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Analogdigital Phase and Frequency Detector For Pha
Analogdigital Phase and Frequency Detector For Pha
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Analog+digital phase and frequency detector for phase locking of diode lasers
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053111-2 Cacciapuoti et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 053111 共2005兲
Downloaded 02 May 2005 to 137.204.192.189. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright, see http://rsi.aip.org/rsi/copyright.jsp
053111-3 Analog+ digital phase detector Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 053111 共2005兲
Downloaded 02 May 2005 to 137.204.192.189. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright, see http://rsi.aip.org/rsi/copyright.jsp
053111-4 Cacciapuoti et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 053111 共2005兲
Downloaded 02 May 2005 to 137.204.192.189. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright, see http://rsi.aip.org/rsi/copyright.jsp
053111-5 Analog+ digital phase detector Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 053111 共2005兲
Control signals are limited to upper and lower saturation the parabolic flight of the atomic cloud. To characterize the
detectors connected to light emitting diodes on the front OPLL, however, the DDS has been operated at a fixed fre-
panel. Two switches can separately enable the APD and the quency of 40 MHz.
DPFD, allowing APD only, DPFD only, or APD+ DPFD The DPFD and APD outputs drive a three–paths feed-
operation. back loop acting on the SL injection current, both directly at
the laser mount 共fast current path兲 and via the current driver
共slow current path兲, and on the SL external cavity length, via
a low voltage piezo stack 关piezo transducer 共PZT兲 path兴.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The fast current path is directly derived from the APD.
A detailed description of our interferometer has already The IF output enters a 6 dB gain stage 共also lowering the
been published elsewhere.7,18 Therefore we will briefly sum- APD output impedance兲 followed by a gain setting resistive
marize here only the setup involving the generation of the voltage divider with an output impedance close to 50 ⍀. A
three / 2 − − / 2 Raman pulses forming the interferomet- standard RG-58 coaxial cable connects the fast output to the
ric sequence. laser diode through a passive network formed by an imped-
As ML and SL we have used different laser diodes ance matching 50 ⍀ resistor to ground and a 1 k⍀ in parallel
共Sanyo, Sharp, and Sacher兲 with similar results. The mea- with a small capacitor in the 220–680 pF range. The resistor
surements presented in Sec. VII however have all been ob- of the passive filter acts as a 1 mA/ V voltage-to-current con-
tained with a Sanyo ML and a Sharp SL. verter, while the capacitor provides an essential phase lead
The laser diodes have been assembled in extended cavi- starting from 300 kHz to 1.2 MHz that compensates a pole
ties with lengths of 1.5 and 3 cm, terminated by a generally present in the frequency modulation response of
1800 lines/ mm grating, mounted in Littrow configuration diode lasers. A large 共1 F or so兲 dc blocking capacitor can
with a mechanical design similar to that described in Ref. 19. also be included. A servo bandwidth of at least 3 MHz or
Injection current and temperature stabilization are provided better is usually possible, but care should be taken to mini-
by homemade electronics. When running at 80–90 mA, the mize the length of optical and electrical paths from the laser
typical optical power after the extended cavity is 25 mW. to the photodiode, the APD and back, since the loop delay
After a pair of anamorphic prisms, a 30 dB optical isolator can produce a significant phase shift. The total delay should
and a half—wave plate, the ML and SL beams are combined be kept below 28 ns for a phase shift of less than 30° at 3
on a polarizing beam splitter 共PBS兲. The two half-wave MHz. Every 30 cm of free space or 20 cm of RG-58 cable
plates are used to balance the ML and SL intensities on both will add 1 ns. The propagation delay of the comparator
PBS outputs; the first output carries a total power of less than should also be taken into account.
1 mW and, after a 45° polarizer, is sent to a fast photodiode The slow current path acts on the modulation input of
共New-Focus 1002兲 with a responsivity of 0.1 mA/ mW for
the current source. Our drivers include a modulation circuit
generating the ML–SL beat note. The second PBS output
similar to that described in Ref. 20, with a bandwidth ex-
injects a tapered amplifier whose transverse profile is cleaned
ceeding 1 MHz and a gain of 100 A / V. The APD output is
by a cylindrical lens and a fiber. A hot Rb cell provides
processed by a passive lag-lead network with the pole around
filtering in the frequency domain. The Raman beams finally
10 kHz and zero at 300 kHz and is then combined with the
reach an acousto-optic modulator 共AOM兲. The AOM trans-
DPFD output with the proper gain ratio and sent to the cur-
mission is controlled by an arbitrary function generator, pro-
ducing the pulse sequence. rent driver. An optional inverter can be used to adjust the
The width of / 2 pulses is about = 50 s, while the sign of the feedback. The slow current loop serves both for
total duration of the / 2 − − / 2 interferometric sequence the purpose of safely 共for the SL兲 increasing the gain of the
is typically 2T = 200 ms. analog loop in the frequency region where the interferometer
The beat note at about 6.8 GHz detected by the photo- is more sensitive to phase noise 共see below兲 and for that of
diode is amplified 共27 dB兲 by a low noise figure 共below 2 pushing the bandwidth of the digital loop up to few tens of
dB兲 4–8 GHz amplifier 共JCA 48-301兲. A first downconver- kHz.
sion stage is formed by a mixer with conversion losses of 5.5 The PZT path sums both the APD and DPFD and in-
dB 共MITEQ M0408兲 and a fixed frequency low phase noise cludes a proportional-integral amplifier, an optional inverter,
local oscillator 共Anritsu MG3692A兲 at about 6.874 GHz. The and an output offset stage for manually tuning the SL oper-
mixer intermediate frequency 共IF兲 output is further amplified ating frequency. The crossing between proportional and inte-
共27 dB兲 by a 500 MHz amplifier 共MiniCircuits ZFL—500 gral part is around 200 Hz and the unity gain frequency f PZT
LN兲 and finally sent to a −10 dB directional coupler. The is 1 kHz for the APD, a bit less for the DPFD, and is limited
10% output is used for analysis and monitor 共residual phase by the PZT frequency response. The frequency tuning coef-
noise measurements or observation with a spectrum ana- ficient at the PZT input is on the order of 1 GHz/ V. The
lyzer兲 while the 90% output is sent to the rf input of the extra integrator ensures that at low frequency the PZT path
APD+ DPFD detector. The LO input is provided by a 80 will have higher gain than the current ones. The crossover is
MHz DDS 共Agilent 33250A兲 phase locked to the 10 MHz around 1 Hz.
Anritsu time base. During the interferometric sequence the The complete DPFD and APD circuitry plus the loop
DDS must execute phase-continuous linear frequency ramps filter has been assembled on a standard Euro Card size
to compensate for the gravity-induced Doppler shift, due to 共160⫻ 100 mm2兲 double layer printed circuit board.21
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053111-6 Cacciapuoti et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 053111 共2005兲
TABLE I. Contributions to the mean square phase noise angle 具2典 of the
OPLL and to the square of phase resolution of the interferometer ⌬⌽OPLL
2
I 1 ⫻ 10−8 9 ⫻ 10−8
II 20⫻ 10−8 46⫻ 10−8
III 6.7⫻ 10−5 23⫻ 10−8
IV 1.1⫻ 10−2 34⫻ 10−8
Total 1.1⫻ 10−2 112⫻ 10−8
FIG. 4. Closed loop beat note signal at 40 MHz. The servo bumps at 800 noise zones of S as zone I,II, and III, respectively, while the
kHz and 3 MHz due to the slow and fast current loop are clearly visible. The
resolution bandwidth is 10 kHz. The plot is the average of 100 scans.
servo bumps region, above 200 kHz, will be referred to as
zone IV.
By integrating S we obtain 冑具2典 ⯝ 100 mrad in the 5
VII. RESULTS Hz–10 MHz bandwidth. The contribution to 具2典 from each
one of the four S noise zones is reported in Table I.
A typical spectrum of the 40 MHz closed loop beat note An atom interferometer measures the transition probabil-
is shown in Fig. 4. A numerical integration shows that the ity p between two atomic states, expressed as
fraction of power in the carrier amounts to 0.985.
The closed loop square modulus of the single-sided p = 21 共1 + C cos ⌽兲 共2兲
phase noise spectral density S has been recorded by de- where C is the contrast of the atomic fringes and ⌽ is the
modulating the 40 MHz beat note at the directional coupler relative phase accumulated along the two interfering paths.
output. The sensitivity ⌬p depends then on the S/N ratio of the de-
In order to reject the DDS contribution to the phase tection ⌬C and the phase resolution ⌬⌽. To evaluate the
noise, an analog mixer compares the beat note 共LO input兲 impact of S on ⌬⌽ the procedure outlined in Ref. 22 can be
directly to a 90° out of phase copy of the DDS signal 共rf followed. As a result, the contribution ⌬⌽OPLL
2
of the OPLL
input兲. The Fourier transform of the IF output, scaled to phase noise to ⌬⌽ is given by a weighted value of the S
2
rad2 / Hz, is shown in Fig. 5. integral
In the frequency range from 5 Hz to 200 kHz S can be
approximated by
⌬⌽OPLL
2
= 冕 ⬁
S共f兲兩H共f兲兩2df , 共3兲
冦 冧
0
␣/f if 5 Hz ⬍ f ⬍ 200 Hz,
S =  if 200 Hz ⬍ f ⬍ 20 kHz, 共1兲 where H共f兲 is the Fourier transform of the interferometer
sensitivity function h共t兲, given by
␥ f if 20 kHz ⬍ f ⬍ 200 kHz,
2
冦 冧
0 cos关0共t + T兲兴 for − T 艋 t 艋 − T + ,
with ␣ = 3 ⫻ 10−9 rad2,  = 1 ⫻ 10−11 rad2 / Hz, and ␥ = 2.5
0 cos关0共t − T兲兴 for T − 艋 t 艋 T,
⫻ 10−20 rad2 / Hz3. h共t兲 = 共4兲
Above 200 kHz, the servo bumps of the slow and fast − 0 cos共0t兲 for − 艋 t 艋 ,
current loops, at 800 kHz and 3 MHz respectively, are clearly 0 otherwise,
visible.
where 2T and are defined as in Sec. VI, while 0 = 2 f 0
In the following we will refer to the 1 / f, white, and f 2
= / 共2兲. Therefore, one gets
兩H共f兲兩2 =
16f 40
共f 2 − f 20兲2
冋
sin2共 fT兲 sin关 f共T − 2兲兴
+
f
f0
cos共 fT兲 册 2
. 共5兲
from the four S noise zones are listed in Table I. The zone I
FIG. 5. Square modulus of the single-sided phase noise spectral density S
from 5 Hz to 10 MHz of the OPLL. The spectrum is divided in four different value has been overestimated by extending the low fre-
regions according to the power laws that they follow. quency integration limit to zero.
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053111-7 Analog+ digital phase detector Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 053111 共2005兲
Downloaded 02 May 2005 to 137.204.192.189. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright, see http://rsi.aip.org/rsi/copyright.jsp
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