SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)

Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Module

in

Teaching Science in Elementary Grades

(Biology and Chemistry)
Midterm’s Module

1st Semester A/Y: 2022-2023

Prepared by:

JASON V. COMPETENTE
Instructor
COMPETENCY #10: CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGES IN MATTER
 Objectives
 At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 differentiate substance from mixtures, elements from compounds and homogeneous mixtures
from heterogeneous mixtures.
 identify changes that materials undergo and the different ways of separating mixtures
 perform simple experiment about the changes of matter
 value the importance of the different changes of matter in the lives of human beings

MOTIVATION
Let us investigate on changes that materials may go through by having this activity with your group
mates.
Effect of Heat on Some Materials
Materials Needed:

 4 aluminum foil made-up cups or container

 a small cube of margarine or butter, wax, deodorant, and ice candy
 hot water in a thermos or pot
 heat resistant gloves
 basin or bowl to hold the warm water
 some ice cubes in a pan
 watch or timer
 laboratory thermometer
 Chart on the Change of State
Procedure:
Step 1.
1.1. Place the small cubes of margarine, wax, deodorant and ice candy respectively, in different made-
up aluminum foil containers.
1.2. What will happen to the materials when the same amount of heat is applied to them at the same
amount of time? Predict.
1.3 Closely observe the ice candy.
Q1. Why is the ice candy melting? _____________________________________
1.4. Pour the hot water from the thermos in a basin. Determine its temperature.
1.5. Place the 4 aluminum containers prepared in 1.1 simultaneously in the basin of hot water bath.
Observe in 7 minutes.
Q2. What change(s) did you observe?
Q3. What cause(s) the change? Why did the solid materials melt?
Q4. When the material melted, did it change into something else? Q
5. Using the Chart on the Change of State, describe what change took place with the materials.
Write your explanation below.
INTRODUCTION
 Imagine a grocery store with all the things you need presented in a very messy or disorganized manner.
Soap bars, coffee, bottles, drinks, canned goods, linen, kitchen wares, condiments, sugar, rice, fruits, meat and
fish are all jumbled up in the whole space. It will be difficult to find things you need in a short time. Likewise,
we live in a very complex society and all the things around us are made of matter. We should classify matter.
One way to classify matter is whether it is pure or not. It is either a substance or a mixture.

Moreover, materials change when exposed to certain conditions. You have observed and learned that
leftover food or rejected parts of vegetables will decay due to action of bacteria. The vegetables were exposed
to the action of bacteria which are found in your kitchen table. If there were no bacteria, the vegetables will
just dry up because of warm temperature. “Only change is permanent on earth”, as we always would hear
from our elders. This lesson will introduce you to changes that materials undergo when exposed to certain
conditions that are useful and harmful to us.

CONTEXT

Let us take a container of sugar. Take a pich of sugar from all parts of the container. Place each
separately in a clean Bond paper. Test each part for the color, odor, taste, and solubility in water. The sample
will definitely have the same property throughout. We describe the property of such kind of matter as
homogeneous. Homogeneous refers to the uniform distribution of materials in matter. Substance is
homogeneous. It is pure material, be it in small or big amount. Its properties are constant. They do not
change in whatever amount. Substance is made up of only one kind of matter. It is homogeneous and
cannot be separated by ordinary physical means.

In chemistry, a chemical substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and
characteristic properties. It cannot be separated into components without breaking chemical bonds. Chemical
substances can be solids, liquids, gases, or plasma. Changes in temperature or pressure can cause substances
to shift between the different phases of matter.
SAQ #1: Give an example of a substance and a mixture, an element and a compound, and a homogeneous
mixture and heterogeneous mixture. What is the most important element of life? Why? (5 points)

Substances have constant solubility, color, odor, taste, brittleness, ductility, malleability, boiling point
or freezing point, and density. For example, water is a substance. In whatever amount, pure water is colorless,
tasteless, and odorless. It has a boiling point of 100%C and freezing point of O°C at one atmosphere. Its
density is 1.0g/ml. Other examples of substances are salt, alum or tawas, pure gold, charcoal, copper wire, and
denatured alcohol.

An element is a chemical substance that is made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be
broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element. All atoms of an element have the
same number of protons, though they may have different numbers of neutrons and electrons. An ELEMENT is
a substance which cannot be broken down into simpler component substances. An ATOM is the smallest
possible unit of an element. Atoms are extremely small so any visible specimen of an element contains
enormous numbers of atoms. Each element’s atoms are unique to that element. There are only 90 naturally
occurring elements so it follows that there are only 90 different types of naturally occurring atom.

Elements are conveniently further subdivided into two groups, METALS and NON-METALS, based on
their physical and chemical properties. The physical properties of metals are probably already familiar - shiny
when freshly cut, conduct heat and electricity well, malleable and ductile. What properties are common to the
metal iron, copper, aluminum, silver, and gold? All metals are solid at room temperature except mercury
which is a liquid gold, silver, platinum, are made into jewelry because of their luster. Cooking wares are made
from metals because they are malleable and are good conductors of heat. Copper is made into electrical wire
because it is ductile and a good conductor of electricity. Metal is a kind of element that is shiny, solid,
malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity . Metals like sodium and potassium are soft
and can be cut with a knife. Mercury is the only metal which is found in liquid state at room temperature.

Investigate materials that are made of iron at home. Observe those that turned rusty and those that did not.
Explain your observation. What do you suggest to avoid rusting or corrosion?

Physical Properties of Metals

Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity. Other properties include:
 State: Metals are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury, which is liquid at room
temperature (Gallium is liquid on hot days).
 Luster: Metals have the quality of reflecting light from their surface and can be polished e.g., gold,
silver and copper.
 Malleability: Metals have the ability to withstand hammering and can be made into thin sheets known
as foils. For example, a sugar cube sized chunk of gold can be pounded into a thin sheet that will cover
a football field.
 Ductility: Metals can be drawn into wires. For example, 100 g of silver can be drawn into a thin wire
about 200 meters long.
 Hardness: All metals are hard except sodium and potassium, which are soft and can be cut with a knife.
 Valency: Metals typically have 1 to 3 electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms.
  Conduction: Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons. Silver and copper are the
two best conductors of heat and electricity. Lead is the poorest conductor of heat. Bismuth, mercury
and iron are also poor conductors
 Density: Metals have high density and are very heavy. Iridium and osmium have the highest densities
whereas lithium has the lowest density.
 Melting and Boiling Points: Metals have high melting and boiling points. Tungsten has the highest
melting and boiling points whereas mercury has the lowest. Sodium and potassium also have low
melting points.

What happens where you hammer charcoal? It breaks, Charcoal is a nonmetal and all nonmetals break
or are brittle. Nonmetals exist in three phases: solid like iodine and sulfur, liquid like bromine, and gas like
hydrogen and oxygen. Do you know why casserole handles are made of either thermoset plastic or wood?
They are not conductors of heat. They are made of nonmetals. Another property of nonmetals is that they are
dull or low in luster. The non-metals have the opposite properties to metals - they are usually powders or
gases, do not conduct well and, if solids, are brittle.

Physical Properties of Nonmetals

 Physical State: Most of the non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at room temperature:
gases (oxygen) and solids (carbon). Only bromine exists as a liquid at room temperature.
 Non-Malleable and Ductile: Non-metals are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded
into sheets.
 Conduction: They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
 Luster: These have no metallic luster and do not reflect light.
 Melting and Boiling Points: The melting points of non-metals are generally lower than metals, but are
highly variable.

People utilize metals and nonmetals to improve their mode of living. A few examples are listed below.
1. Iron is considered the most important metal in industry. It is generally used in making machines, tools,
motor vehicles, ships, weapons, and in building constructions. Compared to other metals, it is cheap, tough,
and can become hard by combining with carbon, a nonmetal.
2. Gold is used in jewelry-making. It is the most expensive metal because it has an attractive color, a shiny
luster, does not tarnish like other metals and is highly malleable and ductile.
3. Copper is a very good conductor of electricity and is ductile. It is best used for electrical writing and coils.
4. Oxygen is a nonmetal and supports plant and animal life. It is highly combustible and yields heat of very high
temperature that is used in welding torches. This torch is used in cutting steel rods and automobile parts.
5. Carbon is a nonmetal that is in all living things. It is used as a source of fuel at home and in industrial plants.
Carbon removes color and odor of certain liquids and gases. Because of this property know us absorption, it is
best used as a purifier and in gas mask.
6. Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere. It is a nonmetal that is used for filling electric
lamps. Other uses include manufacture of industrial ammonia, nitric acid, and other nitrogen compounds.
 A pure chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of molecules or
ions that are chemically bonded. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a chemical
reaction, such as water, form a chemical compound. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are
compounds. A chemical compound can be either atoms bonded together in molecules or crystals in which
atoms, molecules or ions form a crystalline lattice. Compounds made primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms
are called organic compounds, and all others are called inorganic compounds. Compounds containing bonds
between carbon and a metal are called organometallic compounds.

Unlike elements, compounds can be broken down into other simpler substances. If there are only
about 118 elements that have been enormous in number and more are being produced. Notice that sugar is
composed of three kinds of elements; carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sugar is a compound and it is made up
of several elements. Recall what happens when iron which is not pointed is exposed to air. The elements iron
and oxygen from the air combine to form a new substance, the compound iron oxide or rust. Iron is a solid
with metallic luster while oxygen is a colorless gas. When they combine, a reddish brown brittle solid, called
rust or iron oxide is formed. Note that they have entirely different properties.

A compound is a unique substance that consists of two or more elements combined in fixed
proportions. This means that the composition of a compound is always the same. The smallest particle of most
compounds in living things is called a molecule. Consider water as an example. A molecule of water always
contains one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. The composition of water is expressed by the
chemical formula H2O.

What causes the atoms of a water molecule to “stick” together? The answer is chemical bonds. A
chemical bond is a force that holds together the atoms of molecules. Bonds in molecules involve atoms
sharing electrons. New chemical bonds form when substances react with one another. When two distinct
elements are chemically combined—i.e., chemical bonds form between their atoms—the result is called a
chemical compound. Most elements on Earth bond with other elements to form chemical compounds, such as
sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl), which combine to form table salt (NaCl). Water is another example of a
chemical compound. The two or more component elements of a compound can be separated through
chemical reactions.

Chemical compounds have a unique and defined structure, which consists of a fixed ratio of atoms held
together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds. Chemical compounds can be:
 molecular compounds held together by covalent bonds
 salts held together by ionic bonds
 intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds
 complexes held together by coordinate covalent bonds.

Chemical substances are often called ‘pure’ to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a
chemical substance is pure water; it always has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered
in pure form are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt (sodium chloride), and refined sugar (sucrose). Simple or
seemingly pure substances found in nature can in fact be mixtures of chemical substances. For example, tap
water may contain small amounts of dissolved sodium chloride and compounds containing iron, calcium, and
many other chemical substances. Pure distilled water is a substance, but seawater, since it contains ions and
complex molecules, is a mixture.

WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF COMPOUNDS?

The number of compounds on earth is numerous that elements have several ways of classifying them.
Here are two ways of classifying them.
A. Acids and Base
B. Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Do you love to eat fruits like guava, santol, pomelo, orange, or tamarind? Do you prefer to eat sinigang
rather than stew or nilaga? If these are your favorite tastes, then you love acidic food. Substances present in
them are compounds classified as acids.

When you have an acidic stomach, doctors advise you to take antacid medicine. All antacids are made
of basic compounds. Combination of an acid and a base result in a neutral substance. Compounds are
classified into an acid, a base, or a neutral substance.

Acids
There are many things at home considered as acids. In cooking we use vinegar, tamarind powder,
lemon or kalamansi juice. We drink orange, pineapple, or beverages almost everyday. These are examples of
acids. They are all sour. An acid also changes a blue litmus paper, an indicator, to red. Acid is a kind of
compound, sour in taste, and changes blue litmus paper to red.

Acids are very common in some of the foods that we eat. Citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons
contain citric acid and ascorbic acid, which is better known as vitamin C. Carbonated sodas contain phosphoric
acid. Vinegar contains acetic acid. Your own stomach utilizes hydrochloric acid to digest food.
Acids are a distinct class of compounds because of the properties of their aqueous solutions. Those
properties are outlined below:
 Aqueous solutions of acids are electrolytes, meaning that they conduct an electrical current. Some
acids are strong electrolytes because they ionize completely in water, yielding a great many ions. Other
acids are weak electrolytes that exist primarily in a non-ionized form when dissolved in water.
 Acids have a sour taste. Lemons, vinegar, and sour candies all contain acids.
 Acids change the color of certain acid-base indicators. Two common indicators are litmus and
phenolphthalein. Blue litmus turns red in the presence of an acid, while phenolphthalein turns
colorless.
 Acids react with active metals to yield hydrogen gas. Metals that are above hydrogen in the activity
series will replace the hydrogen from an acid in a single-replacement reaction.
 Acids react with bases to produce a salt compound and water. When equal moles of an acid and a base
are combined, the acid is neutralized by the base. The products of this reaction are an ionic compound,
which is labeled as a salt, and water.
 A compound used in soap making is sodium hydroxide. It is a compound called base. Other examples of
bases are: ammonium hydroxide, a component of cleaning agent; lime water or calcium hydroxide; and milk of
magnesia, an antacid. Base are slippery in feel and changes a red litmus paper to blue. Base is a kind of
compound that changes a red litmus paper to blue. When the same strength of acid and base are added, it
results into neutral substances, salt and water.

Bases have properties that mostly contrast with those of acids.

 Aqueous solutions of bases are also electrolytes. Bases can be either strong or weak, just as acids can.
 Bases often have a bitter taste and are found in foods less frequently than acids. Many bases, like
soaps, are slippery to the touch.
 Bases also change the color of indicators. Litmus turns blue in the presence of a base while
phenolphthalein turns pink.
 Bases do not react with metals in the way that acids do.
 Bases react with acids to produce a salt and water.

Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Organic and inorganic compounds form one of the primary basis for chemistry. The study of organic
compounds is termed as organic chemistry and the study of inorganic compounds is inorganic chemistry.
These are said to be one of the large class of members. The primary difference that lies between these organic
compounds and inorganic compounds is that organic compounds always have a carbon atom while most of
the inorganic compounds do not contain the carbon atom in them. Almost all the organic compounds contain
the carbon-hydrogen or a simple C-H bond in them.
The most common fact that differentiates organic compounds from inorganic compounds is that the
organic compounds mainly result from activities of a living being. Whereas, inorganic compounds are obtained
from the natural processes which are not related to any of the life forms on earth or any result of human
experiments which are conducted in laboratories.
Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
Organic compounds are characterized by the Most inorganic compounds do not have carbon atoms
presence of carbon atoms in them in them (some exceptions do exist)
Organic compounds consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, They do not possess hydrogen or oxygen and their
carbon, and their other derivatives derivatives
Organic compounds are said to be more volatile and These compounds are not inflammable and are non-
also highly inflammable volatile in nature
These compounds exist in the form of Solids, gases, These exist as solids
and liquids.
These are insoluble in water. These are soluble in water and also non-soluble in
some of the organic solutions.
These compounds have the carbon-hydrogen bonds These do not have the carbon-hydrogen bonds
Organic compounds are mainly found in most of the These compounds are found in non-living things
living things
Organic compounds form covalent bonds Inorganic compounds form ionic bonds between the

In most of the aqueous solutions, these are poor
conductors of heat and electricity
Examples of organic compounds include fats, nucleic
acids, sugars, enzymes, proteins, and hydrocarbon
fuels
These have relatively low melting points and boiling
points.
These are biological and more complex in nature
Organic compounds cannot make salts
The rate of reaction is slow in organic compounds
atoms of molecules
In aqueous solutions, these are known to be good
conductors of heat and electricity
The example for inorganic compounds includes non-
metals, salts, metals, acids, bases, substances which
are made from single elements
These have low melting and boiling points compared
to organic compounds
These are of mineral and not much complexity in
nature
Inorganic compounds can make salts
Inorganic compounds have a high rate of reaction

MIXTURES
Mixtures are combinations of two or more pure substances in variable proportions in which the
individual substances retain their identity. In other words, Mixtures are any materials consisting of two or
more substances that are not chemically combined. Air, tap water, milk, blue cheese, bread, and dirt are all
mixtures.

If all portions of a material are in the same state, have no visible boundaries, and are uniform
throughout, then the material is homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous mixtures are the air we breathe
and the tap water we drink. Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions. A solution consists of a solute
and solvent. Solvent is the substance that dissolves and is in the greater amount in the solution. Solute is the
substance that is being dissolved. Thus air is a solution of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
several other gases; tap water is a solution of small amounts of several substances in water. Another example
is the sea water which is a salt solution.

A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture. The
salt water described above is homogeneous because the dissolved salt is evenly distributed throughout the
entire salt water sample. Often it is easy to confuse a homogeneous mixture with a pure substance because
they are both uniform.  The difference is that the composition of the substance is always the same. The
amount of salt in the salt water can vary from one sample to another. All solutions would be considered
homogeneous because the dissolved material is present in the same amount throughout the solution.

One characteristic of mixtures is that they can be separated into their components. Since each part of the
mixture has not reacted with another part of the mixture, the identities of the different materials is
unchanged.

A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the
mixture. Vegetable soup is a heterogeneous mixture. Any given spoonful of soup will contain varying amounts
of the different vegetables and other components of the soup.
 A phase is any part of a sample that has a uniform composition and properties. By definition, a pure
substance or a homogeneous mixture consists of a single phase. A heterogeneous mixture consists of two or
more phases.  When oil and water are combined, they do not mix evenly, but instead form two separate
layers. Each of the layers is called a phase.

Oil and water do not mix, instead forming two distinct layers called phases. The oil phase is less dense
than the water phase and so the oil floats on top of the water. Smog is another example of a heterogeneous
mixture. This murky collection of pollutants can be a mixture of water and contaminants from burning
gasoline or plastics mixed with nitric oxide derivatives and ozone. 

Examples of heterogeneous mixtures are suspensions. Suspensions have big particles that are
undissolved in liquids. Other examples of heterogeneous mixtures are smoke, milk, blood and clouds.

Separating Mixtures

Earlier it was mentioned that each component part of a mixture exhibits its own characteristics. Hence, the
component parts can be separated. In short, a mixture can be separated by ordinary physical means. Here are
some processes of separating mixtures.

1. Evaporation is a process applied to a mixture of a dissolved solid and liquid. For example, by evaporating
brine solution, the salt is left as residue in the container when all the water is gone (evaporated). The process
is done to harvest salt from seawater. As the liquid is heated, it absorbs heat and changes to vapor.

2. Decantation is a process of separating solid components from liquid components in a mixture. The solids or
sediments settle at the bottom such as particles of muddy water. Here the clear liquid is carefully poured off
leaving behind the solid particles. Decantation is also used when separating immiscible liquids.

3. Filtration is a process done to a liquid mixture where solid particles neither dissolve nor settle. This can be
separated by filtration using a filter paper or any material fine enough to filter the particles like a place of
cloth. The solid particles collected in a filter paper form the residue. We usually do this in a laboratory.

4. Distillation – this process is used to separate a mixture which has a volatile composition. This involves two
processes called evaporation and condensation.

5. Use of Magnet - There are mixtures where one of the components is a metal like iron and attracted to a
magnet. The mixture is placed in a paper and a magnet is placed beneath the paper. The iron fillings on top
will follow the magnet and then move toward one end of the paper, leaving behind the other component.

6. Chromatography is used to separate substances in a homogeneous colored mixture by dissolving the

mixture and allowing it to travel through a piece of filter paper forming a band of color called chromatogram.
This is helpful in identifying the substances in a solution by comparing it with their chromatograms.

7. Physical Manipulation – is separating the components of the mixture using the hand or any instrument. An
example is cleaning the rice before cooking. Using the hand, rice is cleaned removing the seeds, weeds, tiny
stones from the rice grains.
SAQ 2#: What do you think is an efficient way of separating solid garbage components of school wastes?
You are out in the farm and the only water available to use is in the muddy waterhole. You have an empty
bottle and a cup. How would you remove the dirt from the muddy water so that you can use the water? (5
points)

Changes in Matter

1. Physical changes are changes in which no chemical bonds are broken or formed. This means that the
same types of compounds or elements that were there at the beginning of the change are there at the
end of the change. Because the ending materials are the same as the beginning materials, the
properties (such as color, boiling point, etc) will also be the same. Physical changes involve moving
molecules around, but not changing them. Some types of physical changes include:
 Changes of state (changes from a solid to a liquid or a gas and vice versa)
 Separation of a mixture
 Physical deformation (cutting, denting, stretching)
 Making solutions (special kinds of mixtures).

Blending a smoothie, for example, involves two physical changes: the change in shape of each fruit and the
mixing together of many different pieces of fruit. Because none of the chemicals in the smoothie components
are changed during blending (the water and vitamins from the fruit are unchanged, for example), we know
that no chemical changes are involved.

Cutting, tearing, shattering, grinding, and mixing are further types of physical changes because they change
the form but not the composition of a material. For example, mixing salt and pepper creates a new substance
without changing the chemical makeup of either component.
Phase changes are changes that occur when substances are melted, frozen, boiled, condensed, sublimated, or
deposited. They are also physical changes because they do not change the nature of the substance.

As an ice cube melts, its shape changes as it acquires the ability to flow. However, its composition does
not change. Melting is an example of a physical change (Figure 1.3.31.3.3), since some properties of the
material change, but the identity of the matter does not. Physical changes can further be classified as
reversible or irreversible. The melted ice cube may be refrozen, so melting is a reversible physical change.
Physical changes that involve a change of state are all reversible. Other changes of state
include vaporization (liquid to gas), freezing (liquid to solid), and condensation (gas to liquid). Dissolving is
also a reversible physical change. When salt is dissolved into water, the salt is said to have entered the
aqueous state. The salt may be regained by boiling off the water, leaving the salt behind.

Melting and freezing

When heat is applied to a solid, its particles begin to vibrate faster and move farther apart. When the
substance reaches a certain combination of temperature and pressure, its melting point, the solid will begin to
melt and turn into a liquid. Melting is the change of state from solid to a liquid.
 When two states of matter, such as solid and liquid, are at the equilibrium temperature and pressure,
additional heat added into the system will not cause the overall temperature of the substance to increase until
the entire sample reaches the same physical state. For example, when you put ice into a glass of water and
leave it out at room temperature, the ice and water will eventually come to the same temperature. As the ice
melts from heat coming from the water, it will remain at zero degrees Celsius until the entire ice cube melts
before continuing to warm. 

When heat is removed from a liquid, its particles slow down and begin to settle in one location within
the substance. When the substance reaches a cool enough temperature at a certain pressure, the freezing
point, the liquid becomes a solid. Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid.

Most liquids contract as they freeze. Water, however, expands when it freezes into ice, causing the
molecules to push farther apart and decrease the density, which is why ice floats on top of water. 
Adding additional substances, such as salt in water, can alter both the melting and freezing points. For
example, adding salt to snow will decrease the temperature that water freezes on roads, making it safer for
drivers.
There is also a point, known as the triple point, where solids, liquids and gases all exist simultaneously.
Water, for example, exists in all three states at a temperature of 273.16 Kelvin and a pressure of 611.2 pascals.

Sublimation
When a solid is converted directly into a gas without going through a liquid phase, the process is
known as sublimation. This may occur either when the temperature of the sample is rapidly increased beyond
the boiling point (flash vaporization) or when a substance is "freeze-dried" by cooling it under vacuum
conditions so that the water in the substance undergoes sublimation and is removed from the sample. A few
volatile substances will undergo sublimation at room temperature and pressure, such as frozen carbon
dioxide, or dry ice.

Vaporization
Vaporization is the conversion of a liquid to a gas and can occur through either evaporation or boiling.
Because the particles of a liquid are in constant motion, they frequently collide with each other. Each collision
also causes energy to be transferred, and when enough energy is transferred to particles near the surface they
may be knocked completely away from the sample as free gas particles. Liquids cool as they evaporate
because the energy transferred to surface molecules, which causes their escape, gets carried away with them.
Liquid boils when enough heat is added to a liquid to cause vapor bubbles to form below the surface.
This boiling point is the temperature and pressure at which a liquid becomes a gas.

Condensation and deposition

Condensation occurs when a gas loses energy and comes together to form a liquid. For example, water
vapor condenses into liquid water.
 Deposition occurs when a gas transforms directly into a solid, without going through the liquid phase.
Water vapor becomes ice or frost when the air touching a solid, such as a blade of grass, is cooler than the rest
of the air.

SAQ #3: Why do we boil drinking water when the source is a shallow well? Water undergoes evaporation,
condensation and freezing. How important are these processes to life on earth? And why do these changes
in the states of water considered physical changes? (5 points)

2. Chemical changes occur when bonds are broken and/or formed between molecules or atoms. This
means that one substance with a certain set of properties (such as melting point, color, taste, etc) is
turned into a different substance with different properties. Chemical changes are frequently harder to
reverse than physical changes.

One good example of a chemical change is burning paper. In contrast to the act of ripping paper, the
act of burning paper actually results in the formation of new chemicals (carbon dioxide and water, to be
exact). Another example of chemical change occurs when water is formed. Each molecule contains two atoms
of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen chemically bonded.
Another example of a chemical change is what occurs when natural gas is burned in your furnace. This
time, before the reaction we have a molecule of methane, CH4CH4, and two molecules of oxygen, O2O2,
while after the reaction we have two molecules of water, H2OH2O, and one molecule of carbon
dioxide, CO2CO2. In this case, not only has the appearance changed, but the structure of the molecules has
also changed. The new substances do not have the same chemical properties as the original ones. Therefore,
this is a chemical change.

Chemical change results in one or more substances of entirely different composition from the original
substances. The elements and/or compounds at the start of the reaction are rearranged into new product
compounds or elements. A CHEMICAL CHANGE alters the composition of the original matter. Different
elements or compounds are present at the end of the chemical change. The atoms in compounds are
rearranged to make new and different compounds.
Example: corrosion of metals - Corrosion is the unwanted oxidation of metals resulting in metal oxides.

Rotting, burning, cooking, and rusting are all further types of chemical changes because they produce
substances that are entirely new chemical compounds. For example, burned wood becomes ash, carbon
dioxide, and water. When exposed to water, iron becomes a mixture of several hydrated iron oxides and
hydroxides. Yeast carries out fermentation to produce alcohol from sugar.

An unexpected color change or release of odor also often indicates a chemical change. For example,
the color of the element chromium is determined by its oxidation state; a single chromium compound will only
change color if it undergoes an oxidation or reduction reaction. The heat from cooking an egg changes the
interactions and shapes of the proteins in the egg white, thereby changing its molecular structure and
converting the egg white from translucent to opaque.
SAQ #4: What chemical changes due to the presence of oxygen and heat are important in your daily life?
Why do cooks recommend placing peeled apples and bananas in pineapple juice before mixing them with
other ingredients when preparing fruit salad? (5 points)

SUMMARY

 Matter can be broken down into two categories: pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are
further broken down into elements and compounds. Mixtures are physically combined structures that
can be separated into their original components.
 A chemical substance is composed of one type of atom or molecule.
 A mixture is composed of different types of atoms or molecules that are not chemically bonded.
 A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances where the various
components can be visually distinguished.
 A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform and every part of the
solution has the same properties.
 Various separation techniques exist in order to separate matter, including include distillation, filtration,
evaporation and chromatography. Matter can be in the same phase or in two different phases for this
separation to take place.
 Elements are the simplest complete chemical substances. Each element corresponds to a single entry
on the periodic table. An element is a material that consists of a single type of atom. Each atom type
contains the same number of protons.
 Chemical bonds link elements together to form more complex molecules called compounds. A
compound consists of two or more types of elements held together by covalent or ionic bonds.
 Elements cannot be divided into smaller units without large amounts of energy. Compounds, on the
other hand, can have their bonds broken with practical amounts of energy, such as the heat from a
fire.
 Matter can be broken down into two categories: pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are
further broken down into elements and compounds. Mixtures are physically combined structures that
can be separated back into their original components.
 Physical changes only change the appearance of a substance, not its chemical composition.
 Chemical changes cause a substance to change into an entirely substance with a new chemical
formula.
 Chemical changes are also known as chemical reactions. The “ingredients” of a reaction are called
reactants, and the end results are called products.

REFERENCES

 Padpad, Evelyn C. et. al. (2010) Science Links Worktext in Science and Health.
 Mapa, Amelia, P. and Campos, Maria Rowena R. (2007). Science and Technology for Life-long Learning
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/properties-of-acids-and-bases/
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/physical-and-chemical-changes-to-matter/
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter/
  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/elements-and-compounds/

EVALUATION

Perform the following simple experiment and answer the questions about it. (20 points)

Activity 1: Solids can Change.

Problem: What happens when solids are bent, pressed, or hammered?
Materials Needed:
a. paper clip, copper wire, soft plastic ruler, rubber slipper and silver spoon
b. modeling clay, ripe banana, block of wood, one piece pandesal, egg shell
c. empty tin can, hammer, block of wood, empty plastic bottle, charcoal

What to do:
Activity 1.1 Solids can be bent!
Using the materials listed in the table, bend each one. Observe and record your observation.
Material What happens to the materials when bent?
Paper clip
Silver spoon
Copper wire
Soft plastic ruler
Rubber slipper

1. Which materials were you able to bend? __________________________________________

2. Was a new material formed when you bend these solids?______________________

Activity 1.2 Solids can be pressed!

Using a block of wood, press each of the materials listed in the table. Observe and record your
observation.
Material Observation
Modeling clay
Ripe banana
Pandesal bread
Eg shell

1. Which materials were you able to press? __________________________________

2. Did a new material form when you pressed the solids? Why? ___________________

Activity 1.3. Solids can be hammered!

Hammer each of the listed materials and record your observation.

Material What happens to the materials when hammered

Empty tin can
 Block of wood
Empty plastic bottle
Charcoal
1. Which materials were you able to hammer?_____________________________
2. Did a new material form when you hammered the solids? Why?____________

Let us summarize the results of the activity:

1. What characteristics of solid were seen in the different activities?
2. What kind of change was observed in the materials examined?

ASSIGNMENT
Fill out the table below and share your work during class discussion.
Picture Useful changes of materials to you Harmful changes of materials to
and to the environment you and the environment
Burning of fire
Cutting of tress
Furniture making
Cutting fabric and finished
shirt/dress
Ice cream making
Ripening of tomato
Rain drops
Welding iron
Making a cellphone unit

SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE
(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)
Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
 “Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Name: ____________________________________Course/Year/Sec: ________________ Date: ____________

Competency # 10 Answer Sheet

Classification and Changes in Matter

SAQ #1: Give an example of a substance and a mixture, an element and a compound, and a homogeneous
mixture and heterogeneous mixture. What is the most important element of life? Why? (5 points)
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SAQ 2#: What do you think is an efficient way of separating solid garbage components of school wastes?
You are out in the farm and the only water available to use is in the muddy waterhole. You have an empty
bottle and a cup. How would you remove the dirt from the muddy water so that you can use the water? (5
points)
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SAQ #3: Why do we boil drinking water when the source is a shallow well? Water undergoes evaporation,
condensation and freezing. How important are these processes to life on earth? And why do these changes
in the states of water considered physical changes? (5 points)
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________________________________________________________________________________________.
SAQ #4: What chemical changes due to the presence of oxygen and heat are important in your daily life?
Why do cooks recommend placing peeled apples and bananas in pineapple juice before mixing them with
other ingredients when preparing fruit salad? (5 points)
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________.
EVALUATION

Perform the following simple experiment and answer the questions about it. (20 points)

Activity 1: Solids can Change.

Problem: What happens when solids are bent, pressed, or hammered?
Materials Needed:
a. paper clip, copper wire, soft plastic ruler, rubber slipper and silver spoon
 b. modeling clay, ripe banana, block of wood, one piece pandesal, egg shell
c. empty tin can, hammer, block of wood, empty plastic bottle, charcoal

What to do:
Activity 1.1 Solids can be bent!
Using the materials listed in the table, bend each one. Observe and record your observation.
Material What happens to the materials when bent?
Paper clip
Silver spoon
Copper wire
Soft plastic ruler
Rubber slipper

1. Which materials were you able to bend? __________________________________________

2. Was a new material formed when you bend these solids?______________________

Activity 1.2 Solids can be pressed!

Using a block of wood, press each of the materials listed in the table. Observe and record your
observation.
Material Observation
Modeling clay
Ripe banana
Pandesal bread
Eg shell

1. Which materials were you able to press? __________________________________

2. Did a new material form when you pressed the solids? Why? ___________________

Activity 1.3. Solids can be hammered!

Hammer each of the listed materials and record your observation.

Material What happens to the materials when hammered

Empty tin can
Block of wood
Empty plastic bottle
Charcoal
1. Which materials were you able to hammer?_____________________________
2. Did a new material form when you hammered the solids? Why?____________

Let us summarize the results of the activity:

1. What characteristics of solid were seen in the different activities?
2. What kind of change was observed in the materials examined?
ASSIGNMENT
Fill out the table below and share your work during class discussion.
Picture Useful changes of materials to you Harmful changes of materials to
and to the environment you and the environment
Burning of fire
Cutting of tress
Furniture making
Cutting fabric and finished
shirt/dress
Ice cream making
Ripening of tomato
Rain drops
Welding iron
Making a cellphone unit