momentum applied to the CV
Rx  u1    u1 A1    V 2 A

Hence, F  V 2 D2
4
F  11.83N
Repeating for Dr. Fox

h  17m
m
V  2 gh  18.26
s

Q D 2V
4
h
Q  55.07
min
1
p V 2
2
p  166.714KPa  gage 

F  V 2 D2
4
F  16.76N
Problem 4.88
Given: Water jet striking disk
Find: expression for speed of jet as a function of height ‘H’; Height for stationary disk.
Solution:
Basic equations:
Bernoulli; Momentum flux in z  direction
P V2
  gz  constant
 2

t CV
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
2) Atmospheric pressure in jet
4) Uniform flow
The Bernoulli equation becomes

V02 V2
 g 0   gH
2 2
V 2  V02  2 gh
V  V02  2 gh
Hence,
Mg  W1   1W1  A1     V 2  A
But from continuity
 V  V0 A0
Hence, we get
M g   V V  A   V0  A0 V02  2 gH
Solving for H
1  2  Mg  
2
H V0    
2g   V0 A0  


1  s2  
H   15 m/s   3 kg  9.81 m / s  m /1000 kg  s /15 m
2 2 3
2  9.81 m 
Hence, the height to which the disk will rise and remain stationary is 11.26 m .
Problem *4.96 Problem *4.89 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem *4.96 cont'd [Difficulty:] Part 2/2
Problem 4.90
Given: Stream of water striking a vane
Find: Water speed; horizontal force on vane
Solution:
Basic equation: Bernoulli; Momentum flux in x direction
p V2
Bernoulli:   g  z  constant
 2
Momentum flux in x direction:

t CV
Fx  FSx  FBx  u  d    u V  dA
CS
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
4) Uniform flow
Given or available data

D  60mm
kg
 water  1000
m3
 Hg  13.6  water
  40
h  0.85m
From Bernoulli
1
p  p   waterV 2 and for the manometer
2
p  p   Hg g h
combining
1
 waterV 2   Hg g h or
2
2  Hg g h
V
 water
kg m
2 13.6 1000  3
 9.81 2  0.85m
V m s
kg
1000  3
m
m
V  15.1
s
Applying x momentum to the vane
     
Rx   water  V  V D 2    water  V cos     V D 2 
 4   4 

Rx    waterV 2 D 2 1  cos   
4
m 
2
kg 
Rx  1000 3  15.1     0.06m   1  cos  40   
2 N×s
m  s  4 kg×m
Rx  1138.5N
Assuming frictionless, incompressible flow with no net pressure force is realistic; except along
the vane where friction will reduce flow momentum at the exit.
Given: Data on flow and venturi geometry
Find: Force on convergent section; water pressure
Solution:
Basic equations:
2
p V
Bernoulli equation and x momentum + + g ⋅ z = const
ρ 2
kg L
The given data is ρ = 999 ⋅ D = 100 ⋅ mm d = 50⋅ mm p 1 = 200 ⋅ kPa Q = 1000⋅
3 min
m
For pressure we first need the velocities

2
π⋅ D 2 π 2 2
A1 = A1 = 0.00785 m A2 = ⋅ d A2 = 0.00196 m
4 4
Q m Q m
Then V1 = V1 = 2.12 V2 = V2 = 8.49
π 2 s A2 s
⋅D
4
2 2
Applying Bernoulli between inlet and throat p1 V1 p2 V2
+ = +
ρ 2 ρ 2
p 2 = p 1 + ⋅ ⎛ V1 − V2 ⎞
ρ 2 2
Solving for p 2
2 ⎝ ⎠
( )
2 2
1 kg 2 2 m N⋅ s kN
p 2 = 200 ⋅ kPa + ⋅ 999 ⋅ × 2.12 − 8.49 ⋅ × × p 2 = 166 ⋅ kPa
2 3 2 kg⋅ m 1000⋅ N
m s
Applying the horizontal component of momentum
(
−F + p 1 ⋅ A2 − p 2 ⋅ A2 = V1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + V2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ) ( )
F = p 1 ⋅ A1 − p 2 ⋅ A2 + ρ⋅ ⎛ V1 ⋅ A1 − V2 ⋅ A2⎞
2 2
or
⎝ ⎠
⎡⎛ 2 2 ⎤ 2
kN 2 kN 2 kg
⎢⎜ 2.12⋅ m ⎞ ⋅ 0.00785 ⋅ m2 − ⎛ 8.49⋅ m ⎞ ⋅ 0.00196 ⋅ m2⎥ ⋅ N⋅ s
F = 200 ⋅ × 0.00785 ⋅ m − 166 ⋅ × 0.00196 ⋅ m + 999 ⋅ × ⎜
m
2
m
2
m
3 ⎣⎝ s⎠ ⎝ s⎠ ⎦ kg × m
F = 1.14 kN
Given: Water faucet flow
Find: Expressions for stream speed and diameter; plot
Solution:
2
p V
Basic equation: Bernoulli + + g ⋅ z = const
ρ 2
Assumptions: Laminar, frictionless, uniform flow
1⋅ L L
The given data is D0 = 5 ⋅ mm h = 50⋅ mm Q = Q = 0.333⋅
3⋅ min min
Q m
The initial velocity is V0 = V0 = 0.283
π 2 s
⋅ D0
4 2
p atm V0 p atm 2
V
Then applying Bernoulli between the exit and any other location + = + − g⋅ z (z downwards)
ρ 2 ρ 2
2 π 2 π 2 D0
Then V( z) = V0 + 2 ⋅ g ⋅ z Also V0⋅ ⋅ D0 = V⋅ ⋅ D so D( z) =
4 4 1
4
m ⎛⎜ 1 + 2⋅ g ⋅ z ⎞
Evaluating at h V( h ) = 1.03 D( h ) = 2.62⋅ mm
⎜ 2
s
⎝ V0
⎠
1.25
10
1
Height (mm)
0.75 20
V (m/s)
0.5 30
0.25 40
0 10 20 30 40 50 − 2.5 − 1.5 − 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5
z (mm) Diameter (mm)

Problem *4.100 Problem *4.93 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem *4.94 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
[Difficulty:] Part 2/2
Problem *4.104 Problem *4.95 [Difficulty: 5] Part 1/2
Problem *4.104 cont'd [Difficulty:] Part 2/2
d
CS (moves
at speed U)
y
x c
Rx
Ry
Given: Water jet striking moving vane
Find: Force needed to hold vane to speed U = 5 m/s
Solution:
Basic equations: Momentum flux in x and y directions
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Jet relative velocity is
constant
Then ( ) ( )
Rx = u 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + u 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = −( V − U) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A] + ( V − U) ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A]
2
⋅ ⎛⎜ ⋅ m⎞
2 π 40 −3 2
Rx = ρ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ ( cos( θ) − 1 ) A = A = 1.26 × 10 m
4 ⎝ 1000 ⎠
Using given data

2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎡⎢( 25 − 5 ) ⋅ ⎤⎥ × 1.26 × 10 ⋅ m × ( cos( 150 ⋅ deg) − 1 ) ×
kg m −3 2
Rx = 1000⋅ Rx = −940 N
3 ⎣ s⎦ kg⋅ m
m
Then ( ) ( )
Ry = v 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + v 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = −0 + ( V − U) ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A]
2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎡⎢( 25 − 5 ) ⋅
2 kg m⎤ −3 2
Ry = ρ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ sin( θ) Ry = 1000⋅ ⎥ × 1.26 × 10 ⋅ m × sin( 150 ⋅ deg) × R = 252 N
kg⋅ m y
m
3 ⎣ s⎦
Hence the force required is 940 N to the left and 252 N upwards to maintain motion at 5 m/s
Problem 4.97
Given: water jet striking moving vane
Find: force needed to hold vane to speed U  20 m/s
Solution:
Basic equation:

t CV

f y  f sy  f B   v d   CS vVdA
t CV
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
2) Atmospheric pressure
3) Jet relative velocity is constant
4) Uniform flow
Calculation:
Then,
RX  u1   V1 A1   u2  2V2 A2 
  v  u     v  u  A   v  u  cos     v  u  A
   v  u  A  cos   1
2

RX  100 kg/m3  50  20  m/s   0.008 m 2  cos 120   1 Ns 2 /kg  m
2
 10800 N
Then,
Ry  v1   V1 A1   v2   2V2 A2 
 0   v  u  sin       v  u  A
   v  u   A sin 
2
Substitute corresponding values in the above equation:

Ry  100 kg/m3  50  20  m/s   0.008 m 2  sin 120  Ns 2 /kg  m
2
 6235.38 N
Hence, the force required is 10800 N to the left and 6235.38 N upwards to maintain motion
at 20 m/s ,
Problem 4.99
Given: Data on jet boat
Find: Formula for boat speed Flow rate; value of K ; new speed & flow rate.
Solution:
Momentum

F  FS  FB   Vxyz  d   CS Vxyz Vxyz dA
t CV
Given Data:
(a) Applying the horizontal component momentum
Fdrag  V   Q   V j  Q 
Or with
Fdrag  KV 2
KV 2   QV j   QV
KV 2   QV   QV j  0
Solve for V
 Q   Q   QV j
2
V     (1)
2 K  2K  K
For the flow rate

Q  Vj   D2
4
Substitute corresponding values in equation of Q

   80
2

Q   20 m/s    m
 4  1000 
 0.1005 m3 /s
Hence, the new flow rate is 0.1005 m3 /s
(b) To find ' K ' from equation (1)
Q
 then
2K
Let V     2  2  V j   2  2V j or
V

2 V j  V 
From the given data

15 m/s 
2

2  20  15  m/s
 22.5 m/s
So,
Q
K
2
Substitute corresponding values in the expression of K
K
1000 kg/m3  0.1005 m3 /s 
 2  22.5
N
 2.23 2
m
 
s 
N
Hence, the value of constant K is 2.23 2
.
m
 
s 
d) To calculate new flow rate

 
Q  V j     D 
2
4
Hence,
V j  30 m/s
Substitute the given data

   80
2

Q   30 m/s    m
 4  1000 
 0.15 m /s
3
Hence, the new flow rate is 0.15 m3 /s .
(c) The new speed 'V ' is given by the following expression
 Q   Q   QV j
2 
V       
 2K  2K  K 
 
Substitute corresponding values in the above expression
 
2
   

 1000 kg/m  0.15 m /s 
   
 1000 kg/m  0.15 m /s    1000 kg/m  0.15 m /s  30 m/s  
3 3 3 3 3 3
V  
m
2
 m
2
  m
2

 2  2.23 N/    2  2.23 N/     2  2.23 N/   
 s    
s    
s  

 22.48 m/s
Hence, the new speed 'V ' when the jet speed is increased to 30 m/s is 22.48 m/s .
4.101 The Canadair CL-215T amphibious aircraft is specially

y
designed to fight fires. It is the only production aircraft that can x

scoop water—6120 Lit in 12 seconds—from any lake, river, or Rx
CV
ocean. Determine the added thrust required during water Y
scooping, as a function of aircraft speed, for a reasonable range U
of speeds. X
Solution: Use CV moving with aircraft, as shown. Apply momentum.

= 0(1) 0(2)
∂ r r
Basic equation: FSx + FBx =
∂t ∫CV
u xyz ρdV + ∫ u xyz ρVxyz ⋅ dA
CS
Assumptions: (1) Horizontal motion, so FBx = 0

(2) Neglect uxyz within the CV
(3) Uniform flow at inlet cross-section
(4) Neglect hydrostatic pressure
Then
R x = u1 {− ρQ1 } = − U ( −ρQ ) = + UρQ
u1 = − U
From data given
ΔV 6120 Lit m3 m3
Q= = × = 0.51
Δt 12 sec 1000 Lit s
For an aircraft speed of U = 120 km/h (33 m/s)

N ⋅ s2
R x = 33 m/s × 999 kg/m3 × 0.51 m3 /s × = 16.8 kN Rx
kg ⋅ m
For a range of aircraft speeds:

30
25
Added Thrust, Rx (kN)

20
15
50 100 150 200

Scooping Speed, U (km/h)
⎧Thus at 100 km/h the added thrust is 14.2 kN, while at 200 km/h ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ the added thrust is 28.5 kN. ⎭
CS (moves
at speed U)
c
y
Rx x
Ry
Find: Expressions for force and power; Show that maximum power is when U = V/3
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux for inertial CV
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow
5) Jet relative velocity is constant
Then ( ) ( )
Rx = u 1⋅ −ρ⋅ V1⋅ A1 + u 2⋅ ρ⋅ V2⋅ A2 = −( V − U) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A ] + ( V − U) ⋅ cos ( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A ]
2
Rx = ρ( V − U) ⋅ A ⋅ ( cos ( θ) − 1)
This is force on vane; Force exerted by vane is equal and opposite

2
Fx = ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
The power produced is then

2
P = U⋅ Fx = ρ⋅ U⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
To maximize power wrt to U
dP 2
= ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) + ρ⋅ ( 2 ) ⋅ ( −1 ) ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ U⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) = 0
dU
V
Hence V − U − 2⋅ U = V − 3⋅ U = 0 U= for maximum power
3
Note that there is a vertical force, but it generates no power

4.103 Water, in a 100 mm diameter jet with speed of 30 m/s to

the right, is deflected by a cone that moves to the left at 14 m/s.
Determine (a) the thickness of the jet sheet at a radius of 230 mm
and (b) the external horizontal force needed to move the come.
Given: Water jet striking moving cone.
Find: Thickness of jet sheet; Force needed to move cone.
Solution:
Basic equations: Mass conservation; Momentum flux in x direction
∂ ∂
∂t ∫CV
ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ d A = 0
∂t ∫CV
Fx = Fsx + FBx = uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ d A
CS CS
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Jet relative
velocity is constant
π⋅ D j2
Then −ρ ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + ρ ⋅ V2 ⋅ A 2 = 0 −ρ⋅ ( Vj + Vc ) ⋅ + ρ⋅ ( Vj + Vc ) ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ R ⋅ t = 0 (Refer to sketch)
4
D j2 1 1
× (100 mm ) × t = 5 ⋅ 435 mm
2
Hence t = t=
8⋅ R 8 230 mm
Using relative velocities, x momentum is
R x = u1 ⋅ ( −ρ ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 ) + u 2 ⋅ ( ρ ⋅ V2 ⋅ A 2 ) = −( Vj + Vc ) ⋅ ⎡⎣ρ ⋅ ( Vj + Vc ) ⋅ A j ⎤⎦ + ( Vj + Vc ) ⋅ cos ( θ ) ⋅ ⎡⎣ρ ⋅ ( Vj + Vc ) ⋅ A j ⎤⎦
R x = ρ ( Vj + Vc ) ⋅ A j ⋅ ( cos ( θ ) − 1)
2
Using given data

2
⎛ 100 ⎞
π⎜ m⎟
N ⋅s2
2
⎡ m⎤ ⎝ ⎠ R x = 7595 N
( co s ( 6 0 d eg ) − 1 )
kg 1000
R x = 999 × ⎢ (3 0 + 1 4 ) ⎥ × × ×
m3 ⎣ s ⎦ 4 kg ⋅ m
Hence the force is 7595 to the left; the upwards equals the weight.
Problem 4.114
Problem 4.105
Solution:
Apply the momentum equation using CV and CS as shown
Basic equation:
 0 3 
 0 z  
FSx  FBx   arfx  d    uxyz  d    uxyz VdA
CV x CV CS
Assumptions:
1) Only resistance is FD; FSx   FD   KU 2

u
2) Neglect of mass of water in CV
t
3) No change in speed with respect to vane
4) Uniform flow at each cross-section
Then,
 KU 2  arfx M CV  u1   V  U  A  u2   V  U  A
Measure u with respect to CV

u1  V  U
u2   V  U  sin 
 KU 2  arfx M CV    V  U  A   V  U  A sin 
2 2
   V  U  A 1  sin  
2
so,
1 
arfx   V  U  A 1  sin    KU 2 
2
M 
1  2 m  kg×m 
2
kg Ns 2 2 m
2
 999 3  35  12  2  0.027  m 1  sin 40   1.02 2  12  
2 2
17kg  m s 4 m sec 2
Ns 2 
m
arfx  20.6  to right 
s2
Given: Jet impacting a splitter vane
Find: Mass flow rate ratio; new speed U
Solution: Apply momentum equation to inertial CV
Assumptions: No pressure force; neglect water mass on vane; steady flow wrt vane; uniform flow; no change of speed wrt the vane
Basic equation
m −5 2 m kg
Given data V = 25⋅ A = 7.85⋅ 10 ⋅m U = 10⋅ θ = 30⋅ deg ρ = 999⋅
s s 3
m
For constant speed wrt the vane, the jet velocity at each location is V− U
For no vertical force, y momentum becomes ( )

0 = v 1⋅ −m1 + v 2⋅ m2 + v 3⋅ m3 where v i and mi are the vertical components
of velocity and mass flow rates, respectively,
at the inlet and exits, wrt the vane
coordinates
m2 1
Hence 0 = 0 + ( V − U) ⋅ m2 − ( V − U) ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ m3 or m2 = m3 ⋅ sin( θ) = sin( θ) =
m3 2
kg
Note that m1 = ρ⋅ A⋅ ( V − U) m1 = 1.18
s
m3 1 m3 2 kg kg
and m1 = m2 + m3 so m1 = m3 ⋅ sin( θ) + m3 = = m3 = 0.784 m2 = 0.392
m1 1 + sin( θ) m1 3 s s
and using x momentum ( ) ( )

Rx = u 1 ⋅ −m1 + u 2 ⋅ m2 + u 3 ⋅ m3 = ( V − U) ⋅ −m1 + 0 + ( V − U) ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ m3
Rx = ( V − U) ⋅ m1 ⋅ ⎛⎜ − 1⎞
cos( θ)
Writing in terms of m1 Rx = −7.46 N
⎝ 1 + sin( θ) ⎠
Rx = ( V − U) ⋅ m1 ⋅ ⎛⎜ − 1⎞
cos( θ)
Instead, the force is now Rx = −16⋅ N but and m1 = ρ⋅ A⋅ ( V − U)
⎝ 1 + sin( θ) ⎠
Rx = ( V − U) ⋅ ρ⋅ A⋅ ⎛⎜ − 1⎞
2 cos( θ)
Hence
⎝ 1 + sin( θ) ⎠
Rx m
Solving for U U = V− U = 3.03
⎡ρ⋅ A⋅ ⎛ − 1⎞⎤⎥
cos( θ) s
⎢ ⎜
⎣ ⎝ 1 + sin( θ) ⎠⎦
Problem 4.107
Solution:
Apply x component of momentum equation to accelerating CV.
Basic equation:
 0 3
 01  0 z  
FSx  FBx   arfx  d    uxyz  d    uxyz Vxyz dA
CV x CV CS
Assumptions:
1) FSx  0 , since no pressure forces, no resistance

2) FBx  0 , since horizontal
3) Neglect mass of water on vane
4) Uniform flow in it
5) No change in relative velocity on vane
Then,
arfx M CV  u1   V  U  A  u2   V  U  A
  1  sin    V  U  A
2
u1  V  U
u2   V  U  sin 
So,
dU  A 1  sin  
 V  U 
2
dt M
To integrate note since V = constant, d(V-U)=-dU, so

V
d V  U  t  A 1  sin  
 V  U 
0
3
2

0 M
or
V
 1  3 3 1 2  A 1  sin  
U
V  U      t
U 0 V V V M
Thus,
2M
t
VA 1  sin 40 
m3 s 4 1
t  2 170kg    
999kg 35m   0.027  m 2 1  sin 40 
2
t  1.034s
CS (moves at
speed
instantaneous
speed U)
c
y
x
Given: Water jet striking moving vane/cart assembly
Find: Angle θ at t = 5 s; Plot θ(t)
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for accelerating CV
Assumptions: 1) No changes in CV 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Constant jet relative
velocity
Then ( ) ( )
−M ⋅ arfx = u 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + u 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = −( V − U) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A] + ( V − U) ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A]
2
M ⋅ arfx
−M ⋅ arfx = ρ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ ( cos( θ) − 1 ) or cos( θ) = 1 −
2
ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A
M ⋅ arfx
Since arfx = constant then U = arfx⋅ t cos( θ) = 1 −
( )
2
ρ⋅ V − arfx⋅ t ⋅ A
⎡ M ⋅ arfx ⎤
θ = acos⎢1 − ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
ρ⋅ ( V − arfx⋅ t) ⋅ A
⎣ ⎦
Using given data
⎡⎢ m
3
m 1 1 ⎤⎥
θ = acos 1 − 55⋅ kg × 1.5⋅ × × × θ = 19.7⋅ deg at t = 5 s
⎢ 2 1000⋅ kg 2 2⎥
⎢ s ⎛ 15⋅ m − 1.5⋅ m × 5 ⋅ s⎞ 0.025 ⋅ m ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎜ s 2 ⎥⎦
⎝ s ⎠
180 20
Angle
Speed
Speed U (m/s)
135 15
Angle (deg)
90 10
45 5
0 0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10
Time t (s)
The solution is only valid for θ up to 180 o (when t = 9.14 s). This graph can be plotted in Excel
4.110 A rocket sled, weighing 44,500 N and traveling

960 km/h, is to be braked by lowering a scoop into a water
trough. The scoop is 150 mm wide. Determine the time
required (after lowering the scoop to a depth of 75 mm
into the water) to bring the sled to a speed of 32 km/h. Plot
the sled speed as a function of time.
Solution:
Apply x component of momentum equation to linearly accelerating CV. Basic equation is
=0(1) =0(2) =0(3)

∂
− ∫ a rf x ρ dV = ∫ u xyz ρ dV + ∫ u xyz ρ V xyz ⋅ dA

FSx + FB x
CV ∂t CV CS
Assumptions: (1) FSx = 0

(2) FBx = 0
(3) Neglect u xyz and its rate of change in CV
(5) Speed of water relative to sled is constant
Then
−a rfx M = u1 {− ρUwh } + u 2 { ρUwh } ; u1 = U, u 2 = − U cos θ
W ρgU 2 wh (1 + cos θ )
−a rfx = −ρU 2 wh (1 + cos θ ) , or a rf x =
g W
dU
Now a rf x = − , because of coordinate choice. Thus
dt
dU rwh
2
=− (1 + cos θ ) dt
U W
and
U dU 1 1 rwh
∫Ui U2
=− +
U Ui
=−
W
(1 + cos θ ) t (1)
Solving for t,
1 1  W
t= − 
 U U i  rwh (1 + cos θ )
1 1  hr km S m3 1 1 104 mm 2 44,500 N
= −  × × 3600 × × × × 2
×
 32 960  km 1000 m hr 9800 N 150 mm 75 mm m 1 + cos 30o
t = 23.5 s t
The plot is presented below.
Solving Eq. 1 for U,
1 1 rwh W + rwhU i (1 + cos θ ) t

= + (1 + cos θ ) t =
U Ui W WU i
WU i
Or U = (2)
W + rwhU i (1 + cos θ)t
Plotting,
1050
900
750
Speed, U (km/h)
600
450
300
150
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time, t (s)
Problem 4.130
Given: Vaned cart being hit by jet
Find: Jet speed to stop cart in 1s and 2 s; distance traveled
Solution: Apply x momentum
Assumptions: 1) All changes wrt CV 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Constant jet area
kg m
Given data ρ = 999 ⋅ M = 5 ⋅ kg D = 35⋅ mm θ = 60⋅ deg U0 = 5 ⋅
3 s
m
π 2 2
A = ⋅D A = 962 ⋅ mm
4
Then −arf ⋅ M = u 1 ⋅ [ −ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A] + u 2 ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A]
dU
where arf = u 1 = −( V + U) and u 2 = −( V + U) ⋅ cos( θ)
dt
dU 2 2 2
Hence − ⋅ M = ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A − ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A⋅ cos( θ) = ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
dt
dU 2
or − ⋅ M = ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) (1)
dt
d ( V + U) ρ⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) ⋅ A
− = ⋅ dt
Note that V is constant, so dU = d(V+U), separating variables 2 M
( V + U)
1 1 ρ⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) ⋅ A
Integrating from U0 at t = 0 to U = 0 at t − = ⋅t
V V + U0 M
U0 ρ⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) ⋅ A⋅ t 2
M ⋅ U0
Solving for V = or V + V⋅ U0 −
(
V⋅ V + U0 ) M ρ⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) ⋅ A⋅ t
2
U0 U0 U0 ⋅ M
Hence V= − + +
2 4 ρ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) ⋅ t
dU dU dx dU
To find distances note that = ⋅ = U⋅
dt dx dt dx
dU 2
so Eq. 1 can be rewritten as −U⋅ ⋅ M = ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
dx
U⋅ dU ρ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
Separating variables =− ⋅ dx
2 M
( V + U)
0
⌠
dU = ln⎛⎜
⎮ U V ⎞ V V
+ −
It can be shown that ⎮ (Remember that V is constant)
⎮ ( V + U)
2
⎝ V + U0 ⎠ V V + U0
⌡U
0
ρ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
ln⎛⎜ ⎞+1−
V V
=− ⋅x
⎝ V + U0 ⎠ V + U0 M
⋅ ⎛⎜ ln⎛⎜ ⎞+1− ⎞
M V V
Solving for x x=−
ρ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
⎝ ⎝ V + U0 ⎠ V + U0
⎠
Substituting values:
2
U0 U0 U0 ⋅ M m
To stop in t = 1⋅ s V = − + + V = 5.13
2 4 ρ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) ⋅ t s
⋅ ⎛⎜ ln⎛⎜
⎞+1− V ⎞
M V
and x = − x = 1.94 m
ρ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
⎝ ⎝ V + U0 ⎠ V + U0
⎠
2
U0 U0 U0 ⋅ M m
To stop in t = 2⋅ s V = − + + V = 3.18
2 4 ρ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) ⋅ t s
⋅ ⎛⎜ ln⎛⎜ ⎞+1− ⎞
M V V
and x = − x = 3.47 m
ρ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
⎝ ⎝ V + U0 ⎠ V + U0
⎠
Given: Mass moving betweem two jets
Find: Time st slow to 2.5 m/s; plot position; rest position; explain
Solution: Apply x momentum
Assumptions: 1) All changes wrt CV 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Constant jet area
kg m m m 2
The given data is ρ = 999 ⋅ M = 5⋅ kg V = 20⋅ U0 = 10⋅ U = 2.5⋅ A = 100⋅ mm
3 s s s
m
Then −arf ⋅ M = u 1⋅ [ −ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A ] + u 2⋅ [ −ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A ] + u 3⋅ m3
dU
where arf = u1 = V − U u 2 = −( V + U) and u3 = 0
dt
⋅ M = ρ⋅ A ⋅ ⎡⎣−( V − U) + ( V + U)
dU 2 2⎤
Hence − ⎦ = 4⋅ ρ⋅ A ⋅ V⋅ U
dt
4⋅ ρ⋅ A ⋅ V
− ⋅t
4 ⋅ ρ⋅ A⋅ V 4 ⋅ ρ⋅ A⋅ V
( )
dU M
Separating and integrating =− ⋅ dt or ln( U) − ln U0 = − ⋅t U = U0 ⋅ e (1)
U M M
⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞
M U m
Solving for t t = − and using given data t = 0.867 s for U = 2.5
4 ⋅ ρ⋅ V⋅ A
⎝ U0 ⎠ s
4⋅ ρ⋅ A⋅ V
− ⋅t
dx M
For position x = U = U0 ⋅ e
dt
⎛ −
4⋅ ρ⋅ V⋅ A
⋅ t⎞
M ⋅ U0 ⎜ M
and a straightforward integration leads to x ( t) = ⋅⎝1 − e ⎠ For t = 0.867 s x ( t) = 4.69 m
4 ⋅ ρ⋅ V⋅ A
M ⋅ U0
For large time x final = x final = 6.26 m
4 ⋅ ρ⋅ V⋅ A
6
x (m)
0 1 2 3 4
t (s)
Problem 4.116
Given: Water jet striking moving disk
Find: Acceleration of disk when at a height of 4 m.
Solution:
Basic equations
Bernuolli, Momentum flux in z  direction (treated as upwards) for the accelerating CV
P V2
  gz  constant
 2

FSZ  FBZ  a
CV
rtZ  d   wxyz  d   CV wxyz Vxyz dA
t CV
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow
4) Uniform flow (All in jet)
The Bernoulli equation becomes

V2
V02  g  0  1  g  z  z0 
2
V1  V02  2 g  z  z0 
  24 m/s   2  9.81 m/s 2   0  4  m

2
 22.30 m/s
The momentum equation becomes
W  M  artz  W1   V1 A1   W2  V2 A2 
 V1  U     V1  U  A1   0
Hence,
 V1  U  A1  W  V1  U  A1
2 2
artz   g
M M
V0
 V1  U  A0
2
V1
 g (1)
M
Using V1 A1  V0 A0

 24  1 
 22.30  8  m/s   0.008 m 2  
1000 kg 2
artz     9.81 m/s
2
 22.30  40 
3
m
 34.20 m/s 2
Hence, the vertical acceleration of the disk the given instant is 34.20 m/s 2 .
M = 35 kg
d
c CS moving
at speed U
D = 75 mm
Given: Water jet striking disk
Find: Plot mass versus flow rate to find flow rate for a steady height of 3 m
Solution:
Basic equations: Bernoulli; Momentum flux in z direction (treated as upwards)
2
p V
+ + g ⋅ z = constant
ρ 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow (All in jet)
2 2
V0 V1 2
The Bernoulli equation becomes + g⋅ 0 = + g⋅ h V1 = V0 − 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h
2 2
The momentum equation becomes
( ) ( )
−M ⋅ g = w1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + w2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = V1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + 0 ( )
2
ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1
Hence M= but from continuity V1 ⋅ A1 = V0 ⋅ A0
g
2
ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ V0 ⋅ A0 π ρ⋅ V0 ⋅ D0 2
M= = ⋅ ⋅ V0 − 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h and also Q = V0 ⋅ A0
g 4 g
This equation is difficult to solve for V 0 for a given M. Instead we plot first:
150
100
M (kg)
50
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Q (cubic meter/s)
3
m
Goal Seek or Solver in Excel feature can be used to find Q when M = 35 kg Q = 0.0469⋅
s
Problem 4.142
Problem 4.142 cont'd Difficulty:3] Part 2/2
Given: Rocket sled on track
Find: Plot speed versus time; maximum speed; effect of reducing k
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow (All in jet)
N⋅ s m kg
Given data M 0 = 5000⋅ kg k = 50⋅ Ve = 1750⋅ M fuel = 1000⋅ kg mrate = 50⋅
m s s
The momentum equation becomes −FR − arf ⋅ M = u e⋅ mrate = −Ve⋅ mrate and FR = k ⋅ U
From continuity M = M 0 − mrate⋅ t
Ve⋅ mrate − k ⋅ U
( )
dU dU
Hence, combining −k ⋅ U − M 0 − mrate⋅ t ⋅ = −Ve⋅ mrate or =
dt dt M 0 − mrate⋅ t
dU dt
Separating variables =
Ve⋅ mrate − k ⋅ U (M0 − mrate⋅ t)
(( ( ) ( ))) = ( ( ) ( ))
1 1
Integrating ⋅ ln Ve⋅ mrate − k ⋅ U − ln Ve⋅ mrate ⋅ ln M 0 − mrate⋅ t − ln M 0
k mrate
⎛ Ve⋅ mrate − k ⋅ U ⎞ k⋅ U ⎞ = 1 ⋅ ln⎛ 0

M − mrate⋅ t ⎞ ⎛ mrate⋅ t ⎞
⋅ ln⎛⎜ 1 −
1 1 1
Simplifying ⋅ ln⎜ = ⎜ = ⋅ ln⎜ 1 −
Ve⋅ mrate Ve⋅ mrate
k
⎝ ⎠ k
⎝ ⎠ mrate ⎝ M0
⎠ mrate ⎝ M0
⎠
⎡ k ⎤
⎢ mrate⎥
Ve⋅ mrate ⎢ ⎛ mrate⋅ t ⎞ ⎥
Solving for U U( t) = ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜1 − M ⎥
k
⎣ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦
m M fuel
Using given data U( 10⋅ s) = 175 and fuel is used up when tfuel = tfuel = 20 s
s mrate
( )
m
This is when the speed is maximum Umax = U t fuel Umax = 350
s
⎡ k2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ mrate⎥
Ve⋅ mrate ⎢ ⎛ mrate⋅ tfuel ⎞ ⎥ m
With 10% reduction in k k 2 = 0.9⋅ k Umax2 = ⋅ 1 − ⎜1 − Umax2 = 354
⎢ ⎥
k2
⎣ ⎝ M0
⎠ ⎦ s
Umax2 − Umax
The percent improvement is = 1.08⋅ %
Umax
( )
dU dU
When the fuel runs out the momentum equation simplifies from −k ⋅ U − M 0 − mrate⋅ t ⋅ = −Ve⋅ mrate to −k ⋅ U − =0
dt dt
(
k⋅ t− tfuel )
−
M0− Mfuel
The solution to this (with U = Umax when t = tfuel) Uempty( t) = Umax⋅ e
400
300
U (m/s)
200
100
0
0 20 40 60
t (s)
Problem 4.121
Given: Data on rocket sled
Find: minimum fuel to get to 275 m/s
Solution:
Basic equation of momentum flux in x  direction


f x  f sx  f Bx   arf x  d    u xyz  d    u xyz VdA
CV
t CV CS
Assumptions:
1) Mo resistance
2) Pe  Patm
3) Uniform flow
4) Use relative velocities
From continuity
dM
 mrate  constant
dt
So,
M  M 0  mrate  t
Hence,
du
arfx  M    M 0  M ratet   ue  eVe Ae 
dt
 Ve  mrate
Separating variables
V m
dU  e rate  dt
M 0  mratet
Integrating
 M0   mratet 
U  Ve ln    Ve ln 1   or
 M 0  mratet   M0 
M0  U

t  M 0 1  e Ve 
mratet  
 
The mass of fuel consumed is
 U

m f  mratet  M 0 1  e Ve  (1)
 
 
Substitute corresponding values in the equation (1)

 275

m f   800 kg  1  e 2850 
 
 73.59 kg
Hence, the minimum mass of rocket fuel is 73.59 kg .

4.122 A rocket motor is used to accelerate a kinetic

energy weapon to a speed of 5600 km/h in horizontal
flight. The exit stream leaves the nozzle axially and at
atmospheric pressure with a speed of 9600 km/h relative
to the rocket. The rocket motor ignites upon release
of the weapon from an aircraft flying horizontally at
U0 = 960 km/h. Neglecting air resistance, obtain an
algebraic expression for the speed reached by the weapon
in level flight. Determine the minimum fraction of the
initial mass of the weapon that must be fuel to accomplish
the desired acceleration.
Given: Data on rocket weapon.
Find: Expression for speed of weapon; minimum fraction of mass that must be fuel.
Solution:
∂ r r
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction FS x + FB x − ∫ CV
a rf x ρ dV =
∂t ∫ CV
u xyz ρ dV + ∫ CS
u xyz ρ V xyz ⋅ dA
Assumptions: 1) No resistance 2) pe = patm 3) Uniform flow 4) Use relative velocities 5) Constant mass flow rate
dM
From continuity = m rate = constant so M = M 0 − m rate ⋅ t (Note: Software cannot render a dot!)
dt
⋅ ( M 0 − m rate ⋅ t ) = u e ⋅ ( ρe ⋅ Ve ⋅ A e ) = − Ve ⋅ m rate
dU
Hence from momentum − a rfx ⋅ M = −
dt
Ve ⋅ m rate
Separating variables dU = ⋅ dt
M 0 − m rate ⋅ t
Integrating from U = U0 at t = 0 to U = U at t = t
⎛ m ⋅t ⎞
U − U 0 = − Ve ⋅ ( ln ( M 0 − m rate ⋅ t ) − ln ( M 0 ) ) = − Ve ⋅ ln ⎜ 1 − rate ⎟
⎝ M0 ⎠
⎛ m ⋅t ⎞
U − U 0 = − Ve ⋅ ln ⎜ 1 − rate ⎟
⎝ M0 ⎠
(U − U 0 ) ( 5600 − 960)
m rate ⋅ t − −
Rearranging MassFractionConsumed = = 1− e Ve
= 1− e 9600
= 0.383
M0
Hence 38.3% of the mass must be fuel to accomplish the task. In reality, a much higher percentage would be needed
due to drag effects.
y
4.124 A “home-made” solid propellant rocket has an initial mass V
of 9 kg; 6.8 kg of this is fuel. The rocket is directed vertically CV x
upward from rest, burns fuel at a constant rate of 0.225 kg/s and
ejects exhaust gas at a speed of 1980 m/s relative to the rocket.
Assume that the pressure at the exit is atmospheric and that air
resistance may be neglected. Calculate the rocket speed after 20 s
and the distance traveled by the rocket in 20 s. Plot the rocket
Y
speed and the distance traveled as functions of time.
X
m Ve
Solution: Apply y – component of momentum equation to accelerating CV using CS shown.
Basic equation:
= 0(1) ≈ 0(2)
∂
FS y + FB y − ∫ CV
a r fy ρ d V =
∂t ∫ CV
v xyz ρ d V + ∫ CS
v xyz ρ V xyz ⋅ d A
Assumptions: (1) Neglect air resistance; p e = patm (given)

∂
(2) Neglect v xyz and within CV
∂t
(3) Uniform flow at nozzle exit section
Then
FBy − a rf y M = − Mg − Ma rf y = v e {+ m
} = − Ve m

and ve = − Ve
dV V m
a rf y = = e −g
dt M
Introducing M = M 0 − mt
and separating variables,
 Ve m 
dV =  − g  dt
 M 0 − m t 
Integrating from rest at t = 0
t  V e m  t
V = ∫ 0

M
 0 − m t
− g  d t = − V e ln  ( M 0 − m

t )  − g t
0
or
 M0 
V = V e ln   − gt
M0 − m
t
At t = 20 sec,
 
m  9 kg  m
V = 1980 ln   − 9 .8 1 2 × 2 0 s
s  9 k g − 0 .2 2 5 k g × 2 0 5  s
 s 
V ( 2 0 s ) = 1 1 7 6 m /s V20
To find height, note V = d y . Substitute into Eq.1 to obtain

dt
m  1    1    1 m 2
1980 × 9 k g × 0 .2 2 5 k g     ln   − 1  + 1  − × 9 .8 1 2 (2 0 ) s2
s     
2 2   2 s
dY  M0   m t 
= V e ln   − g t = − V e ln  1 − − g t
dt  M 0 − m
t   M 0 

mt m
Let r =1− , and dr = − dt, then
M0 M0
Ve M 0
dY = − Ve ln r dt − gt dt = + ln r dr − gt dt
m
Integrating from Y = 0 at t = 0,
t Ve M 0 1 V M 1
Y=∫
t
ln r dr − gt 2 = e 0 [ r ln r − r ]0 − gt 2
0 m 2 m
2
t
V M   
mt   
mt 1 2
= e 0  1 −  ln 1 −  − 1  − gt
m
 M 0    M 0    2
0
Ve M 0   
mt    1 2
mt
Y= 1 −  ln 1 −  − 1 + 1 − gt
m  M 0    M 0    2
At t = 20 s,

mt kg 1 1
1− = 1 − 0 ⋅ 255 ⋅ × 20 s × =
M0 s 9 kg 2
So
Y = 10,200 m Y
Speed vs. Time for Vertical Rocket Height vs. Time for Vertical Rocket
1200 12000
900 9000
Speed, v (m/s)
Height, y (m)
600 6000
300 3000
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Time, t (s) Time, t (s)
y
d
x
CS (moves
at speed U)
Ry
Ff
Find: Plot of terminal speed versus turning angle; angle to overcome static friction
Solution:
Basic equations: Momentum flux in x and y directions
Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Atmospheric pressure in jet 3) Uniform flow 4) Jet relative velocity is constant
Then ( ) ( )
−Ff − M ⋅ arfx = u 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + u 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = −( V − U) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A] + ( V − U) ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A]
2
ρ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) − Ff
arfx = (1)
M
Also ( )
Ry − M ⋅ g = v 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + v 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = 0 + ( V − U) ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A]
2
Ry = M ⋅ g + ρ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ sin( θ)
At terminal speed arfx = 0 and Ff = µkRy. Hence in Eq 1
ρ⋅ V − Ut ⋅ A⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) ) − μk ⋅ ⎡M ⋅ g + ρ⋅ V − Ut ⋅ A⋅ sin( θ)⎤

( )2 ( )2 ( )2 (
ρ⋅ V − Ut ⋅ A⋅ 1 − cos( θ) − μk ⋅ sin( θ) )
0=
⎣ ⎦ = − μk ⋅ g
M M
μk ⋅ M ⋅ g μk ⋅ M ⋅ g
or V − Ut = Ut = V −
(
ρ⋅ A⋅ 1 − cos( θ) − μk ⋅ sin( θ) ) (
ρ⋅ A⋅ 1 − cos( θ) − μk ⋅ sin( θ) )
The terminal speed as a function of angle is plotted below; it can be generated in Excel
20
Terminal Speed (m/s)
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle (deg)
For the static case Ff = μs⋅ Ry and arfx = 0 (the cart is about to move, but hasn't)
Substituting in Eq 1, with U = 0
2
⎣
(
ρ⋅ V ⋅ A⋅ ⎡1 − cos( θ) − μs⋅ ρ⋅ V ⋅ A⋅ sin( θ) + M ⋅ g
2 )
0=
M
μs⋅ M ⋅ g
or cos( θ) + μs⋅ sin( θ) = 1 −
2
ρ⋅ V ⋅ A
We need to solve this for θ! This can be done by hand or by using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver θ = 19.0⋅ deg
Note that we need θ = 19o, but once started we can throttle back to about θ = 12.5 o and still keep moving!
y
CS at speed V
x
Y
Ve
X
Given: Data on rocket
Find: Maximum speed and height; Plot of speed and distance versus time
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in y direction
Assumptions: 1) No resistance 2) p e = p atm 3) Uniform flow 4) Use relative velocities 5) Constant mass flow rate
dM
From continuity = mrate = constant so M = M 0 − mrate⋅ t (Note: Software cannot render a dot!)
dt
Hence from momentum ( )

−M ⋅ g − arfy⋅ M = u e⋅ ρe⋅ Ve⋅ Ae = −Ve⋅ mrate
dV Ve⋅ mrate Ve⋅ mrate

Hence arfy = = −g= −g
dt M M 0 − mrate⋅ t
⎛ Ve⋅ mrate ⎞
Separating variables dV = ⎜ M − m ⋅ t − g ⋅ dt
⎝ 0 rate ⎠
Integrating from V = at t = 0 to V = V at t = t
⎛ mrate⋅ t ⎞
( (
V = −Ve⋅ ln M 0 − mrate⋅ t − ln M 0) ( )) − g⋅ t = −Ve⋅ ln⎜ 1 − − g⋅ t
⎝ M0
⎠
⎛ mrate⋅ t ⎞
V = −Ve⋅ ln⎜ 1 − − g⋅ t for t ≤ tb (burn time) (1)
⎝ M0
⎠
mf 12.5⋅ gm − 3 kg
To evaluate at tb = 1.7 s, we need V e and mrate mrate = mrate = mrate = 7.35 × 10
tb 1.7⋅ s s
Also note that the thrust Ft is due to Ft 5.75⋅ N kg⋅ m m

Ft = mrate⋅ Ve Ve = Ve = × Ve = 782
momentum flux from the rocket mrate − 3 kg 2 s
7.35 × 10 ⋅ s ⋅N
s
⎛ mrate⋅ t b ⎞
Hence Vmax = −Ve⋅ ln⎜ 1 − − g ⋅ tb
⎝ M0
⎠
Vmax = −782 ⋅ ⋅ ln⎛⎜ 1 − 7.35 × 10 ⋅ × 1.7⋅ s⎞ − 9.81⋅ × 1.7⋅ s
m − 3 kg 1 m m
× Vmax = 138
s ⎝ s 0.0696⋅ kg ⎠ 2 s
s
To obtain Y(t) we set V = dY/dt in Eq 1, and integrate to find
Ve⋅ M 0 ⎡⎛ mrate⋅ t ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ mrate⋅ t ⎞ ⎞ ⎤ 1 2

Y= ⋅ ⎢⎜ 1 − ⋅ ⎜ ln⎜ 1 − − 1 + 1⎥ − ⋅ g⋅ t t ≤ tb tb = 1.7⋅ s (2)
mrate
⎣⎝ M0
⎠⎝ ⎝ M0
⎠ ⎠ ⎦ 2
0.00735 ⋅ 1.7 ⎞ ⎛ .00735⋅ 1.7 ⎞

⋅ ⎡⎢⎛⎜ 1 − ⎛ − 1⎞ + 1⎥⎤ ...
m s
At t = tb Yb = 782 ⋅ × 0.0696⋅ kg × ⎜ ln⎜ 1 − .0696
s
7.35 × 10
−3
⋅ kg ⎣⎝ 0.0696 ⎠⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ ⎦
1 m 2
+− × 9.81⋅ × ( 1.7⋅ s)
2 2
s
Yb = 113 m
After burnout the rocket is in free assent. Ignoring drag V( t) = Vmax − g ⋅ t − tb ( ) (3)
( ) ( )
1 2
Y( t) = Yb + Vmax⋅ t − tb − ⋅ g ⋅ t − tb t > tb (4)
2
The speed and position as functions of time are plotted below. These are obtained from Eqs 1 through 4, and can be plotted in
Excel
150
100
V (m/s)
50
0 5 10 15 20
− 50
Time (s)
1500
1000
Y (m)
500
0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)
Using Solver, or by differentiating y(t) and setting to zero, or by setting V(t) = 0, we find for the maximum y
t = 15.8 s y max = 1085 m

Given: Data on "jet pack" rocket
Find: Initial exhaust mass flow rate; mass flow rate at end; maximum time of flight
Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in y direction
Assumptions: 1) Jet pack just hovers 2) Steady flow 3) Uniform flow 4) Use relative velocities
m m
Given data Ve = 3000⋅ M 0 = 200⋅ kg M fuel = 100⋅ kg g moon = 0.17⋅ g g moon = 1.67
s 2
s
M ⋅ g moon
At all instants, the momentum becomes −M ⋅ g moon = −v 1 ⋅ mrate = −Ve⋅ mrate or mrate =
Ve
M 0 ⋅ g moon kg
Hence, initially mrateinit = mrateinit = 0.111
Ve s
Finally, when all the fuel is just used up, the mass is M f = M 0 − M fuel M f = 100 kg
M f ⋅ g moon kg
Then mratefinal = mratefinal = 0.0556
Ve s
dM M ⋅ g moon
Flight ends as fuel is used up. To find this, from continuity = mrate but mrate =
dt Ve
dM M ⋅ g moon dM g moon
Hence = so = ⋅ dt
dt Ve M Ve
gmoon
− ⋅t
⎛ M0 ⎞ gmoon Ve
Integrating ln⎜ = ⋅t or M = M0⋅ e
⎝M⎠ Ve
Ve Ve ⎛ Mf ⎞
⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞
M
Solving for t t=− so when M = Mf tfinal = − ⋅ ln⎜ tfinal = 20.8 min
g moon
⎝ ⎠
M0 g moon
⎝ M0
⎠
4.184
4.184
4.184
4.137
Problem 4.138
4.138 Water is entering in a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at a

steady rate of 1200 ml/s. The exit area of each of the two sprinkler’s nozzle
is 25mm2. Evaluate the average speed of the water leaving each nozzle,
relative to the nozzle in following three conditions:
a) When the rotary sprinkler head is stationary
b) When sprinkler head is rotating at 70 rpm
c) The sprinkler head accelerates from 0 to 700 rpm
Given: Flow is steady; area of each of the two nozzle
Find: Average speed of the water leaving each nozzle
Solution:
Assumption, flow is steady
The continuity equation for the system can be given as,

t 
CV
 dV   W  dA  0
CS
 
Assuming one directional flow, continuity equation become, 
 t

CV
 dV  0 

CS
W  dA   min  mout  0
mout  2  A2W 2  min   Q
Q
W2 
2 A2
Substitute the values in the above expression to find the average speed of the water leaving each
nozzle.
Q
W2 
2 A2
ml m3 mm 2 1 litre 1 1
 1200 ×0.001 ×106 2
× × ×
s litre m 1000 ml 2 25mm 2
m
 25
s
Thus, the average speed W2 of the water leaving each nozzle is 25 m/s
For case (a), (b), and (c), the average speed of the water exiting from each nozzle relative to the
nozzle is given by W2 only, because the speed is independent of the rotating speed of the
sprinkler head.
Given: Data on rotating spray system
Find: Torque required to hold stationary; steady-state speed
Solution:
Basic equation: Rotating CV
kg L
The given data is ρ = 999 ⋅ δ = 2.5⋅ mm ro = 300 ⋅ mm Qin = 3 ⋅ ri = ( 300 − 250 ) ⋅ mm
3 s
m
For no rotation (ω = 0) the basic equation reduces to a single scalar equation
r r
⌠ → ⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯ →→ ⌠o 2 ⌠
o
Tshaft = ⎮ r × Vxyz⋅ ρ⋅ Vxyz dA Tshaft = 2 ⋅ δ⋅ ⎮ r⋅ V⋅ ρ⋅ V dr = 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V ⋅ δ⋅ ⎮ r dr = ρ⋅ V ⋅ δ⋅ ⎛ ro − ri ⎞
2 2 2
or
⎮ ⌡r ⌡r ⎝ ⎠
⌡ i i
Qin m
where V is the exit velocity with respect to the CV V = V = 2.40
(
2 ⋅ δ⋅ ro − ri ) s
⎡ Qin ⎤ ⎛ 2
2
ρ⋅ Qin
2
(ro + ri)
⎥ ⋅ δ⋅ ⎝ ro − ri ⎞⎠
2
Hence Tshaft = ρ⋅ ⎢ Tshaft = ⋅
2 ⋅ δ⋅ ( ro − ri ) 4⋅ δ (ro − ri)
⎣ ⎦
2
⎛ L 10− 3⋅ m3 ⎞
1 999 ⋅ kg 1 ( 0.3 + 0.05)
Tshaft = × ⎜ 3⋅ × × × × Tshaft = 1.26⋅ N⋅ m
4 ⎝ s L ⎠ 3 0.0025 ⋅ m ( 0.3 − 0.05)
m
⌠→ → ⎯⎯ → ⌠ → ⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯ →→
For the steady rotation speed the equation becomes −⎮ r × ⎛ 2 ⋅ ω × Vxyz⎞ ⋅ ρ dV = ⎮ r × V ⋅ ρ⋅ V dA
⎮ ⎝ ⎠ ⎮ xyz xyz
⌡ ⌡
⌠→ → ⎯⎯ →
The volume integral term −⎮ r × ⎛ 2 ⋅ ω × Vxyz⎞ ⋅ ρ dV must be evaluated for the CV. The velocity in the CV varies with r. This
⎮ ⎝ ⎠
⌡
variation can be found from mass conservation
For an infinitesmal CV of length dr and cross-section A at radial position r, if the flow in is Q, the flow out is Q + dQ, and the loss
through the slot is Vδdr. Hence mass conservation leads to
( Q + dQ) + V⋅ δ⋅ dr − Q = 0 dQ = −V⋅ δ⋅ dr Q( r) = −V⋅ δ⋅ r + const

Qin
At the inlet (r = ri) Q = Qi =
2
Qin Qin Qin ⎛ ri − r ⎞ Qin ⎛ ro − r ⎞
Hence (
Q = Qi + V⋅ δ⋅ ri − r = + ) ⋅ δ⋅ ri − r ( ) Q= ⋅⎜1 + = ⋅⎜
2 2 ⋅ δ⋅ ro − ri ( ) 2
⎝ ro − ri
⎠ 2
⎝ ro − ri ⎠
Q Qin ⎛ ro − r ⎞
and along each rotor the water speed is v ( r) = = ⋅⎜
2⋅ A
A
⎝ ro − ri ⎠
⌠→ → ⎯⎯ →
Hence the term - ⎮ r × ⎛ 2 ⋅ ω × Vxyz⎞ ⋅ ρ dV becomes
⎮ ⎝ ⎠
⌡
r r
⌠→ → ⎯⎯ → ⌠o ⌠ o Q ⎛ r − r⎞
−⎮ ⎛ ⎞ ⎮
r × 2 ⋅ ω × Vxyz ⋅ ρ dV = 4 ⋅ ρ⋅ A⋅ ω⋅ ⎮ r⋅ v ( r) dr = 4 ⋅ ρ⋅ ω⋅ ⎮ r⋅
in
⋅⎜
o
dr
⎮ ⎝ ⎠ ⌡r 2 r − ri
⌡ i ⎮ ⎝ o ⎠
⌡r
i
ro
⌠→
⎮ ⎛ → ⎯⎯ →
⎞
⌠
⎮ ⎛ ro − r ⎞
3 2
ro + ri ⋅ 2 ⋅ ri − 3 ⋅ ro ( )
− r × 2 ⋅ ω × Vxyz ⋅ ρ dV = 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ Qin⋅ ω⋅ ⎮ r⋅ ⎜ dr = ρ⋅ Qin⋅ ω⋅
or ⎮ ⎝ ⎠ ro − ri 3 ⋅ ro − ri ( )
⌡ ⎮ ⎝ ⎠
⌡r
i
⌠ → ⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯ →→
⎮ r × V ⋅ ρ⋅ V dA = ρ⋅ V ⋅ δ⋅ ⎛ ro − ri ⎞
2 2 2
Recall that
⎮ xyz xyz ⎝ ⎠
⌡
⌠→ → ⎯⎯ → ⌠ → ⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯ →→
Hence equation −⎮ r × ⎛ 2 ⋅ ω × Vxyz⎞ ⋅ ρ dV = ⎮ r × V ⋅ ρ⋅ V
xyz dA becomes
⎮ ⎝ ⎠ ⎮ xyz
⌡ ⌡
3 2
(
ro + ri ⋅ 2 ⋅ ri − 3 ⋅ ro )
= ρ⋅ V ⋅ δ⋅ ⎛ ro − ri
2 2 2⎞
ρ⋅ Qin⋅ ω⋅
(
3 ⋅ ro − ri ) ⎝ ⎠
3 ⋅ ro − ri ⋅ V ⋅ δ⋅ ⎛ ro − ri
2⎞
( ) ⎝
2 2
⎠
Solving for ω ω = ω = 120 ⋅ rpm
Qin⋅ ⎡ro + ri ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ ri − 3 ⋅ ro )⎤
3 2
⎣ ⎦
Problem *4.175 Problem 4.142 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 4.144
4.144 Water is entering in a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at a steady rate of 1200 ml/s.
The exit area of sprinkler’s nozzle is in the tangential direction. The radius from the axis of
rotation to the centreline of each nozzle is 250mm. (use question 5) Determine the followings:
a) The required resisting torque to hold the sprinkler’s head stationary
b) When sprinkler is rotating at speed of 600 rev/min, determine the associated resisting torque
c) If there is no resisting torque associated, calculate the speed of the sprinkler
Given: Flow is steady, radius from the axis of rotation to the centreline of each nozzle
Find: Resisting torque in different situations
Solution:
a) Resisting torque is given using the equation,
Tshaft   r2V 2 m V 2  V2 

 Tshaft   r2V2 m V2  25 m s from Question 5
Mass flow rate is given by,
m  Q
ml m3 kg 1 litre
 1200 ×0.001 ×999 3 ×
s litre m 1000 ml
kg
 1.2
s
Torque calculation
m kg 1N s 2 1 litre
Tshaft  250 mm×25 ×1.2 × × ×
s s kg m 1000 ml
 7.5 N  m
Thus, resisting torque to hold the sprinkler’s head stationary required is 7.5 N  m
b) To determine the resisting torque associated with sprinkler rotating at speed 600 rev/min
V2  W2  U 2
Where, W2 = 16m/s and U 2  r2
Substitute the values in above expression,

m rev rad 1 1m 1 s
V2  25 - 250mm×600 ×2π × ×
s min rev 1000 mm 60 min
 9.3 m/s
Torque is given by,
Tshaft   r2V2 m
m kg 1N s 2 1 litre
 250mm×9.3 ×1.2 × ×
s s kg m 1000 ml
  2.79 N  m
Thus, the resisting torque associated with rotating sprinkler is  2.79 N  m
c) To calculate the speed of the sprinkler when there is no resisting torque,
Tshaft   r2 W2  r2  m  0

W2

r2
Substitute the values in above expression,
W2

r2
m mm 1
 25 ×1000 ×
s m 250mm
 100 rad/s = 954.93 rpm
Thus, the speed of the sprinkler is 954.93 rpm

Problem *4.179 Problem 4.146 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem *4.179 cont'd Difficulty: [4] Part 2/2
Problem *4.180 Problem 4.147 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/3
Problem *4.180 cont'd [Difficulty: 4] Part 2/3
Problem *4.180 cont'd
Problem 4.148
4.148 A 800mm diameter pipeline carries water under a head of

40m with a velocity of 5m/s. This water main is fitted with a
horizontal bend which turns the axis of the pipeline through
85° (i.e. the internal angle at the bend is 115°). Calculate the
resultant force on the bend and its angle to the horizontal.
Solution:
From the problem:
2
 0.8 
a     0.502 m
2
 2 
d  0.8 m
h  40 m
u1  u2  5 m/s
Q  au1
  0.502 m 2   5 m/s 
 2.51 m3 /s
Calculate total force

FTx   Q  u2 x  u1x 
 FRx  FPx  FBx
FTx  1000  2.51 5cos85  5 
 6.436 kN
FTy   Q  u2 y  u1 y   FRy  FPy  FBy
FTy  1000  2.51 5sin 85  0 
 1.093 kN
Calculate the pressure force

p1  p2  p  h  g  40 1000  9.81  392.4 kN/m 2
FTx  p1a1 cos 1  p2 a2 cos  2
 392400  0.502 1  cos80 
 392400  0.502  0.826 
 162.8 kN
FTy  p1a1 sin 1  p2 a2 sin  2
 392400  0.502  0  sin 80 
 392400  0.502  0.984 
 193.1 kN
There is no body force in the x and y directions

FRx  FTx  FPx  FBx
 6.436  162.8  0
 169.236 kN
FRy  FTy  FPy  FBy

 1.093  193.1  0
 192.007 kN
The forces act on the fluid

The resultant force on the fluid is
FR  FRx 2  FRy 2
  169.236   192.007 
2 2
 255.95 kN
 FRy 
  tan 1  
 FRx 
 48.6
Hence, resultant force on the bend and its angle to the horizontal are 255.95 kN and 48.6 .
Given: Compressed air bottle
Find: Rate of temperature change
Solution:
Basic equations: Continuity; First Law of Thermodynamics for a CV
Assumptions: 1) Adiabatic 2) No work 3) Neglect KE 4) Uniform properties at exit 5) Ideal gas
kg
Given data p = 500⋅ kPa T = 20°C T = 293K V = 100⋅ L mexit = 0.01⋅
s
286.9⋅ N ⋅ m N⋅m
Also Rair = cv = 717.4⋅
kg⋅ K kg⋅ K
∂
From continuity M CV + mexit = 0 where mexit is the mass flow rate at the exit (Note: Software does not allow a dot!)
∂t
∂
M CV = −mexit
∂t
∂⌠ ⎛∂ ⎞ ⎛∂ ⎞
⎮ u dM + ⎛⎜ u + ⎞ ⋅ mexit = u ⋅ ⎜ M + M ⋅ ⎜ u + ⎛⎜ u + ⎞ ⋅ mexit
p p
From the 1st law 0=
∂t ⌡ ⎝ ρ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎝ ρ⎠
mexit ⋅ p
( )
dT p dT
Hence u ⋅ −mexit + M ⋅ cv ⋅ + u ⋅ mexit + ⋅ mexit = 0 =−
dt ρ dt M ⋅ cv ⋅ ρ
dT mexit ⋅ p
But M = ρ⋅ V (where V is volume) so =−
dt 2
V⋅ cv ⋅ ρ
p 3 N kg⋅ K 1 kg
For air ρ = ρ = 500 × 10 ⋅ × × ρ = 5.95
Rair⋅ T 2 286.9 ⋅ N⋅ m ( 20 + 273 ) ⋅ K 3
m m
2
dT kg 3 N 1 L kg⋅ K ⎛ m3 ⎞ K C
Hence = −0.01⋅ × 500 × 10 ⋅ × × × ×⎜ = −1.97⋅ = −1.97⋅
dt s 2 100 ⋅ L −3 3 717.4 ⋅ N⋅ m ⎝ 5.95⋅ kg ⎠ s s
m 10 ⋅ m
Problem 4.152
Given: Compressed air bottle
Find: Rate of temperature
Solution:
Basic equation: Continuity; First law of thermodynamics for a CV

t CV
 d    V  dA  0
CS
  V2 
Q  Ws  Wshear  Wother   e d     u  pv   gz  V  dA
t CV CS
 2 
Assumptions:
1) Adiabatic process
2) No work
3) Neglect KE
4) Uniform properties at exit
5) Ideal gas
Given data:
p  600KPa
T  25C  298K
V  110L
kg
mexit  0.02
s
Also,
286.9N  m Nm
Rair  CV  717.4
kg  K kg×K
From continuity

M CV  mexit  0 (Where mexit is the mass flow rate at the exit)
x

M CV  mexit
t
From the 1st law of thermodynamics
  p      p
0
t  udM   u   mexit  u  M   M  u    u   mexit
   t   t   
Hence,
dT p
u  mexit   M CV  umexit  mexit  0
dt 
dT m p
  exit
dt M CV  
But,
M   V  where V is Volume 
dT m p
so,   exit 2
dt V  CV  
For air,
p

Rair  T
N kg×K 1
  600 103 2
 
m 286.9N×m 298K
kg
  7.02
m3
Hence,
2
dT kg 3 N 1 L kg×K  m3 
 0.02  600 10 3     
dt s m 110L 10-3m3 717.4Nm  7.02kg 
K C
 3.09  3.09
s s
dT C
 3.09
dt s
4.154 Air enters a compressor at 96 kPa, 27°C with regligible 2

speed and is discharged at 480 kPa, 260°C with a speed of
152 m/s. If the power input is 2.39 MW and the flow rate is
9 kg/s, determine the rate of heat transfer.
.
Win = 2.39 MW
1 Fluid is air.
.
Q
Find: Heat transfer, in kJ/kg.
Solution: Apply energy equation to CV shown.
Basic equations: p = ρ RT , Δh = Cρ ΔT
= 0(2) = 0(2) = 0(3) = 0(5)

∂ ⎛ V 2
⎞ r r
Q& − W
& − W
s
& &
shear − Wother =
∂t ∫CV
e ρ dV + ∫ ⎜ u + pv +
CS
⎝ 2
+ gz ⎟ρV ⋅ dA
⎠
Assumptions: (1) Ideal gas, constant specific heat
&
(2) W &
shear = 0 by choice of CV; Wother = 0
(3) Steady flow
(5) Neglect ∆z
(6) V1 ≈ 0
By definition h ≡ u + pv, so
= 0(6)
& = ⎜⎛ h + V1 ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎡V 2 ⎤
2
Q& − W s 1 ⎟ {− m
& } + ⎜ h2 + 2 ⎟{ m
& } =m
& ⎢ 2 + C ρ ( T2 − T1 ) ⎥
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎦
δQ Q& &s
W V2
or = = + 2 + C ρ ( T2 − T1 )
dm m& m& 2
& = 2.39 MW
Noting Ws
δQ 3600 kJ s hr kJ
= − 2.39 × × × + 1.00 × ( 533 − 300 ) k
dm kW ⋅ hr 9 kg 3600 s kg ⋅ k
(152) 2 m 2 N ⋅ s2 10−3 kJ
+ × ×
2 s 2
kg ⋅ m N⋅m
δQ δQ
= − 21 kJ kg
dm dm
Therefore heat transfer is out of CV, since δQ dm < 0 . The rate of heat transfer is
& = 21 kJ × 9 kg = − 189 kJ s
Q &
Q
kg s
Problem 4.188
Problem 4.156
Solution:
Apply energy equation, using CV shown
Basic equation:
p   RT
h  C p T
 0 4 
 01  0 2   0 3    V2 0 5  
Q  Ws  Wshear  Wother 
t CV e  d   CS  u  pv 
2
 gz  V  dA

Assumptions:
1) Ideal gas, constant specific heat

2) Wshear =0 by choice of CV; Wother  0
3) Steady flow
4) Uniform flow at each section
5) Neglect z
6) V1 0
7) Q  0
By definition
h  u  pv, so
01
   V2
  m    h2  2   m 
V1
Ws   h1 
 2   2 
 
 V2 2 
 m  h2  h1  
 2 
or
 V2 2   V2 2 
Ws  m  h2  h1    m C p T2  T1  
 2   2 
kg  110  m 2 N×s 2 KJ  KW×s

2
KJ
 1.2 1.00  413  288  K    
s  kg×K 2 s 2 kg×m 103 N×m  KJ
Ws  7.335KW or Ws  7.335KW
Power is into CV because W s  0
Problem 4.189
Given: Data on helicopter-type craft
Find: Air speed; Minimum power needed
Solution:
Basic equation: Contunity, z momentum; First Law of Thermodynamics for a CV; Bernoulli; Ideal gas
=0
2
p V
+ + g ⋅ z = const p = ρ⋅ Rair⋅ T ∆h = cp ⋅ ∆T
ρ 2
Assumptions: 1) Atmospheric at exit 2) Standard air 3) Uniform properties at exit 4) Incompressible

286.9 ⋅ N⋅ m
Given data M = 1000⋅ kg p = 101 ⋅ kPa T = 15 °C Do = 4.5⋅ m Di = 4.25⋅ m Rair =
kg⋅ K
A2 = ⋅ ⎛ Do − Di ⎞
π 2 2 π 2 2 2 p kg
Then A1 = ⋅ Do A1 = 15.9 m A2 = 1.72 m ρ = ρ = 1.222
4 4 ⎝ ⎠ Rair⋅ T 3
m
A2
From continuity ( ) (
0 = −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ) or V1 = ⋅V
A1 1
From momentum ( ) (
−p 1g⋅ A1 − M ⋅ g = w1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + w2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ) w1 = −V1 w2 = −V1 and ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 = ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2
Then (
−p 1g⋅ A1 − M ⋅ g = V1 ⋅ ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 − V2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = −ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ V2 − V1 )
1 2 1 2
For this flow Bernoulli also applies between the atmosphere and location 1 p atm = p 1 + ⋅ ρ⋅ V1 p 1g = − ⋅ ρ⋅ V1
2 2
1 2 1 1 2
A2
Using continuity p 1g⋅ A1 = − ⋅ ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 = − ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ V1 = − ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ⋅
2 2 2 A1
Substituting into the momentum equation and using continuity
1 2
A2 2 ⎛ V1 ⎞ 2 ⎛ A2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 1 A2 ⎞
⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ − M ⋅ g = −ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ ⎜ 1 − = −ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ ⎜ 1 − or M ⋅ g = ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ ⎜ 1 − ⋅
2 A1 V2 A1 2 A1
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
M⋅ g m
Hence V2 = Substituting values V2 = 70.3
⎛ 1 A2 ⎞ s
ρ⋅ A2 ⋅ ⎜ 1 − ⋅
2 A1
⎝ ⎠
For power we use the First Law
We have additional assumptions 5) pv = const 6) Neglect ∆z
⎛⎜ V 2 − V 2 ⎞
+ mrate⋅ ⎛⎜ u 2 − u 1 −
2 1 dQ ⎞
Then −Ws = mrate⋅ ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ dm ⎠
The last term is non-mechanical energy; the minimum possible work is when this is zero. Hence
⎛⎜ V 2 − V 2 ⎞ V2 ⎡⎢
2 2⎤ 2 ⎡ 2⎤
2 1 ⎛ V1 ⎞ ⎥ ρ⋅ A2 ⋅ V2 ⎢ ⎛ A2 ⎞ ⎥
−Ws = −Wmin = mrate⋅ ⎜ = mrate⋅ ⋅ 1− ⎜V ⎥= ⋅ 1− ⎜A
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎢ 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎦
3 ⎡ 2⎤
ρ⋅ A2 ⋅ V2 ⎢ ⎛ A2 ⎞ ⎥
Wmin = ⋅ 1−
⎢ ⎜A ⎥
Using given data Wmin = 360 ⋅ kW
2
⎣ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎦
Problem 4.192 Problem 4.159 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 4.192 cont'd [Difficulty:] Part 2/2

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Problem 4.

4.1 A mass of 2.27 kg is released when it is just in contact with

Given: Data on mass and spring.

Find: Maximum spring compression.

The given data is M = 2.27 kg h = 1.5 m k = 365 kg/s 2

Total mechanical energy at initial state E1 = 0

2⋅M⋅g 2 × 2.27 kg × 9.81 m/s 2

When dropped from height h:

Total mechanical energy at initial state E1 = M ⋅ g ⋅ h

4.2 An ice-cube containing 270 mL of freshwater at 20 C is

Given: An ice-cube tray with water at 20 C is frozen at -7 C.

To find: Change in internal energy and entropy

Apply the Tds and internal energy equations

1) Neglect volume change

The given data/ available data is:

Then with the assumptions:

Given: Data on ball and pipe

Find: Speed and location at which contact is lost

Find: Work output per unit mass of steam through-flow

The energy equation in terms of enthalpy is given as,

Assumptions, 1) Adiabatic system 2) changes in elevation are negligible

Hence, energy equation reduces to,

The work output per unit mass is given as

Wshaft net in ˆ V 2  V12

Substitute values in above expression,

4.5 A police investigation of tire marks showed that a car

Given: Car sliding to a stop.

Find: Initial speed; skid time.

Assumptions: Dry friction; neglect air resistance

Given data L = 50 m μ = 0.6

Integrating, and using I.C. V = V0 at t = 0

Integrating again 1 1 since x = 0 at t = 0 (2)

We have the final state, at which x f = L and dx at t = tf

Using the data V0 = 87.5 km/hr The skid time is t f = V0 t f = 4.13 s

4.6 A car traveling at 48 km/hr encounters a curve in the road.

Given: Car entering a curve.

Find: Maximum speed.

Assumptions: Dry friction; neglect air resistance

Given data μdry = 0.7 μ wet = 0.3 r = 30 m

4.7 Air at 25 C and an absolute pressure of 101.3 KPa is

Given: Data on air compression process

Find: Work done

p1  101.3KPa p2  415.3KPa T1  25C  298K

From Table A.6

Before integrating we need to relate p and V. An adiabatic frictionless (reversible) process is

4.8 In an experiment with a can of soda, it took 2 hr to cool from an

Given: Data on cooling of a can of soda in a refrigerator.

Find: How long it takes to warm up in a room.

Integrating T ( t ) = Tamb + ( Tinit − Tamb ) ⋅ e − At

T = (10 + 273) K T = 283 K when τ = 3 hr

1  Tinit − Tamb  1 1⋅ hr 297 − 277

Then, for the warming up process

Tinit = (10 + 273) K Tinit = 283 K Tamb = ( 20 + 273) K Tamb = 293 K

Tend = (15 + 273 ) K Tend = 288 K

with Tend = Tamb + ( Tinit − Tamb ) ⋅ e − kτ

4.9 A block of copper of mass 8 kg is heated to 80°C and then

Given: Data on heating and cooling a copper block