Problem 11.

1 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Trapezoidal channel

Find: Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/y versus y for two different side slopes

Solution:

Available data b = 2⋅ m α1 = 30⋅ deg α2 = 60⋅ deg

1
The area is (from simple geometry of a rectangle and triangles) A = b ⋅ y + 2 ⋅ ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )
2

y
The wetted perimeter is (from simple geometry) P = b + 2⋅
sin( α)

A y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )
Hence the hydraulic radius is R= = which is the same as that listed in Table 11.1
P y
b + 2⋅
sin( α)

R b + y ⋅ cot( α)
We are to plot = with b = 2⋅ m for α = 30o and 60o, and 0.5 < y < 3 m.
y y
b + 2⋅
sin( α)

The graph is shown below; it can be plotted in Excel.

0.75
30 Degrees
60 Degrees

0.5
R/y

0.25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

y (m)

As the depth increases, the hydraulic radius becomes smaller relative to depth y - wetted perimeter becomes dominant over area
 Problem 11.2 [Difficulty: 1]

11.2 A wave from a passing boat in a lake is observed to travel

at 16 km/h. Determine the approximate water depth at this
location.

Given: Wave from a passing boat.

Find: Estimate of water depth.

Solution:

Basic equation c = g⋅y

m
Available data c = 16 km/h or c = 4.4
s

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth).

c2
c = g⋅y so y= y = 1.97 m
g
 Problem 11.3 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Pebble dropped into flowing stream

Find: Estimate of water speed

Solution:
Basic equation c= g⋅ y and relative speeds will be Vwave = Vstream + c

7⋅ m m
Available data y = 2⋅ m and Vwave = Vwave = 7
1⋅ s s

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth)

m
c = g⋅ y so c = 4.43
s

m
Hence Vstream = Vwave − c Vstream = 2.57
s
 Problem 11.4 [Difficulty: 2]

11.4 A pebble is dropped into a stream of water of uniform

depth. A wave is observed to travel upstream 1.5 m in 1 s, and
3.9 m downstream in the same time. Determine the flow speed
and depth.

Given: Pebble dropped into flowing stream.

Find: Estimate of water depth and speed.

Solution:

Basic equation c = g⋅y and relative speeds will be Vwave = Vstream + c

−1.5 m m
Available data Vwaveupstream = Vwaveupstream = −1.5
l⋅s s

3.9 m m
Vwavedownstream = Vwavedownstream = 3.9
l⋅s s

But we have Vwavedownstream = Vstream + c and Vwaveupstream = Vstream − c

Vwavedownstream + Vwaveupstream m
Adding Vstream = Vstream = 1.2
2 s

Vwavedownstream − Vwaveupstream m
Subtracting c= c = 2.7
2 s

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth).

c2
Hence c = g⋅y so y= y = 0.74 m
g
 Problem 11.5 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Speed of surface waves with no surface tension

Find: Speed when λ/y approaches zero or infinity; Value of λ/y for which speed is 99% of this latter value

Solution:
g⋅ λ
Basic equation c= (1)
2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞
⎝ λ ⎠
2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞ g⋅ λ
For λ/y << 1 tanh⎛⎜ approaches 1 tanh( ∞) → 1 so c=
⎝ λ ⎠ 2⋅ π

Hence c is proportional to λ so as λ/y approaches ∞ c= g⋅ y

We wish to find λ/y when c = 0.99⋅ g ⋅ y

g⋅ λ 2 g⋅ λ
Combining this with Eq 1 0.99⋅ g ⋅ y = or 0.99 ⋅ g ⋅ y =
2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞
2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞
⎝ λ ⎠ ⎝ λ ⎠
2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 λ 2
Hence = Letting λ/y = x we find =x
⎝ λ ⎠ y ⎝ x ⎠
This is a nonlinear equation in x that can be solved by iteration or using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver

2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 1 x = 6.16 x = 4.74
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 4.74 x = 5.35 x = 5.09
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 5.09 x = 5.2 x = 5.15
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 5.15 x = 5.17 x = 5.16
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 5.16 x = 5.17 x = 5.16
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
λ
Hence = 5.16
y
 Problem 11.6 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Expression for surface wave speed

Find: Plot speed versus wavelength for water and mercury waves

Solution:
⎛ g ⋅ λ + 2 ⋅ π⋅ σ ⎞ ⋅ tanh⎛ 2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞
Basic equation c= ⎜ 2⋅ π ⎜ λ
⎝ ρ⋅ λ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

kg
Available data Table A.2 (20oC) SG Hg = 13.55 SG w = 0.998 ρ = 1000⋅
3
m

−3 N −3 N
Table A.4 (20oC) σHg = 484 × 10 ⋅ σw = 72.8 × 10 ⋅ y = 7 ⋅ mm
m m

Hence ⎛ g⋅ λ 2 ⋅ π⋅ σw ⎞
⎛ 2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞ ⎛ g⋅ λ 2 ⋅ π⋅ σHg ⎞
⎛ 2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞
cw( λ) = ⎜ 2 ⋅ π + SG ⋅ ρ⋅ λ ⋅ tanh⎜ λ cHg( λ) = ⎜ 2⋅ π + SG ⋅ ρ⋅ λ ⋅ tanh⎜ λ
⎝ w ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ Hg ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

0.7
Water
Mercury
0.6
Wave speed (m/s)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
20 40 60 80 100

Wavelength (mm)
 Problem 11.7 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Sharp object causing waves

Find: Flwo speed and Froude number

Solution:
Basic equation c= g⋅ y

Available data y = 150 ⋅ mm θ = 30⋅ deg

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth)

m
c = g⋅ y so c = 1.21
s

From geometry

c c m
Hence sin( θ) = so V = V = 2.43
V sin( θ) s

V 1
Also Fr = Fr = 2 or Fr = Fr = 2
c sin( θ)
 Problem 11.8 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Motion of sumerged body

Find: Speed versus ship length

Solution:
Basic equation c= g⋅ y

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth)

V
In this case we want the Froude number to be 0.5, with Fr = 0.5 = and c= g⋅ x where x is the ship length
c

Hence V = 0.5⋅ c = 0.5⋅ g ⋅ x

100
Ship Speed (m/s)

10

1
3
1 10 100 1× 10

Ship Length (m)

 Problem 11.9 [Difficulty: 2]

11.9 A long rectangular channel 3 m wide is observed to have a

wavy surface at a depth of about 1.8 m. Estimate the rate of
discharge.

Given: Flow in a rectangular channel with wavy surface.

Find: Froude numbers.

Solution:

V
Basic equation Fr =
g⋅y

Available data b=3m y = 1.8 m

A “wavy” surface indicates an unstable flow, which suggests critical flow Fr = 1

m
Hence V = Fr ⋅ g ⋅ y V = 4.2
s

m3
Then Q=V⋅b⋅y Q = 22.68
s
 Problem 11.10 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Flow in a rectangular channel with wavy surface

Find: Froude numbers

Solution:
V
Basic equation Fr =
g⋅ y

Available data b = 10⋅ ft y = 6⋅ ft

A "wavy" surface indicates an unstable flow, which suggests critical flow Fr = 1

ft
Hence V = Fr ⋅ g ⋅ y V = 13.9
s

3
ft 5
Then Q = V⋅ b ⋅ y Q = 834 Q = 3.74 × 10 gpm
s
 Problem 11.11 [Difficulty: 3]

11.11 For a rectangular channel of width b = 20 m, construct a

family of specific energy curves for Q = 0, 25, 75, 125, and
3
200 m /s. What are the minimum specific energies for these
curves?

Given: Rectangular channel.

Find: Plot of specific energy curves; Critical depths; Critical specific energy.

Solution:

Given data: b = 20 m

1
 Q2  1  Q2 3
Specific energy: E = y+  2 Critical depth: yc =  2 
 2 gb 2  gb
 y  

5
Specific Energy, E (m ⋅ kg/kg)
y(m) Q=0 Q = 25 Q = 75 Q = 125 Q = 200
0.5 0.50 0.60 1.37 2.93 6.71 4
0.6 0.60 0.67 1.21 2.28 4.91
0.8 0.80 0.84 1.14 1.75 3.23
1.0 1.00 1.02 1.22 1.61 2.55
3
1.2 1.20 1.22 1.35 1.62 2.28
1.4 1.40 1.41 1.51 1.71 2.19 y (m)
1.6 1.60 1.61 1.69 1.84 2.21 Q=0
1.8 1.80 1.81 1.87 1.99 2.28 2 3
Q = 25 m /s
2.0 2.00 2.01 2.05 2.15 2.39 3
Q = 75 m /s
3
2.2 2.20 2.21 2.25 2.33 2.52 Q = 125 m /s
3
Q = 200 m /s
2.4 2.40 2.40 2.44 2.51 2.67 1
2.6 2.60 2.60 2.63 2.69 2.83
2.8 2.80 2.80 2.83 2.88 3.00
3.0 3.00 3.00 3.02 3.07 3.17
3.5 3.50 3.50 3.52 3.55 3.63 0
0 2 4 6
4.0 4.00 4.00 4.01 4.04 4.10
4.5 4.50 4.50 4.51 4.53 4.58 E (m)
5.0 5.00 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.06

yc (m) 0.365 0.759 1.067 1.46

Ec (m) 0.547 1.14 1.60 2.19
 Problem 11.12 [Difficulty: 3]

11.12 A trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 6 m, side

slopes of 1 to 2, channel bottom slope of 0.0016, and a
3
Manning’s n of 0.025 carries a discharge of 11.3 m /s. Compute
the critical depth and velocity of this channel.

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel.

Find: Critical depth and velocity.

Solution:

V2
Basic equation: E = y+
2⋅g

The given data is: b=6m α = atan (2) α = 63.4 deg S0 = 0.0016 n = 0.025

m3
Q = 11.3 +
s

Q2
In terms of flow rate E = y+ where (Table 11.1) A = y⋅(b + y⋅cot(α))
2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ g

Q2
Hence in terms of y E = y+
2 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α )) 2 ⋅ y 2 ⋅ g

dE Q2 Q 2 ⋅ cot(α) Q 2 ⋅ (b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α))
For critical conditions = 0 = 1− 3 2
− 2 3
= 1−
dy g ⋅ y ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α )) g ⋅ y ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α )) g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3

Hence g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3 − Q 2 ⋅ (b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α)) = 0

Let f (y) = g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3 − Q 2 ⋅ (b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α))

We can iterate or use Excel’s Goal Seek or Solver to find y when f(y) = 0

m7 m7 m7
Guess y = 0.6 m f (y) = −312.916 y = 0.675 m f (y) = −84.32 y = 0.705 m f (y) = 25.115
s2 s2 s2

The solution is somewhere between y = 0.675 m and y = 0.705 m, as the sign of f(y) changes here.

m7 m7 m7
y = 0.69 m f (y) = −30.964 y = 0.6825 m f (y) = −57.98 y = 0.6816 m f (y) = −61.176
s2 s2 s2

Hence critical depth is y = 0.681 and A = y⋅(b + y⋅cot(α)) A = 4.32 m2

Q m
and critical speed is V= V = 2.61
A s
 Problem 11.13 [Difficulty: 2]

11.13 A rectangular channel carries a discharge of 0.93 m3/s per

meter of width. Determine the minimum specific energy
possible for this flow. Compute the corresponding flow depth
and speed.

Given: Data on rectangular channel.

Find: Minimum specific energy; Flow depth; Speed.

Solution:

V2
Basic equation: E = y+
2⋅g

In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy
point.

Q Q m3 s
For a rectangular channel Q = V⋅b⋅y or V= with = 0.93 = constant
b⋅ y b m

2
 Q  1  Q2  1
= y+
 2
Hence, using this in the basic equation E = y+  ⋅  2
⋅
 b⋅ y  2⋅g  2⋅b ⋅g  y

1
dE  Q2  1  Q2  3
E is a minimum when = 1−  2  ⋅ 3 = 0 or y= 2  y = 0.445 m
dy  b ⋅g  y  b ⋅g 
   

Q m
The speed is then given by V= V = 2.09
b⋅ y s

1
 g ⋅ Q 3 m
Note that from Eq. 11.22 we also have Vc =   Vc = 2.09 which agrees with the above
 b  s

V2
The minimum energy is then E min = y + Emin = 0.66 m
2⋅g
 Problem 11.14 [Difficulty: 3]

11.14 Flow in the channel of problem 11.13 (Emin = 0.66 m) is to

be at twice the minimum specific energy. Compute the alternate
depths for this E.

Given: Data on rectangular channel.

Find: Depths for twice the minimum energy.

Solution:

V2
Basic equation: E = y+
2⋅g
m3
Q Q
For a rectangular channel Q = V⋅b⋅y or V= with = 0.93 s = constant
b⋅ y b m

2
 Q  1  Q2  1
= y+
 2 ⋅ b2 ⋅ g  y 2
Hence, using this in the basic eqn. E = y +   ⋅ ⋅ and E = 2 × 0.66 m E = 1.32 m
 b⋅ y  2⋅g  

 Q2  1
We have a nonlinear implicit equation for y y + 
 2 ⋅ b2 ⋅ g  y 2
⋅ =E
 

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start
with a y larger than the critical, and evaluate the left side of the equation so that it is equal to E = 1.32 ⋅ m.

 Q2  1  Q2  1
y+
 2 ⋅ b2 ⋅ g  y 2
y+
 2 ⋅ b 2 ⋅ g  y2
For y = 0.6 m ⋅ = 0.72 m For y = 1.2 m ⋅ = 1.23 m
   

 Q2  1  Q2  1
y+
 2 ⋅ b 2 ⋅ g  y2
y+
 2 ⋅ b 2 ⋅ g  y2
For y = 1.35 m ⋅ = 1.37 m For y = 1.29 m ⋅ = 1.32 m
   

Hence y = 1.29 m

For the shallow depth

 Q2  1  Q2  1
y+
 2 ⋅ b2 ⋅ g  y 2
y+
 2 ⋅ b 2 ⋅ g  y2
For y = 0.3 m ⋅ = 0.79 m For y = 0.15 m ⋅ = 2.11 m
   

 Q2  1  Q2  1
y+
 2 ⋅ b 2 ⋅ g  y2
y+
 2 ⋅ b2 ⋅ g  y 2
For y = 0.18 m ⋅ = 1.54 m For y = 0.2 m ⋅ = 1.3 m
   

 Q2  1
y+
 2 ⋅ b 2 ⋅ g  y2
For y = 0.198 m ⋅ = 1.32 m Hence y = 0.198 m
 
 Problem 11.15 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Trapezoidal channel

Find: Critcal depth

Solution:
2
V
Basic equation: E=y+
2⋅ g

The critical depth occurs when the specific energy is minimized

For a trapezoidal channel (Table 11.1) A = y ⋅ ( b + cot(α)⋅ y )

Q Q
Hence for V V= =
A y ⋅ ( b + cot(α)⋅ y )

2
⎡ Q ⎤ 1
Using this in Eq. 11.14 E=y+ ⎢ y ⋅ ( b + cot(α)⋅ y) ⎥ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g
⎣ ⎦

2 2
dE Q ⋅ cot(α) Q
E is a minimum when =1− − =0
dy 2 3 3 2
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α)) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α))

2 2
Q ⋅ cot(α) Q
Hence we obtain for y + =1
2 3 3 2
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α)) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α))

This can be simplified to
2
Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α))
=1
3 3
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α))

This expression is the simplest one for y; it is implicit

 Problem 11.16 [Difficulty: 3]

11.16 Water flows at 8.5 m3/s in a trapezoidal channel with

bottom width of 2.4 m. The sides are sloped at 2:1. Find the
critical depth for this channel.

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel.

Find: Critical depth.

Solution:

V2
Basic equation: E = y+
2⋅g

In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy
point.

 3
For a trapezoidal channel (Table 11.1) A = (b + cot(α)⋅y)⋅y and b = 2.4 m α = atan   α = 71.6 deg
1

Q Q m3
Hence for V V= = and Q = 8.5
A (b + cot(α ) ⋅ y) ⋅ y s

2
 Q  1
Using this in the basic equation E = y+  ⋅
 (b + cot(α) ⋅ y) ⋅ y  2 ⋅ g

dE Q 2 ⋅ cot(α) Q2
E is a minimum when = 1− − =0
dy g ⋅ y2 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3 g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α)) 2

Q 2 ⋅ cot(α) Q2 Q 2 ⋅ (b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α))
Hence we obtain for y + =1 or =1
g ⋅ y2 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3 g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α)) 2 g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below, to make the
left side equal unity.

Q 2 ⋅ (b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α)) Q 2 ⋅ (b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α))
y = 0.3 m = 44 y = 1.05 m = 0.877
g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3 g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3

Q 2 ⋅ (b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α)) Q 2 ⋅ (b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α))
y = 1.5 m = 0.272 y=lm = 1.02
g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3 g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3

Q 2 ⋅ (b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α))
y = 0.9 m = 1.44 The critical depth is y=1m
g ⋅ y3 ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))3
 Problem 11.17 [Difficulty: 2]

11.17 Consider the Venturi flume shown. The bed is horizontal,

and flow may be considered frictionless. The upstream depth is b1 = 0.6 m b2 = 0.3 m
0.3 m, and the downstream depth is 0.22 m. The upstream
breadth is 0.6 m, and the breadth of the throat is 0.3 m. Estimate
Plan view
the flow rate through the flume.

y1 = 0.3 m y2 = 0.22 m

Elevation view

Given: Data on venturi flume.

Find: Flow rate.

Solution:
Basic equation: p1 V2 p V2 The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
+ 1 + y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2 incompressible, frictionless flow
ρ⋅g 2⋅g ρ⋅g 2⋅g

Q
At each section Q = V⋅A = V⋅b⋅y or V=
b⋅ y

The given data is b1 = 0.6 m y1 = 0.3 m b2 = 0.3 m y2 = 0.22 m

2 2
 Q   Q 
   
Hence the Bernoulli equation becomes (with p1 = p2 = patm)  b1 ⋅ y1  + y =  b2 ⋅ y2  + y
1 2
2⋅g 2⋅g

2 ⋅ g ⋅ (y1 − y 2 ) m3
Solving for Q Q= 2 2
Q = 0.089
 1   1  s
  − 
 b2 ⋅ y 2   b1 ⋅ y1 
 Problem 11.18 [Difficulty: 3]

11.18 A rectangular channel 3 m wide carries 2.83 m3/s on a y = 0.3 m 10 cm

horizontal bed at 0.3 m depth. A smooth bump across the
channel rises 10 cm above the channel bottom. Find the
elevation of the liquid free surface above the bump.

Given: Data on rectangular channel and a bump.

Find: Elevation of free surface above the bump.

Solution:
Basic equation: p1 V2 p V2 The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
+ 1 + y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2 + h incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the
ρ⋅g 2⋅g ρ⋅g 2⋅g
bump), the potential is y2 + h, where h is the bump height

V2
Recalling the specific energy E= +y and noting that p1 = p2 = patm, the Bernoulli equation becomes E1 = E 2 + h
2⋅g

Q
At each section Q = V⋅A= V⋅b⋅y or V=
b⋅ y

m3
The given data is b=3m y1 = 0.3 m h = 10 cm Q = 2.83
s

Q m
Hence we find V1 = V1 = 3
b ⋅ y1 s

V12
and E1 = + y1 E1 = 0.80 m
2⋅g

V22 Q2 Q2
Hence E1 = E 2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h or + y 2 = E1 − h
2⋅g 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y 22 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y 22

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select
y2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 − h = 0.68 m.

Q2 Q2
For y2 = 0.3 m + y 2 = 0.80 m For y2 = 0.43 m + y 2 = 0.675 m
2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y 22 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22

Q2 Q2
For y2 = 0.45 m + y 2 = 0.674 m For y2 = 0.4 m + y 2 = 0.68 m
2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y 22

Hence y2 = 0.4 m

Q m
Note that V2 = V2 = 2.36
b ⋅ y2 s

V1 V2
so we have Fr1 = Fr1 = 1.83 and Fr2 = Fr2 = 1.19
g ⋅ y1 g ⋅ y2
 Problem 11.19 [Difficulty: 3]

11.19 A rectangular channel 3 m wide carries a discharge of

m3
0.57 at 0.27 m depth. A smooth bump 0.06 m high is
s
placed on the floor of the channel. Estimate the local change in
flow depth caused by the bump.

Given: Data on rectangular channel and a bump.

Find: Local change in flow depth caused by the bump.

Solution:
Basic equation: p1 V2 p V2 The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
+ 1 + y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2 + h incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the
ρ⋅g 2⋅g ρ⋅g 2⋅g
bump), the potential is y2 + h, where h is the bump height.

V2
Recalling the specific energy E= +y and noting that p1 = p2 = patm, the Bernoulli equation becomes E1 = E 2 + h
2⋅g

Q
At each section Q = V⋅A = V⋅b⋅y or V=
b⋅ y

m3
The given data is b=3m y1 = 0.27 m h = 0.06 m Q = 0.57
s
Q m
Hence we find V1 = V1 = 0.7
b ⋅ y1 s

V12
and E1 = + y1 E1 = 0.295 m
2⋅g

V22 Q2 Q2
Hence E1 = E 2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h or + y 2 = E1 − h
2⋅g 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y 22 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y 22

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select
y2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 − h = 0.237 m.

Q2 Q2
For y2 = 0.27 m + y 2 = 0.295 m For y2 = 0.179 m + y 2 = 0.236 m
2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22

Q2 Q2
For y2 = 0.15 m + y 2 = 0.232 m For y2 = 0.18 m + y 2 = 0.237 m
2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22

y 2 − y1
Hence y2 = 0.18 m and = −32.2%
y1

Q m
Note that V2 = V2 = 1.05
b ⋅ y2 s

V1 V2
so we have Fr1 = Fr1 = 0.43 and Fr2 = Fr2 = 0.79
g ⋅ y1 g ⋅ y2
 Problem 11.20 [Difficulty: 3]

11.20 At a section of a 3 m wide rectangular

3
channel, the depth
is 0.09 m for a discharge of 0.57 m /s. A smooth bump 0.03 m
high is placed on the floor of the channel. Determine the local
change in flow depth caused by the bump.

Given: Data on rectangular channel and a bump.

Find: Local change in flow depth caused by the bump.

Solution:
Basic equation: p1 V2 p V2 The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
+ 1 + y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2 + h incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the
ρ⋅g 2⋅g ρ⋅g 2⋅g
bump), the potential is y2 + h, where h is the bump height.

V2
Recalling the specific energy E= +y and noting that p1 = p2 = patm, the Bernoulli equation becomes E1 = E 2 + h
2⋅g

Q
At each section Q = V⋅A = V⋅b⋅y or V=
b⋅ y

m3
The given data is b=3m y1 = 0.09 m h = 0.03 m Q = 0.57
s
Q m
Hence we find V1 = V1 = 2.11
b ⋅ y1 s

V12
and E1 = + y1 E1 = 0.317 m
2⋅g

V22 Q2 Q2
Hence E1 = E 2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h or + y 2 = E1 − h
2⋅g 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y 22 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y 22

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select
y2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 − h = 0.272 m.

Q2 Q2
For y2 = 0.09 m + y 2 = 0.317 m For y2 = 0.11 m + y 2 = 0.262 m
2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22

Q2 Q2
For y2 = 0.10 m + y 2 = 0.284 m For y2 = 0.105 m + y 2 = 0.272 m
2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y22

y 2 − y1
Hence y2 = 0.105 m and = 16.7%
y1

Q m
Note that V2 = V2 = 1.81
b ⋅ y2 s

V1 V2
so we have Fr1 = Fr1 = 2.25 and Fr2 = Fr2 = 1.78
g ⋅ y1 g ⋅ y2
 Problem 11.21 [Difficulty: 3]

11.21 Water, at 0.9 m/s and 0.6 m depth, approaches a smooth

V = 0.9 m y = 0.6 m
rise in a wide channel. Estimate the stream depth after the 0.15 s
m rise. 0.15 m

Given: Data on wide channel.

Find: Stream depth after rise.

Solution:
Basic equation: p1 V2 p V2 The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
+ 1 + y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2 + h incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the
ρ⋅g 2⋅g ρ⋅g 2⋅g
bump), the potential is y2 + h, where h is the bump height.

V2
Recalling the specific energy E= +y and noting that p1 = p2 = patm, the Bernoulli equation becomes E1 = E 2 + h
2⋅g

y1
At each section Q = V⋅A = V1⋅b⋅y1 = V2⋅b⋅y2 V2 = V1 ⋅
y2

m
The given data is y1 = 0.6 m V1 = 0.9 h = 0.15 m
s

V12
Hence E1 = + y1 E1 = 0.64 m
2⋅g

V22 V2 ⋅ y2 1 V12 ⋅ y12 1

Then E1 = E 2 + h = + y 2 + h = 1 1 ⋅ 2 + y 2 + h or ⋅ + y 2 = E1 − h
2⋅g 2 ⋅ g y2 2 ⋅ g y22

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select
y2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 − h = 0.50 m.

V12 ⋅ y12 1 V12 ⋅ y12 1

For y2 = 0.6 m ⋅ + y 2 = 0.64 m For y2 = 0.40 m ⋅ + y 2 = 0.493 m
2 ⋅ g y22 2 ⋅ g y 22

V12 ⋅ y12 1 V12 ⋅ y12 1

For y2 = 0.45 m ⋅ + y 2 = 0.52 m For y2 = 0.415 m ⋅ + y 2 = 0.5 m
2 ⋅ g y22 2 ⋅ g y 22

Hence y2 = 0.415 m

y1 m
Note that V2 = V1 ⋅ V2 = 1.30
y2 s

V1 V2
so we have Fr1 = Fr1 = 0.37 and Fr2 = Fr2 = 0.64
g ⋅ y1 g ⋅ y2
 Problem 11.22 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on sluice gate

Find: Water level upstream; Maximum flow rate

Solution:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: + + y1 = + + y2 + h The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g incompressible, frictionless flow.

Noting that p 1 = p 2 = p atm, and V 1 is approximately zero (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes

2
V2
y1 = + y2
2⋅ g

2
Q m
The given data is = 10⋅ y 2 = 1.25⋅ m
b s

Q m
Hence Q = V2 ⋅ A2 = V2 ⋅ b ⋅ y 2 or V2 = V2 = 8
b⋅ y2 s

⎛⎜ V 2 ⎞
2
Then upstream y1 = ⎜ + y2 y 1 = 4.51 m
⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠

The maximum flow rate occurs at critical conditions (see Section 11-2), for constant specific energy

In this case V2 = Vc = g⋅ yc

2
Vc g⋅ yc 3
Hence we find y1 = + yc = + yc = ⋅ yc
2⋅ g 2⋅ g 2

2 m
Hence yc = ⋅ y1 y c = 3.01 m Vc = g⋅ yc Vc = 5.43
3 s
3
m
Q Q s
= Vc⋅ y c = 16.3⋅ (Maximum flow rate)
b b m
 Problem 11.23 [Difficulty: 2]

11.23 A horizontal rectangular channel 0.9 m wide contains a

sluice gate. Upstream of the gate the depth is 1.8 m; the depth
downstream is 0.27 m. Estimate the volume flow rate in the
channel.

Given: Data on sluice gate.

Find: Flow rate.

Solution:
Basic equation: p1 V2 p V2 The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
+ 1 + y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2 incompressible, frictionless flow.
ρ⋅g 2⋅g ρ⋅g 2⋅g

Noting that p1 = p2 = patm, (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes

V12 V2
+ y1 = 2 + y 2
2⋅g 2⋅g

The given data is b = 0.9 m y1 = 1.8 m y2 = 0.27 m

Q Q
Also Q = V⋅A so V1 = and V2 =
b ⋅ y1 b ⋅ y2

2 2
 Q   Q 
   
Using these in the Bernoulli equation  b ⋅ y1  + y =  b ⋅ y2  + y
1 2
2⋅g 2⋅g

2 ⋅ g ⋅ b 2 ⋅ y12 ⋅ y 22 m3
Solving for Q Q= Q = 1.35
y1 + y 2 s

Q m V1
Note that V1 = V1 = 0.83 Fr1 = Fr1 = 0.198
b ⋅ y1 s g ⋅ y1

Q m V2
V2 = V2 = 5.56 Fr2 = Fr2 = 3.42
b ⋅ y2 s g ⋅ y2
 Problem 11.24 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on sluice gate

Find: Water depth and velocity after gate

Solution:
2 2
V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: E1 = + y1 = + = E2 For the gate
2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g

y3
=
1 ⎛
⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 2
2⎞
For the jump (state 2 before, state 3 after)
y2 2 ⎝ ⎠

m
The given data is y 1 = 1.5⋅ m V1 = 0.2⋅
s

2 2
m V1
Hence q = y 1 ⋅ V1 q = 0.3 E1 = + y1 E1 = 1.50 m
s 2⋅ g
2 2
V2 q
Then we need to solve + y 2 = E1 or + y 2 = E1 with E1 = 1.50 m
2⋅ g 2
2⋅ g⋅ y2

We can solve this equation iteratively (or use Excel's Goal Seek or Solver)

2 2
⎛q⎞ ⎛q⎞
⎜y ⎜y
For y 2 = 0.5⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 0.518 m For y 2 = 0.05⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.89 m
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2

2 2
⎛q⎞ ⎛q⎞
⎜y ⎜y
For y 2 = 0.055 ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.57 m For y 2 = 0.057 ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.47 m
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2

2
⎛q⎞
⎜y
For y 2 = 0.0563⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.50 m Hence y 2 = 0.056 m is the closest to three figs.
2⋅ g 2

q m V2
Then V2 = V2 = 5.33 Note that Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 7.17
y2 s g⋅ y2
 Problem 11.25 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Rectangular channel flow with hump and/or side wall restriction

Find: Whether critical flow occurs

Solution: 1
3
⎛ Q2 ⎞ 2
yc = ⎜
Q 3
Basic equations: E=y+ A = b⋅ y Emin = ⋅ yc (From Example 11.4)
⎜ g⋅ b2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ 2⋅ g⋅ A
3
m
Given data: b = 2⋅ m y = 1⋅ m h = 350 ⋅ mm Q = 2.4⋅
s

2
Q 1
(a) For a hump with h = 35⋅ cm E1 = y + ⋅ E1 = 1.07 m
2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b y

Then for the bump Ebump = E1 − h Ebump = 0.723 m (1)

1
3
⎡⎢ ⎛ Q ⎞ 2⎤⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ b ⎠ ⎥ 3
yc = ⎢ y c = 0.528 m Emin = ⋅ yc Emin = 0.791 m (2)
⎣ g ⎥⎦
For the minimum specific energy
2

Comparing Eqs. 1 and 2 we see that the bump IS sufficient for critical flow

(b) For the sidewall restriction with b const = 1.5⋅ m as in Example 11.4 we have Econst = E1 Econst = 1.073 m (3)
1
3
⎡ ⎛ Q 2⎤
⎢ ⎞ ⎥
⎜
⎢ ⎝ b const ⎠ ⎥ 3
With b const: yc = ⎢ ⎥ y c = 0.639 m Eminconst = ⋅ yc Eminconst = 0.959 m (4)
⎣ g ⎦ 2

Comparing Eqs. 3 and 4 we see that the constriction is NOT sufficient for critical flow

(c) For both, following Example 11.4 Eboth = E1 − h Eboth = 0.723 m (5)

Eminboth = Eminconst Eminboth = 0.959 m (6)

Comparing Eqs. 5 and 6 we see that the bump AND constriction ARE sufficient for critical flow (not surprising, as the bump alone is
sufficient!)
 Problem 11.26 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Hydaulic jump data

Find: Energy consumption; temperature rise

Solution:

Basic equations: P = ρ⋅ g ⋅ Hl⋅ Q (1)

Hl is the head loss in m of fluid); multiplying by ρg produces energy/vol; multiplying by Q produces energy/time, or power

Urate = ρ⋅ Q⋅ cH2O⋅ ∆T (2)

Urate is the rate of increase of internal energy of the flow; cH20∆T is the energy increase per unit mass due to a ∆T temperature rise;
multiplying by ρQ converts to energy rise of the entire flow/time

3
m kg kcal
Given data: From Example 11.5 Q = 9.65⋅ Hl = 0.258 ⋅ m ρ = 999 ⋅ and cH2O = 1 ⋅
s 3 kg⋅ K
m

From Eq. 1 P = ρ⋅ g ⋅ Hl⋅ Q P = 24.4 kW a significant energy consumption

g ⋅ Hl −4
Equating Eqs. 1 and 2 ρ⋅ g ⋅ Hl⋅ Q = ρ⋅ Q⋅ cH2O⋅ ∆T or ∆T = ∆T = 6.043 × 10 ∆°C
cH2O

The power consumed by friction is quite large, but the flow is very large, so the rise in temperature is insignificant.
In English units:

5 −3
P = 32.7 hp Q = 1.53 × 10 gpm ∆T = 1.088 × 10 ∆°F
 Problem 11.27 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump

Find: Jump depth; Head loss

Solution:
⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
Basic equations:
y2
⎛ 1
= ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
Hl = E1 − E2 = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y +
y1 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

3
m
Q s
The given data is = 10⋅ y 1 = 1⋅ m
b m

Also Q = V⋅ A = V⋅ b ⋅ y

Q m V1
Hence V1 = V1 = 10.0 Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 3.19
b⋅ y1 s g⋅ y1

Then y2 =
y1
⎛ ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
y 2 = 4.04 m
2 ⎝ ⎠

Q m V2
V2 = V2 = 2.47 Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 0.393
b⋅ y2 s g⋅ y2

⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
The energy loss is Hl = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y + Hl = 1.74 m
⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

( y2 − y1)3
Note that we could use Hl = Hl = 1.74 m
4⋅ y1⋅ y2
 Problem 11.28 [Difficulty: 2]

11.28 A hydraulic 3 jump occurs in a rectangular channel. The

flow rate is 6.5 m /s, and the depth before the jump is 0.4 m.
Determine the depth behind the jump and the head loss, if the
channel is 1 m wide.

Given: Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump.

Find: Jump depth; Head loss.

Solution:

y2 1  V2   V2 
Basic equations: = ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr12
( ) H1 = E1 − E 2 =  y1 + 1  −  y 2 + 2 
y1 2  2 ⋅ g   2 ⋅ g 


m3
The given data is Q = 6.5 b=1m y1 = 0.4 m
s

Also Q = V⋅A = V⋅b⋅y

Q m V1
Hence V1 = V1 = 16.3 Fr1 = Fr1 = 8.20
b ⋅ y1 s g ⋅ y1

y1
Then y2 = ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr12
( ) y2 = 4.45 m
2

Q m V2
V2 = V2 = 1.46 Fr2 = Fr2 = 0.221
b ⋅ y2 s g ⋅ y2

 V2   V2 
The energy loss is H1 =  y1 + 1  −  y 2 + 2  H1 = 9.31 m
 2 ⋅ g   2 ⋅ g 


(y 2 − y1 )3
Note that we could use H1 = H1 = 9.31 m
4 ⋅ y1 ⋅ y 2
 Problem 11.29 [Difficulty: 2]

11.29 A hydraulic jump may be used as a crude flow meter.

Suppose that in a horizontal rectangular channel 1.5 m wide the
observed depths before and after a hydraulic jump are 0.2 and
0.9 m. Find the rate of flow and the head loss.

Given: Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump.

Find: Flow rate; Head loss.

Solution:

y2 1  V2   V2 
Basic equations: = ⋅ (−1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr12 ) H1 = E1 − E 2 =  y1 + 1  −  y 2 + 2 
y1 2  2 ⋅ g   2 ⋅ g 


The given data is b = 1.5 m y1 = 0.2 m y2 = 0.9 m

y2
We can solve for Fr1 from the basic equation 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr12 = 1 + 2 ⋅
y1

2
 y2 
1 + 2 ⋅  − 1
y1 
Fr1 = 
V1
Fr1 = 3.52 and Fr1 =
8 g ⋅ y1

Hence V1 = Fr1 ⋅ g ⋅ y1 V1 = 4.93 m s

Then Q = V1⋅b⋅y1 Q = 1.48 m3 s

Q m V2
Also V2 = V2 = 1.10 Fr2 = Fr2 = 0.370
b ⋅ y2 s g ⋅ y2

 V2   V2 
The energy loss is H1 =  y1 + 1  −  y 2 + 2  H1 = 0.48 m
 2 ⋅ g   2 ⋅ g 


(y 2 − y1 )3
Note that we could use H1 = H1 = 0.48 m
4 ⋅ y1 ⋅ y 2
 Problem 11.30 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on sluice gate

Find: Water depth before and after the jump

Solution:
2 2
V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: E1 = + y1 = + = E2 For the gate
2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g

y3
=
1 ⎛
⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 2
2⎞
For the jump (state 2 before, state 3 after)
y2 2 ⎝ ⎠

m
The given data is y 1 = 1.5⋅ m V1 = 0.2⋅
s

2 2
m V1
Hence q = y 1 ⋅ V1 q = 0.3 E1 = + y1 E1 = 1.50 m
s 2⋅ g
2 2
V2 q
Then we need to solve + y 2 = E1 or + y 2 = E1 with E1 = 1.50 m
2⋅ g 2
2⋅ g⋅ y2

We can solve this equation iteratively (or use Excel's Goal Seek or Solver)

2 2
⎛q⎞ ⎛q⎞
⎜y ⎜y
For y 2 = 0.5⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 0.518 m For y 2 = 0.05⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.89 m
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2
2 2
⎛q⎞ ⎛q⎞
⎜y ⎜y
For y 2 = 0.055 ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.57 m For y 2 = 0.057 ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.47 m
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2

2
⎛q⎞
⎜y
For y 2 = 0.0563⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.50 m Hence y 2 = 0.056 m is the closest to three figs.
2⋅ g 2

q m V2
Then V2 = V2 = 5.33 Note that Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 7.17
y2 s g⋅ y2

For the jump (States 2 to 3) y3 =

y2
⎛ ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 2
2⎞
y 3 = 0.544 m
2 ⎝ ⎠
 Problem 11.31 [Difficulty: 3]

11.31 A tidal bore (an abrupt translating wave or moving

hydraulic jump) often forms when the tide flows into the wide
estuary of a river. In one case, a bore is observed to have a
height of 3.6 m above the undisturbed level of the river that is
2.4 m deep. The bore travels upstream at Vbore = 28.97 km/h
mph. Determine the approximate speed Vr of the current of the
undisturbed river.

Given: Tidal bore.

Find: Speed of undisturbed river.

Solution:

V22 ⋅ y 2 y 22 V12 ⋅ y1 y12

Basic equations: + = +
g 2 g 2

(This is the basic momentum equation for the flow)

V2 y1
V2⋅y2 = V1⋅y1 or =
V1 y2

km m
Given data Vbore = 28.97 Vbore = 8.05 y1 = 2.4 m y2 = y1 + 3.6 m y2 = 6 m
h s

2 ⋅ V12  V2   2 ⋅ V2  y 2 
2
2
Then y12 ⋅ y 22 2 2
= ⋅ (V2 ⋅ y 2 − V1 ⋅ y1 ) = ⋅   ⋅ y 2 − y1  =
1
⋅  1  ⋅ y 2 − y1 
g g  V1   g  y 2  
   

2 ⋅ V12  y2  2 ⋅ V12 ⋅ y1 (y1 − y 2 )

y12 − y 22 = ⋅  1 ⋅ y1  = ⋅
g y  g y2
 2 

V12 y1 g (y + y 2 )
Dividing by (y2 − y1) y1 + y 2 = 2 ⋅ ⋅ or V12 = ⋅ y2 ⋅ 1
g y2 2 y1

g ⋅ y2  y  m
V1 = ⋅ 1 + 2  V1 = 10.15 V1 = 36.54 km/h
2  y1  s

But V1 = Vr + Vbore or Vr = V1 − Vbore m Vr = 7.56 km/h

Vr = 2.1
s
 Problem 11.32 [Difficulty: 3]

11.32 Determine the uniform flow depth in a trapezoidal

channel with a bottom width of 2.4 m and side slopes of 1
3
vertical to 2 horizontal. The discharge is 2.8 m /s. Manning’s
roughness factor is 0.015 and the channel bottom slope is
0.0004.

Given: Data on trapzoidal channel.

Find: Depth of flow.

Solution:
2 1
1
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2
n

Note that this is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

1 m3
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 2.4 m α = a tan   α = 26.6 deg Q = 2.8 S0 = 0.0004
2 s

n = 0.015

y ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α )) y ⋅ (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y)
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y⋅(b + y⋅cot(α)) = y⋅ (2.4 + 2⋅y) Rh = =
2⋅ y 2.4 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 5
b+
sin(α )

2
2 1 1
1 1  y ⋅ (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y)  3
Hence Q = ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2 = ⋅ y ⋅ (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y) ⋅ y ⋅   ⋅ 0.0004 2 = 2.8 (Note that we don’t use units!)
n 0.015  2.4 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 5 

5
[y ⋅ (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y)] 3
Solving for y 2
= 2.1
(2.4 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 5) 3

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.

5 5
[y ⋅ (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y)] 3 [y ⋅ (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y)] 3
For y = 0.6 m 2
= 1.22 For y = 0.9 m 2
= 2.65
(2.4 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 5) 3 (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 5) 3

5 5
[y ⋅ (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y)] 3 [y ⋅ (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y)] 3
For y = 0.8 m 2
= 2.11 For y = 0.81 m 2
= 2.14
(2.4 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 5) 3 (2.4 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 5) 3

The solution to three figures is y = 0.81 m

 Problem 11.33 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Depth of flow

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
α = atan⎛⎜
1⎞ m
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 2.5⋅ m α = 26.6 deg Q = 3⋅ S0 = 0.0004
⎝2⎠ s

n = 0.015

y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y )
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + cot( α) ⋅ y ) = y ⋅ ( 8 + 2 ⋅ y ) R= =
2⋅ y 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 5
b+
cot( α)
2
2 1 1
3
( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ⋅ y⎤
⋅ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ⋅ ⎡⎢
1 3 2 1 2
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⎥ ⋅ 0.0004 = 3 (Note that we don't use units!)
n 0.015 ⎣ 2.5 + 2⋅ y ⋅ 5 ⎦
5
3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ]
Solving for y = 2.25
2

( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.

5 5
3 3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ] [ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ]
For y = 1 ( m) = 3.36 For y = 0.8 ( m) = 2.17
2 2

( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3 ( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3
5 5
3 3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ] [ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ]
For y = 0.81 ( m) = 2.23 For y = 0.815 ( m) = 2.25
2 2

( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3 ( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3

The solution to three figures is y = 0.815 (m)

 Problem 11.34 [Difficulty: 1]

11.34 A rectangular flume built of concrete, with 1 m per

1000 m slope, is 0.9 m wide. Water flows at a normal depth of
1.8 m. Compute the discharge.

Given: Data on flume.

Find: Discharge.

Solution:
2 1
1
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2
n

Note that this is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width b = 1.8 m and depth y = 0.9 m we find from Table 11.1

b⋅y
A = b⋅y A = 1.62 m2 Rh = Rh = 0.45 m
b + 2⋅ y

1⋅ m
For concrete (Table 11.2) n = 0.013 and Sb = Sb = 0.001
1000 ⋅ m

2 1
1 m3
Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2 Q = 2.31
n s
 Problem 11.35 [Difficulty: 1]

11.35 A rectangular flume built of timber

3
is 0.9 m wide. The
flume is to handle a flow of 2.55 m /s at a normal depth of
1.8 m. Determine the slope required.

Given: Data on flume.

Find: Slope.

Solution:
2 1
1
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2
n

Note that this is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width b = 0.9 m and depth y = 1.8 m we find

b⋅y
A = b⋅y A = 1.62 m2 Rh = Rh = 0.36 m
b + 2⋅ y

For wood (not in Table 11.2) a Google search finds n = 0.012 to 0.017; we use n = 0.0145 with Q = 2.55 m3 s
2
 
 n ⋅Q 
Sb =  2  Sb = 2.03 × 10−3
 3 
 1 ⋅ A ⋅ R h 
 Problem 11.36 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Bed slope

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
m
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 2.4⋅ m α = 45⋅ deg y = 1.2⋅ m Q = 7.1⋅
s

For bare soil (Table 11.2) n = 0.020

2 y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + cot( α) ⋅ y ) A = 4.32 m Rh = Rh = 0.746 m
2⋅ y
b+
sin( α)
2
⎛ Q⋅ n ⎞ −3
Hence Sb = ⎜ Sb = 1.60 × 10
2
⎜ ⎟
⎜ A⋅ R 3
⎝ h ⎠
 Problem 11.37 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on semicircular trough

Find: Discharge

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For the semicircular channel D = 1⋅ m y = 0.25⋅ m Sb = 0.01

⎛y− D⎞
⎜ 2
Hence, from geometry α = 2 ⋅ asin⎜ ⎟ + 180 ⋅ deg α = 120 ⋅ deg
⎜ D
⎝ 2 ⎠
For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to n = 0.022

1 2 2
Hence from Table 11.1 A = ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) ⋅ D A = 0.154 m
8

⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
1 sin( α) ⎞
Rh = ⋅D Rh = 0.147 m
4 ⎝ α ⎠
2 1
3 3
1 3 2 m m
Then the discharge is Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb ⋅ Q = 0.194
n s s
 Problem 11.38 [Difficulty: 3]

11.38 The flume of Problem 11.34 is fitted with a new plastic

film linear (n = 0.010). Find the new depth of flow if the
3
discharge remains constant as 2.42 m /s.

Given: Data on flume with plastic liner.

Find: Depth of flow.

Solution:
2 1
1
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h 3 ⋅ Sb 2
n

Note that this is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width b = 1.8 m and depth y we find from Table 11.1

b⋅y 1.8 ⋅ y
A = b⋅y = 1.8 R= =
b + 2 ⋅ y 1.8 + 2 ⋅ y

1⋅ m
and also n = 0.010 and Sb = Sb = 0.001
1000 ⋅ m

2
2 1 1
1 1  1.8 ⋅ y  3
Hence Q = ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2 = ⋅1.8 ⋅ y ⋅   ⋅ 0.0012 = 2.42 (Note that we don’t use units!)
n 0.010  1.8 + 2 ⋅ y 

5 5
y3 2.42 × 0.010 y3
Solving for y 2
= or = 0.287
1× 0.0011 2 × (1.8 ×1.8) 2 3 2
(1.8 + 2 ⋅ y) 3 (1.8 + 2 ⋅ y) 3

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start
with Problem 11.46’s depth

5 5
y3 y3
For y = 0.9 m 2
= 0.567 For y = 0.6 m 2
= 0.288
(1.8 + 2 ⋅ y) 3 (1.8 + 2 ⋅ y) 3

5 5
y3 y3
For y = 0.76 m 2
= 0.428 For y = 0.75 m 2
= 0.418
(1.8 + 2 ⋅ y) 3 (1.8 + 2 ⋅ y) 3

5
y3
For y = 0.752 m 2
= 0.420 y = 0.752 m
(1.8 + 2 ⋅ y) 3
 Problem 11.39 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Triangular channel

Find: Proof that wetted perimeter is minimized when sides meet at right angles

Solution:

2 2⋅ y
From Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ cot( α) P=
sin( α)

A
We need to vary z to minimize P while keeping A constant, which means that y= with A = constant
cot( α)

A 1
Hence we eliminate y in the expression for P P = 2⋅ ⋅
cot( α) sin( α)

dP 2 ⋅ ( A⋅ cos( α) − A⋅ sin( α) ⋅ tan( α) )

For optimizing P =− =0
dα sin( 2 ⋅ α) ⋅ A⋅ tan( α)

1
or A⋅ cos( α) − A⋅ sin( α) ⋅ tan( α) = 0 = tan( α) tan( α) = 1 α = 45⋅ deg
tan( α)

For α = 45o we find from the figure that we have the case where the sides meet at 90o. Note that we have only proved that this is
a minimum OR maximum of P! It makes sense that it's the minimum, as, for constant A, we get a huge P if we set α to a large
number (almost vertical walls); hence we can't have a maximum value at α = 45o.
 Problem 11.40 [Difficulty: 3]

11.40 Compute the normal depth and velocity of the channel of

Problem 11.12.

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel.

Find: Normal depth and velocity.

Solution:
2 1
1
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2
n
Note that this is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

m3
For the trapezoidal channel we have b=6m α = atan(2) α = 63.4 deg Q = 11.3 Sb = 0.0016 n = 0.025
s

 1 
y ⋅6 + ⋅ y
 1  y ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α))  2 
Hence from Table 11.2 A = y ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α )) = y ⋅  6 + ⋅ y  Rh = =
 2  2⋅ y 6+ y⋅ 5
b+
sin(α)
2
  1 3
2 1  y ⋅6 + ⋅ y  1
 1 
⋅ y ⋅6 + ⋅ y⋅  
1 1 2 
Hence Q = ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2 = ⋅ 0.0016 2 = 11.3 (Note that we don’t use units!)
n 0.025  2   6+ y⋅ 5 
 
 

5
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved
  1  3 numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
 y ⋅  6 + 2 ⋅ y 
Solving for y   
= 10.11
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or
2 Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with an
(6 + y ⋅ 5) 3 arbitrary depth.

5 5
  1  3   1  3
 y ⋅  6 + 2 ⋅ y   y ⋅  6 + 2 ⋅ y 
For y = 1.5 m   
= 10.67 For y = 1.47 m   
= 10.33
2 2
(6 + y ⋅ 5) 3 (6 + y ⋅ 5) 3
5 5
  1  3   1  3
 y ⋅  6 + 2 ⋅ y   y ⋅  6 + 2 ⋅ y 
For y = 1.46 m   
= 10.22 For y = 1.45 m   
= 10.11
2 2
(6 + y ⋅ 5) 3 (6 + y ⋅ 5) 3

The solution to three figures is y = 1.45 m Then A = (b + y⋅cot(α))⋅y A = 9.75 m2

Q m
Finally, the normal velocity is V= V = 1.16
A s
 Problem 11.41 [Difficulty: 5]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Geometry for greatest hydraulic efficiency

Solution: 2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
α = atan⎛⎜
1⎞ m
For the trapezoidal channel we have α = 26.6⋅ deg Q = 250⋅ Sb = 0.001 n = 0.020
⎝2⎠ s

2⋅ y
From Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) P=b +
sin ( α )

We need to vary b and y to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized. Instead of two
independent variables b and y, we eliminate b by doing the following

A A 2⋅ y
b= − y ⋅ cot( α) and so P= − y ⋅ cot ( α ) +
y y sin ( α )

∂ 1 ∂ A 2
Taking the derivative w.r.t. y P= ⋅ A − − cot ( α ) +
∂y y ∂y
y
2 sin ( α )

∂ ∂
But at optimum conditions P=0 and A=0
∂y ∂y

2
A 2 2⋅ y 2
Hence 0=− − cot( α) + or A= − y ⋅ cot( α)
2 sin( α) sin( α)
y
2
2⋅ y 2
Comparing to A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) we find A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) = − y ⋅ cot( α)
sin( α)

2⋅ y
Hence b= − 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α)
sin( α)

2⋅ y
A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) = y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) + y ⋅ cot( α) ⎞ = y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞
2 2
Then
⎝ sin( α) ⎠ ⎝ sin( α) ⎠

2⋅ y 4⋅ y
− 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) = 2 ⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞
2
P=b+ =
sin( α) sin( α) ⎝ sin( α) ⎠
 y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞
2 2

and Rh =
A
=
⎝ sin( α) ⎠ = y
2 ⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞
P 2 2
⎝ sin( α) ⎠

2
2 1 1
3
⋅ ⎡⎢y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎜
⎛y⎞
1 3 2 1 2 2 2
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⋅ Sb
n n ⎣ ⎝ sin( α) ⎠⎦ ⎝2⎠

8 1
3 2
y ⋅ Sb
⎛
Q= ⎜
2 ⎞
− cot( α) ⋅
⎝ sin( α) ⎠ 2
3
n⋅ 2
3
8
⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ 3
⎥
⎢ 2 ⋅ n⋅ Q ⎥
Solving for y y =
⎢ 1⎥ y = 5.66 (m)
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞ ⋅ Sb ⎥
2
⎣ ⎝ sin( α) ⎠ ⎦

2⋅ y
Finally b = − 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) b = 2.67 (m)
sin( α)
 Problem 11.42 [Difficulty: 3]

11.42 For a trapezoidal shaped channel (n = 0.014 and slope Sb =

0.0002 with a 6 m bottom width and side slopes of 1 vertical to
1.5 horizontal), determine the normal depth for a discharge of
3
28.3 m /s.

Given: Data on trapzoidal channel.

Find: Normal depth.

Solution:
2 1
1
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2
n

Note that this is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

 1  m3
For the trapezoidal channel we have b=6m α = atan   α = 33.7 deg Q = 28.3
 1.5  s

S0 = 0.0002 n = 0.014

y ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α )) y ⋅ (6 + 1.5 ⋅ y)
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y⋅(b + y⋅cot(α)) = y⋅(6 + 1.5⋅y) Rh = =
2⋅ y 6 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 3.25
b+
sin(α )

2
2 1 1
1 1  y ⋅ (6 + 1.5 ⋅ y)  3
Hence Q = ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2 = ⋅ y ⋅ (6 + 1.5 ⋅ y) ⋅   ⋅ 0.0002 2 = 28.3 (Note that we don’t use units!)
n 0.014  6 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 3.25 

5
[(6 + 1.5 ⋅ y) ⋅ y] 3
Solving for y 2
= 28
(6 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 3.25) 3

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton’s method, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.

5 5
[(6 + 1.5 ⋅ y) ⋅ y] 3 [(6 + 1.5 ⋅ y) ⋅ y] 3
For y = 2.30 m 2
= 28.7 For y = 2.28 m 2
= 28.3
(6 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 3.25) 3 (6 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 3.25) 3

5 5
[(6 + 1.5 ⋅ y) ⋅ y] 3 [(6 + 1.5 ⋅ y) ⋅ y] 3
For y = 2.26 m 2
= 27.8 For y = 2.27 m 2
= 28
(6 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 3.25) 3 (6 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 3.25) 3

The solution to three figures is y = 2.27 m

 Problem 11.43 [Difficulty: 5]

Given: Trapezoidal channel

Find: Geometry for greatest hydraulic efficiency

Solution:
2⋅ y
From Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot ( α ) ) P=b+
sin( α)

We need to vary b and y (and then α!) to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized. Instead
of two independent variables b and y, we eliminate b by doing the following

A A 2⋅ y
b = − y ⋅ cot ( α ) and so P= − y ⋅ cot ( α ) +
y y sin ( α )

∂ 1 ∂ A 2
Taking the derivative w.r.t. y P= ⋅ A − − cot ( α ) +
∂y y ∂y 2 sin ( α )
y
∂ ∂
But at optimum conditions P=0 and A =0
∂y ∂y
2
A 2 2⋅ y 2
Hence 0=− − cot( α) + or A= − y ⋅ cot( α) (1)
2 sin( α) sin( α)
y

( )=0 ( )
2
∂ 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cos( α) 2 2 2 ⋅ cos( α) 2
Now we optimize A w.r.t. α A=− − y ⋅ −1 − cot( α) or − + cot( α) + 1 = 0
∂α sin( α)
2
sin( α)
2

2 2 2
2 cos( α) sin( α) + cos( α) 1
But cot( α) + 1 = +1= =
2 2 2
sin( α) sin( α) sin( α)

α = acos⎛⎜
1⎞
Hence −2 ⋅ cos( α) = −1 α = 60 deg
⎝2⎠

2 2
2⋅ y 2 2⋅ y 1 2 ⎛ 4 − 1 ⎞ ⋅ y2 = 3⋅ y2
We can now evaluate A from Eq 1 A= − y ⋅ cot( α) = − ⋅y = ⎜
sin( α) 3 3 ⎝ 3 3⎠
2

A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) = y ⋅ ⎛⎜ b + ⋅ y⎞
1
But for a trapezoid
⎝ 3 ⎠

A = ⎛⎜ b + ⋅ y⎞ ⋅ y = ⎛ 3 − 1 ⎞ ⋅y = 2 ⋅y
1 2
Comparing the two A expressions 3⋅ y we find b= ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 3
 2⋅ y 2 4
But the perimeter is P=b+ = b + 2⋅ y⋅ =b+ ⋅ y = b + 2⋅ b = 3⋅ b
sin( α) 3 3

In summary we have α = 60 deg

1
P− ⋅P
1 3 1
and b= ⋅P so each of the symmetric sides is = ⋅P
3 2 3

We have proved that the optimum shape is equal side and bottom lengths, with 60 angles i.e., half a hexagon!
 Problem 11.44 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Data on rectangular channel and weir

Find: If a hydraulic jump forms upstream of the weir

Solution: 1
2 1 3
⎛ Q2 ⎞
yc = ⎜
1 3 2
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n ⎜ g⋅ b2
⎝ ⎠
Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width b = 2.45⋅ m and depth y we find from Table 11.1
3
b⋅ y 2.45⋅ y m
A = b ⋅ y = 2.45⋅ y Rh = = and also n = 0.015 and Sb = 0.0004 Q = 5.66⋅
b + 2⋅ y 2.45 + 2 ⋅ y s
2
2 1 1
3
2.45⋅ y
⋅ 2.45⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⋅ 0.0004 2 = 5.66
1 3 2 1
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = (Note that we don't use units!)
n 0.015 ⎝ 2.45 + 2⋅ y ⎠
5 5
3 3
y 5.66⋅ 0.015 y
Solving for y = or = 0.898
2 1 2 2
3 2 3 3
( 2.45 + 2 ⋅ y ) .0004 ⋅ 2.54⋅ 2.54 ( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y )

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with the given depth
5 5
3 3
y y
For y = 1.52 ( m) = 0.639 For y = 2 ( m) = 0.908
2 2
3 3
( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y ) ( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y )
5 5
3 3
y y
For y = 1.95 ( m) = 0.879 For y = 1.98 ( m) = 0.896
2 2
3 3
( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y ) ( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y )
1
3
⎛ Q2 ⎞
y = 1.98 (m) This is the normal depth. We also have the critical depth: yc = ⎜ y c = 0.816 m
⎜ g⋅ b2
⎝ ⎠

Hence the given depth is 1.52 m > y c, but 1.52 m < y n, the normal depth. This implies the flow is subcritical (far enough upstream
it is depth 1.98 m), and that it draws down to 1.52 m as it gets close to the wier. There is no jump.
 Problem 11.45 [Difficulty: 2]

11.45 An above-ground rectangular flume is to be constructed

of timber. For a drop of 1.9 m/km, what will be the depth and
width for the most economical flume if it is to discharge
3
1.1 m /s?

Given: Data on rectangular flume.

Find: Optimum geometry.

Solution:
2 1
1
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h 3 ⋅ Sb 2 and from Table 11.3, for optimum geometry b = 2⋅yn
n

Note that the Q equation is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

m m3
Available data Sb = 1.9 Sb = 0.0019 Q = 1.1
km s

For wood (unplaned), a Google search gives n = 0.013

A 2 ⋅ y n2 y
Hence A = b ⋅ y n = 2 ⋅ y n2 Rh = = = n
p yn + 2 ⋅ yn + yn 2

2
2 1 1
1 1  y 3
Then Q = ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2 = ⋅ 2 ⋅ yn2 ⋅  n  ⋅ Sb2
n n  2 

3
 2 8
 Q ⋅ n ⋅ 23 
Solving for yn yn =  1  yn = 0.6 (m) b = 2yn b = 1.2 (m)
 2 
 2 ⋅ Sb 
 Problem 11.46 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on rectangular channel

Find: Expressions valid for critical depth at optimum geometry

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb and from Table 11.3, for optimum geometry b = 2⋅ yn
n

Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

2
2 A 2⋅ yn yn
Hence A = b⋅ yn = 2⋅ yn Rh = = =
P yn + 2⋅ yn + yn 2

2 1
2 1 1 8 1
3
2 ⎛ n⎞
y 3
1 3 2 1 2 2 3 2
Then Q = ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⋅ 2 ⋅ y n ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ Sb or Q= ⋅ y ⋅ Sb
n n ⎝2⎠ n n

We can write the Froude number in terms of Q

V Q Q Q
Fr = = = or Fr =
g⋅ y A⋅ g ⋅ y 1 5
2 2 2
2⋅ yn ⋅ g⋅ yn 2⋅ g⋅ yn

5 5
Q 2 2
Hence for critical flow, Fr = 1 and y n = y c, so 1= or Q = 2⋅ g⋅ yc Q = 6.26⋅ y c
5
2
2⋅ g⋅ yc

To find Sc, equate the expressions for Q and set Sb = Sc

1
8 1 5 4 1
3 − 2
2 3 2 2 3 2 3 24.7⋅ n
Q= ⋅ y ⋅ Sc = 2⋅ g⋅ yc or Sc = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ n ⋅ y c Sc =
n c 1
3
yc
 Problem 11.47 [Difficulty: 3]

11.47 A trapezoidal canal lined with brick has side slopes of 2:1
3
and bottom width of 3 m. It carries 17 m /s at critical speed.
Determine the critical slope (the slope at which the depth is
critical).

Given: Data on trapezoidal canal.

Find: Critical slope.

Solution:
2 1
1 y ⋅ (b + y ⋅ cot(α ))
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2 and A = y⋅b + y⋅cot(α) Rh =
n 2⋅y
b+
sin(α)

Note that the Q equation is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

2 m3
Available data b=3m α = a tan   α = 63.4 deg Q = 17
1 s

For brick, a Google search gives n = 0.015

For critical flow y = yc Vc = g ⋅ yc

m3
so Q = A ⋅ Vc = (yc ⋅ b + yc ⋅ cot(α )) ⋅ g ⋅ yc (yc ⋅ b + yc ⋅ cot(α)) ⋅ g ⋅ yc = Q with Q = 17
s

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for yc and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, or we can use Excel’s Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with the given depth.

For yc = 1.5 m (yc ⋅ b + yc ⋅ cot(α)) ⋅ g ⋅ yc = 20.14 For yc = 1.35 m (yc ⋅ b + yc ⋅ cot(α )) ⋅ g ⋅ yc = 17.2

For yc = 1.41 m (yc ⋅ b + yc ⋅ cot(α )) ⋅ g ⋅ yc = 18.36 For yc = 1.4 m (yc ⋅ b + yc ⋅ cot(α )) ⋅ g ⋅ yc = 18.16

Hence yc = 1.35 m and A crit = yc ⋅ b + yc ⋅ cot(α ) Acrit = 4.73 m2

yc ⋅ (b + yc ⋅ cot(α ))
R hcrit = Rhcrit = 0.824 m
2 ⋅ yc
b+
sin(α)

2
2 1
 
1 3 2
 n ⋅Q 
Solving the basic equation for Sc Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h ⋅ Sb Sbcrit = 2  Sbcrit = 0.0038
n  
3
 1 ⋅ A crit ⋅ R hcrit 
 Problem 11.48 [Difficulty: 2]

11.48 A wide flat unfinished concrete channel discharges water

3
at 1.9 m /s per meter of width. Find the critical slope (the slope
at which depth is critical).

Given: Data on wide channel.

Find: Critical slope.

Solution:
2 1
1
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h 3 ⋅ Sb 2 and A = b⋅y Rh = y
n

Note that the Q equation is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

m3
Available data q = 1.9 s
m

From Table 11.2 n = 0.015

For critical flow y = yc Vc = g ⋅ yc

2 2
 Q 3  q 3
so Q = A ⋅ Vc = b ⋅ yc ⋅ g ⋅ yc or yc =   yc =  
 b⋅ g   g
   

Hence yc = 0.717 m

2 1 2 1
1 1
Solving the basic equation for Sc Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h 3 ⋅ Sb 2 = ⋅ b ⋅ y c ⋅ yc 3 ⋅ Sb 2
n n

2 2
   
 n ⋅Q   n ⋅q 
Sbcrit = 2  Sbcrit = 5  Sbcrit = 0.00246
 3   3 
 1 ⋅ b ⋅ yc ⋅ y c   1 ⋅ yc 

Note from Table 11.2 that a better roughness is n = 0.013

2
 
 n ⋅q 
and then Sbcrit = 5  Sbcrit = 0.00185
 3 
 1 ⋅ y c 
 Problem 11.49 [Difficulty: 2]

11.49 An optimum rectangular storm sewer channel made of

unfinished concrete is to be designed to carry a maximum flow
3
rate of 2.83 m /s, at which the flow is at critical condition.
Determine the channel width and slope.

Given: Data on optimum rectangular channel.

Find: Channel width and slope.

Solution:
2 1
1
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A ⋅ R h3 ⋅ Sb2 and from Table 11.3, for optimum geometry b = 2⋅yn
n

Note that the Q equation is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

m3
Available data Q = 2.83 n = 0.015 (Table 11.2)
s

A 2 ⋅ y n2 y
Hence A = b ⋅ y n = 2 ⋅ y n2 Rh = = = n
P yn + 2 ⋅ yn + yn 2

We can write the Froude number in terms of Q

V Q Q Q
Fr = = = 1
or Fr = 5
g⋅y A⋅ g⋅y
2 ⋅ y n2 ⋅ g ⋅ yn 2 2 ⋅ g ⋅ yn 2

5
Q
Hence for critical flow, Fr = 1 and yn = yc, so 1= 5
or Q = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ yc 2
2 ⋅ g ⋅ yc 2

2
 Q 5
Hence yc =   yc = 0.728 (m) and b = 2⋅yc b = 1.456 (m)
 2⋅ g 
 

2 1
2 1 1 8 1
1 1  y 3 1.2 3
Then Q = ⋅ A ⋅ R h 3 ⋅ Sb 2 = ⋅ 2 ⋅ yc2 ⋅  c  ⋅ Sc 2 or Q= ⋅ yc 3 ⋅ Sc 2
n n  2  n

2
 
 n ⋅Q 
Hence Sc =  1 8  Sc = 0.00617
 3 3 
 1.2 ⋅ y c 

2
 
 n ⋅Q 
Using (from Table 11.2) n = 0.013 Sc =  1 8  Sc = 0.00463
 3 3 
 1.2 ⋅ y c 
 Problem 11.50 [Difficulty: 1]

11.50 The crest of a broad-crested weir is 0.3 m below the level

of an upstream reservoir, where the water depth is 2.4 m. For Cw
≈ 3.4, what is the maximum flow rate per unit width that could
pass over the weir?

Given: Data on broad-crested wier.

Find: Maximum flow rate/width.

Solution:
3
Basic equation: Q = CW ⋅ b ⋅ H 2

Available data H = 0.3 m P = 2.4 m − 0.3 m P = 2.1 m CW = 1.84

m3
3
Q
Then = q = CW ⋅H2 = 0.302 s
b m
 Problem 11.51 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on rectangular, sharp-crested weir

Find: Required weir height

Solution:
3
2 2
Basic equations: Q = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b'⋅ H where Cd = 0.62 and b' = b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H with n = 2
3
3
m
Given data: b = 1.6⋅ m Q = 0.5⋅
s
3 3
Hence we find
2 2 2 2
Q = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b'⋅ H = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H
3 3
3
2 3⋅ Q
Rearranging ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H =
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ g⋅ Cd

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for H and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.

5
3⋅ Q 2
The right side evaluates to = 0.273 ⋅ m
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ g⋅ Cd

3 5 3 5
2 2 2 2
For H = 1⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 1.40⋅ m For H = 0.5⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.530 ⋅ m

3 5 3 5
2 2 2 2
For H = 0.3⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.253 ⋅ m For H = 0.35⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.317 ⋅ m

3 5 3 5
2 2 2 2
For H = 0.31⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.265 ⋅ m For H = 0.315 ⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.272 ⋅ m

3 5
2 2
For H = 0.316 ⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.273 ⋅ m H = 0.316 m

But from the figure H + P = 2.5⋅ m P = 2.5⋅ m − H P = 2.18 m

 Problem 11.52 [Difficulty: 1]

11.52 For a sharp-crested suppressed weir (Cw ≈ 3.33) of length

B = 2.4 m, P = 0.6 m, and H = 0.3 m, determine the discharge
over the weir. Neglect the velocity of approach head.

Given: Data on rectangular, sharp-crested weir.

Find: Discharge.

Solution:
3
Basic equation: Q = CW ⋅ b ⋅ H 2 where CW = 1.84 and b = 2.4 m P = 0.6 m H = 0.3 m

Note that this is an “engineering” equation, to be used without units!

3
m3
Q = CW ⋅ b ⋅ H 2 Q = 0.73
s
 Problem 11.53 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on V-notch weir

Find: Flow head

Solution:
5

Q = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2⋅ g ⋅ tan ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⋅ H
8 θ 2 L
Basic equation: where Cd = 0.58 θ = 60⋅ deg Q = 150⋅
15 ⎝2⎠ s
2
5
H = ⎛ Q ⎞ H = 0.514m
⎜ 8 ⎛
⎜ Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2⋅ g ⋅ tan ⎜
θ⎞
⎝ 15 ⎝2⎠⎠
 Problem 11.54 [Difficulty: 1]

11.54 The head on a 90°V-notch weir is 0.45 m. Determine the

discharge.

Given: Data on V-notch weir.

Find: Discharge.

Solution:
5
Basic equation: Q = CW ⋅ H 2 where H = 0.45 m CW = 2.50 for θ = 90⋅deg

Note that this is an “engineering” equation in which we ignore units!

5
m3
Q = CW ⋅ H 2 Q = 0.34
s