ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT REPORT

FOR
THE PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL FLAT ON PLOT TITLE NUMBER LR NO 20523, SABAKI,
ALONG MOMBASA ROAD, MACHAKOS COUNTY.

PROPONENT
Homelands Development Investors Limited
P.O Box 50200-00100
Tel: 0726283185
Nairobi.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT
Jacinta Kaliti
P.O. Box 8116-00100 Nairobi.
NEMA Reg. No. 2065
Tel: 0724421909
Email:kalitijacinta@yahoo.com

APRIL 2017
DECLARATION
We, the undersigned submit the following Environmental Impact Assessment Project Report for the
proposed residential development project for Homelands Development Investors Limited on Land
Registration Number 20523, Sabaki area of Mavoko Sub County in Machakos County. We confirm that
all information in this report is accurate and a truthful representation of all findings as relating to the
proposed project. Preparation of this report has been done in accordance with the Environmental
Management and Coordination Act, 1999 and the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit
Regulations, 2003.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT

Signature ………………………………. Date…………………………..

JACINTA KALITI (NEMA Reg. No. 2065)

P.O BOX 8116-00100, NAIROBI

Tel: 0724421909

Email: kalitijacinta@yahoo.com

PROPONENT

HOMELANDS DEVELOPMENT INVESTORS LIMITED

P.O BOX 50200-00100, NAIROBI

TELEPHONE: 0726283185.

Signature……………………………….Date…………………………..

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LIST OF ACRONYMS
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act
EA Environmental Audit
EAP Environmental Action Plan
EMP Environmental Management Plan
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
CBD Central Business District
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
KPLC Kenya Power and Lightning Company
NEMA National Environment Management Authority

LIST OF APPENDICES
1. Sample questionnaires
2. Lead expert license
3. Ownership documents
4. Copies of building plans
5. Location plan

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
Homelands Development Investors Limited has identified an investment opportunity in
Sabaki area, Machakos County. The investor intends to develop a residential estate of 45
maisonettes with ancillary facilities such as parking spaces and child playground, on plot
LR NO 20523 along Mombasa Road, Sabaki. In accordance to section 58 of the
Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) No. 8 of 1999 second schedule 9
(1), and Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulation, 2003, new projects
must undergo Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The EIA report must be submitted
to National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) for approval and issuance of
relevant licenses. This is necessary as many forms of developmental activities cause
damage to the environment and hence the greatest challenge today is to maintain
sustainable development without interfering with the environment.
Scope Objective and Criteria of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The Kenya Government policy on all new projects, programmes or activities requires that
an Environmental Impact Assessment is carried out at the planning stages of the proposed
undertaking. The scope of this Environmental Impact Assessment, therefore, covered:
 The baseline environmental conditions of the area,
 Description of the proposed project,
 Provisions of the relevant environmental laws,
 Identification and discussion of any adverse impacts to the environment anticipated from
the proposed project,
 Appropriate mitigation measures and
 Provision of an environmental management plan outline.

The scope of the assessment covered construction works of the proposed residential
development which includes ground preparation, masonry, and installation of service lines
as well as the utilities required by the estate. The output of this work was a comprehensive
Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the purposes of applying for an EIA license.

Project objective
The main objective of the assignment was to assist the proponent prepare an EIA project
Report of the proposed Residential Development to ensure that appropriate measures to
mitigate any adverse impacts to the environment are taken into consideration. The EIA
carried out on the project identified existing and potential environmental impacts and
possible concerns that interested and/or affected parties have with the development, as
well as the associated prevention and mitigation measures for the negative impacts as
stipulated in the environmental Management Plan (EMP) proposed.
Methodology outline
The general steps followed during the assessment were as follows:
 Environment screening, in which the project was identified as among those requiring
environmental impact assessment under schedule 2 of EMCA, 1999
 Environmental scoping that provided the key environmental issues

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 Desktop studies and interviews
 Distribution of questionnaires
 Physical inspection of the site and surrounding areas
 Reporting
Project Description
The proposed project is focused on the construction of 45 residential maisonettes
comprised of three bedroomed units on LR NO 20523 along Mombasa Road, Sabaki,
Machakos County. The actual design components of the proposed project include:-
 Construction of 45 units
 Connection of the units to the main services e.g. sewer treatment plant, water and
electricity, and garbage collection points.
 Construction of driveway and parking spaces.
 Site landscaping, playground.
Impacts during Construction
Execution of the proposed construction project will cause considerable changes on the
landscape. The process shall entail site preparation, resulting to demolition of any existing
structures to pave way for the proposed development, excavation of the ground and
transfer of building materials. Besides, transfer and use of labor, use of equipment and
utilities are essential components in the process.
From the foregoing analysis, anticipated impacts to the area resulting from construction
phase of the proposed residence include;
 Increased noise and vibration mostly during demolition of any existing structures,
excavation and trenching stages.
 Increased storm water/run off resulting from decreased recharge areas after
pavement of most areas thus hydrology and water quality degradation.
 Air pollution as a result of dust particles emanating from excavation and
construction activities.
 Exhausts from the involved machinery will lead to increased levels of noxious gases
such as Sulphur, carbon and nitrogen oxides.
 The health and safety of workers and immediate residents and neighbors may be
compromised due to accidents, pollution and disturbance.
 Potential traffic accidents.
 Increased waste generation (demolition and excavated earth materials and
construction materials waste).
Impacts at completion and operational stages
The completion of the project changes the functional aspect of the site. It becomes a
residence for several families and their guests. This creates a consumer unit that utilizes

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services and generates wastes. Its operation increases demand of other support activities
such as transport. Owing to the siting and nature of operations of the proposed
developments, projected impacts are associated with the need to dispose sewage/grey
water and storm water run-off as well as solid waste disposal. If these anticipated
undertakings are carried out without taking into account environmental imperatives the
following can result:
 Contamination of environment with solid waste e.g. domestic waste, plastics etc.
 Increased use/demand for services resulting to a strain on existing trunk
infrastructure.
 If the security measures are not fully heightened during occupational phase,
occupants of the residence might be prone to nuisance, insecurity and other social
crimes.
 Visual intrusion
 Adverse impacts to public health accidents and occupational related hazards.
To minimize the occurrence and magnitude of the negative impacts, mitigation measures
have been proposed against each of the anticipated impact. Other measures have been
integrated in the project designs with the view to ensuring compliance with applicable
environmental laws and guidelines.
The measures include the following:
Careful siting, planning and design of the developments to ensure that they are in
line with the marine ecosystem permissible developments. To this end the project is
set 90m from the high water mark.
Strict adherence to the provisions of the Environmental Management and Co-
ordination Regulations 2006, Environmental Management and Co-ordination
(Waste Management) Regulations 2006.
Erection of warning/informative signs (bill boards) at the site during the
construction phase, and traffic control along the connecting access roads) and
within the site.
To reduce air pollution the following measures shall be instituted;
 Soil compaction and watering of loose soils on all unpaved walkways,
parking area, staging areas and construction materials at the construction
sites to minimize air pollution and erosion by the agents of soil erosion such
as animals, wind and water.
 Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials or require all
trucks to maintain at least two feet freeboard.
 Proper and prompt maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment to
minimize emission of noxious fumes.

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To reduce noise pollution the following measures shall be instituted;
 Portable barriers to shield compressors and other small stationary
equipment generating noise shall be installed.
 Sensitization of workers on the need to switch off engines whenever
possible.
 Ascertain equipment efficiency before use to ensure that the machinery is
well maintained to inhibit frictional noise emanating from friction of the
rubbing metal parts.
 Install silencers whenever possible.
 Undertake site works/operations between 8.00 a.m to 5.00 p.m.
Onsite machinery and vehicle maintenance will be conducted in designated service
bays to reduce chances of contamination of environment by resulting oils and
greases. Any of such oils must be collected and disposed appropriately.
Developments onsite are served by MAVWASCO water mains. The supply has
sufficient capacity to meet the project water demand. The following measures shall
be instituted to conserve water.
 The proponent shall put a water storage tank to cushion the residence
against intermittent piped water supply.
 Rain water shall be harvested by means of Standard gutters and down pipes
reticulated to water storage tanks.
 To ensure further conservation of water in the unit houses, the proponent
shall install water-conserving taps that turn-off automatically when water is
not in use.
The vehicular access to the project area is effectively provided in addition, site
circulation walkways shall be constructed to the satisfaction of the County engineer.
To cater for the storm water drainage: well-designed concrete inverted channel
drains shall be provided to harmonize management of the resulting surface water
within the site. The drain shall effectively channel storm water into cut-off trenches
and eventually to the nearby water body. Storm water runoff will be greatly reduced
through rain water harvesting from the roof catchments. The drains will be
regularly maintained.
The following wastewater management measures shall be instituted;
 Connection to the sewer treatment plant.
 The internal sewer reticulation shall be concisely designed to enhance
collection of the effluent from individual houses into the treatment plant.
 Adequate environmental management systems will be incorporated during
the entire planning, construction and operating stages of the project to

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 minimize any adverse environmental impacts and assure sustainable
development of the area.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The proposed project offers significant boost to the national, regional and local economy.
The project will provide housing for middle class population in the county which is a
growing niche in the recent years in Kenya. The project is strategically located in the
booming peri-urban centers such as Sabaki, and Mlolongo which have grown to be major
residential estates for many urban families in Mavoko. It’s therefore worthy to justify the
importance of this project to the country at large.

The report establishes that the project falls within zone 10, a residential zone preferred for
mixed residential developments. Concerns have been raised on possible negative impacts
and have been addressed in the management plan provided in this report. An annual
monitoring system has been recommended to capture arising issues that could escape
notice at the early phase of the project. This shall be passed on to the proponent and lead
institution for implementation. Given the contribution the project will have on the local
residents and the willingness by the proponent to adopt mitigation measures suggested, it
is our recommendation to NEMA to consider granting license to facilitate commencement
of works on the site.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................................i
LIST OF ACRONYMS...................................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF APPENDICES.................................................................................................................................ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:............................................................................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................viii
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE: PROJECT BACKGROUND.................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Principle of Environmental Impact Assessment......................................................................1
1.3 Terms of Reference for the EIA Project Report........................................................................1
1.4 Objectives of the EIA Project Report.........................................................................................2
1.5 The Project Scope.......................................................................................................................2
1.6 Method and Criterion Used in the Report.................................................................................2
1.7 Justification.................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS, DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION...............................................5
2.1. Project objective..............................................................................................................................5
2.2. Project description..........................................................................................................................5
2.3. Infrastructure..................................................................................................................................5
2.3.1. Electrical system................................................................................................................5
2.3.2. Water Reticulation system.................................................................................................6
2.3.3. Sewerage.............................................................................................................................6
2.3.4. Solid Waste.........................................................................................................................6
2.3.5. Fire Safety...........................................................................................................................6
2.3.6. Perimeter Fence.................................................................................................................6
2.3.7. Landscaping........................................................................................................................6
2.3.8. Building Construction........................................................................................................6
2.3.9. Security.....................................................................................................................................7
2.3.10. Parking area........................................................................................................................7
2.4. Description of the Project’s Construction Activities................................................................7
2.4.1. Pre-construction phase:.....................................................................................................7
2.4.2. Site Construction................................................................................................................7
2.5. Construction Inputs (Materials and Equipment).....................................................................8
2.6. Project Outputs..........................................................................................................................8

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 2.7. Description of the Project Operational Activities.....................................................................8
2.7.1. Residence..................................................................................................................................8
2.7.2. Solid Waste...............................................................................................................................8
2.7.3. Waste Water and storm water Management..........................................................................9
2.7.4. Cleaning....................................................................................................................................9
2.7.5. General Repairs and Maintenance..........................................................................................9
2.8. Description of the Project Decommissioning Activities...........................................................9
2.8.1. Dismantling of Equipment and Fixtures.................................................................................9
2.8.2. Site Restoration........................................................................................................................9
2.8.3. Building Materials and Energy Used.......................................................................................9
2.8.4. Solid Waste Generated.............................................................................................................9
2.9. Public participation..................................................................................................................10
2.10. Project Budget......................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE: BASELINE INFORMATION........................................................................................11
3.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................11
3.2. Ownership & Location of the Site............................................................................................11
3.3. Climatic Conditions..................................................................................................................11
3.3.1. Temperatures...................................................................................................................11
3.3.2. Rainfall..............................................................................................................................11
3.3.3. Wind Flows.......................................................................................................................11
3.3.4. Sunshine............................................................................................................................12
3.4. Topography..............................................................................................................................12
3.5. Soils...........................................................................................................................................12
3.6. Biological Environment...........................................................................................................12
3.6.1. Flora..................................................................................................................................12
3.6.2. Fauna.................................................................................................................................12
3.7. Supply of water........................................................................................................................12
3.8. Land use....................................................................................................................................13
3.9. Socio-economic Importance of the proposed project............................................................13
CHAPTER FOUR: RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK...14
4.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................14
4.2. Policy Framework....................................................................................................................14
4.3. Institutional Framework.........................................................................................................14
4.3.1. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)............................................14

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 4.4. Environmental Legal Framework...........................................................................................14
4.4.1. Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999..............................15
4.4.2. The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003......................15
4.4.3. Waste Management Regulation, 2006............................................................................16
4.4.4. Noise and Excessive Vibrations.......................................................................................16
4.4.5. Water Quality Regulations, 2006....................................................................................17
4.4.6. Water Act, 2002................................................................................................................17
4.4.7. The Occupational Safety and Healthy Act, 2007.............................................................18
4.4.8. Building Operations and Works of Engineering Constructions.....................................18
4.4.9. Medical Examination Rules..............................................................................................18
4.4.10. Public Health Act (Cap. 242)............................................................................................18
4.4.11. Physical Planning Act, 1999.............................................................................................19
4.4.12. Licenses and permits........................................................................................................19
CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS...................................................................20
5.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................20
5.2. Negative Environmental Impacts of Construction Activities.....................................................20
5.2.1. Extraction and Use of Building Materials.............................................................................20
5.2.2. Dust Emissions.......................................................................................................................20
5.2.3. Traffic flow during construction...........................................................................................20
5.2.4. Noise and Vibration................................................................................................................21
5.2.5. Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers..........................................................................21
5.2.6. Solid Waste Generation..........................................................................................................21
5.2.7. Energy Consumption..............................................................................................................21
5.2.8. Water Use...............................................................................................................................21
5.3. Positive Environmental Impacts of Construction Activities.......................................................22
5.3.1. Creation of Employment Opportunities................................................................................22
5.3.2. Provision Market for Supply of Building Materials..............................................................22
5.3.3. Increased Business Opportunities........................................................................................22
5.4. Negative Environmental Impacts of Operational Activities.......................................................22
5.4.1. Solid Waste Generated...........................................................................................................22
5.4.2. Energy Consumption..............................................................................................................22
5.4.3. Water Use...............................................................................................................................22
5.5. Positive Environmental Impacts of Operational Activities.........................................................22
5.5.1. Provision of Housing Facilities..............................................................................................22
5.5.2. Employment Opportunities...................................................................................................23

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 5.5.3. Revenue to National and Local Governments.......................................................................23
5.5.4. Improved Security..................................................................................................................23
5.6. Negative Environmental Impacts of Decommissioning Activities.............................................23
5.6.1. Solid Waste.............................................................................................................................23
5.6.2. Noise and Vibration................................................................................................................23
5.7. Positive Environmental Impacts of Decommissioning Activities...............................................23
5.7.1. Rehabilitation.........................................................................................................................23
5.7.2. Employment Opportunities...................................................................................................23
CHAPTER SIX: ALTERNATIVES AND PROPOSED ACTION....................................................................24
6.1. No project Alternative...................................................................................................................24
6.2. Relocation Alternative..................................................................................................................24
6.3. Comparison of Alternatives..........................................................................................................24
CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPACTS MITIGATION AND MONITORING.............................................................25
7.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................25
7.2. Mitigation of construction phase impacts..............................................................................25
7.2.1. Efficient sourcing and use of raw materials...................................................................25
7.2.2. Minimization of soil erosion............................................................................................25
7.2.3. Minimization of construction waste................................................................................25
7.2.4. Reduction Dust Generated and Emission........................................................................26
7.2.5. Minimization of Impacts on Traffic Flow........................................................................26
7.2.6. Minimization of Noise and Vibration..............................................................................26
7.2.7. Health and Safety of Workers on Site..............................................................................26
7.2.8. Reduction of Energy Consumption..................................................................................27
7.2.9. Minimization of Water Use..............................................................................................27
7.3. Mitigation of Operation Phase Impacts...................................................................................27
7.3.1. Ensuring Efficient Solid Waste Management..................................................................27
7.3.2. Minimization of Sewage Release.....................................................................................27
7.3.3. Ensure Efficient Energy Consumption............................................................................27
7.3.4. Ensure Efficient Water Use..............................................................................................27
7.4. Mitigation of Decommissioning Phase Impacts......................................................................27
7.4.1. Efficient Solid Waste Management..................................................................................27
7.4.2. Reduction of Dust Concentration....................................................................................28
7.4.3. Minimization of Noise and Vibration..............................................................................28
CHAPTER EIGHT: MANAGEMENT/MONITORING PLAN.......................................................................29

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 8.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................29
8.2. Construction and operational phase EMP..............................................................................29
8.3. Decommissioning Phase..........................................................................................................41
CHAPTER NINE: AUXILLIARY INFORMATION.......................................................................................42
9.1. Monitoring Guidelines..................................................................................................................42
9.2. Reporting.......................................................................................................................................42
9.3. Conclusion and Recommendations..............................................................................................42
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................43
PROJECT BUDGET....................................................................................................................................44

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Construction and Operation EMP.....................................................................................30

Table 2: Decommissioning phase EMP...................................................................................................41

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CHAPTER ONE: PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
Housing market in Kenya has recently become one of the most lucrative businesses. Many
development companies and individuals are now putting up modern housing units for
rental and sale; this has become possible by the many banks and financial institutions
which are now offering loans and mortgages to both developers and home buyers at
subsidized rates. The proposed residential development is privately owned and is entirely
meant for rental/ sale purposes. The Architectural and structural drawings for the
proposed structure have been submitted for approval to the Mavoko sub-county
authorities and are attached in the appendix section of this report.

The report gives in detail the project background, its goal and objectives, scope, project
justification and cost, baseline information, Policy- legal and institutional framework
governing the exercise, identification of impacts and their respective mitigation measures,
a clear description of the project’s alternatives and a comprehensive environmental
management plan to avert or minimize the anticipated impacts.
1.2 Principle of Environmental Impact Assessment
The fundamental principle of the EIA is that every person is entitled to a clean environment
and that every person has a duty to enhance and safeguard the environment. EIA is a
planning tool which presents methodologies and techniques for identifying, predicting and
evaluating potential environmental impacts of the projects, policies, plans and programmes
in the project cycle (planning, implementation and decommissioning phases). EIA presents
decision with the information necessary to determine whether or not a project should be
implemented.
1.3 Terms of Reference for the EIA Project Report
The terms of reference for the preparation of an EIA Project Report are usually but not
limited to:
 A decisive look at objectives of the project
 The proposed location of the project site
 Description of the baseline information, national environmental legislative and
regulatory framework, and any other relevant information related to the project
 Assessment of the technology, procedures and processes to be used in the
implementation of the project
 Assessment of materials to be used in the construction and implementation of the
project and their sources
 Evaluation and analysis of the anticipated potential environmental effects which
are categorized into physical, ecological/biological and socio-economic aspects;
this can be further classified as direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term
and long-term effects
 Evaluation of the products, by-products and wastes to be generated by the project.

1
  To recommend a specific environmentally sound and affordable solid waste
management system
 Evaluation and analysis of alternatives including the proposed project, project
alternative, project site, design and technologies
 An Environmental Management Plan (EMP), proposing the measures for
eliminating/minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the environment
 Propose measures to prevent health and safety hazards and to ensure security in
the working environment for the employees, residents and for the management in
case of emergencies. This encompasses prevention and management of the
foreseeable accidents and hazards during both the construction and occupational
phases
 Any other matters which may be required by NEMA

This project report provides relevant information and environmental considerations on the
project proponent’s intention to seek approval from NEMA for the construction of the
proposed project.
1.4 Objectives of the EIA Project Report
The overall objective of this Environmental Impact Assessment project report is to ensure
that environmental concerns are integrated in all developmental activities of this particular
project. It aims at identifying the potential effects and risks of the proposed project,
evaluating and suggesting mitigation measures for the significant negative impacts through
a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan.
1.5 The Project Scope
The extent of the project involved a comprehensive environmental assessment that
generated environmental concerns in all phases of the project. This task involved:-
 Assessment of the potential Environmental Impacts of the project on the site and the
surrounding areas
 To identify the significance of these impacts
 To propose the mitigation measures for the anticipated negative impacts to the
environment
 To generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of how well the mitigation
measures are being implemented during the project cycle
 To assess the importance of the impacts of alternative sites
 To present information on the impacts of the alternative sites
 A review of the environmental policy, legal and administrative framework
 Social repercussions of the development within the locality and region
 Development of an Environmental Management Plan with mechanisms for monitoring
and evaluating the compliance and environmental performance
1.6 Method and Criterion Used in the Report.
Several methods were employed to gather and compile data during the process of EIA
project report making, these include:-

2
  Site visits to gather raw data on condition of the site and its surrounding.
 Use of self-administered questionnaires.
 Secondary data collection: This involved study of various publications to gather
data especially the legal guidelines governing this type of project.
 Analysis of activities to be carried out in the implementation process and their
possible anticipated impacts.
 Experts view on the impacts of the project.

The process was also guided by the recommendations from various legally established
bodies like the Machakos County Government Physical Planning office and various
government ministries and agencies.
1.7 Justification
Several factors were considered as valid reasons why the proposed development should be
implemented on this particular site, this were either in form of demand for the services or
the available infrastructural facilities to support this type of development or the little
impact the project would have to the environment. Some of the validating factors
considered include: -
i. Proper utilization of land:-Construction of the proposed development would put this
piece of land into a more profitable and economical use, it has been lying idle for many
years thus no economic value. Installation of the proposed development in this area
would reduce the current demand of housing units; the development is also in line with
government policy of providing 750,000 housing units per annum.
ii. Accessibility: - The accessibility to the site is good as the site is located along a 60 wide
Nairobi-Mombasa highway, at Sabaki area. With the booming development within the
neighbourhood.
iii. Sewer System: - This development will be connected to a sewer treatment plant; where
waste waters would be directed to. The site has also a pit latrine which would be utilized
by the site workers during the construction phases. This project thus does not pose any
danger of human waste disposal to the environment.
iv. Surface run–off:- Water from the roofs of the proposed developments would be
harvested into a collection tank; this would not only increase the water stock in this area
where water is scarce but also prevent any damage which may be caused by the roof
waters to the soil structure in the adjacent areas.
v. Solid Waste Management: - Very little waste would be generated from the site during
construction. The main solid waste will include the following:-
 Vegetation materials which will be cleared from the site. This will be very minimal
since the site is not heavily inhabited by vegetation. The area to be occupied by the
site is also very small thus the little vegetation cleared from it would not have any
significant impact to the environment.
 Concrete materials and pieces of masonry blocks.
 Pieces of wood and metal bars.
 Material wrappings and un-used wooden boxes.

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 All waste generated during the implementation phase will be disposed off suitably into the
approved dumpsites. A plan to handle all waste has been included in the Environmental
Management Plan. (Refer to the EMP Table)
vi. Energy supply. A source of energy would be required at both the implementation and
operational phase of this project. The site area has hydro-power supply; this would be
installed to the project once the construction work is fully done. Diesel energy would be
utilized during the implementation phase; this would be mainly in the running of the
poker vibrators, concrete mixture and compactors.
vii. Security. Security will be provided at all times (day and night) at all phases of the
project; this would ensure the security of materials, operators and equipment on site. The
site would also be fenced using a concrete perimeter wall as a measure of boosting
security.

4
CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS, DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION.
2.1. Project objective
The overall objective of this Project is to develop and avail residential houses in Machakos
County Government. The proposed project will lead to conversion of the current
undeveloped land into a housing project comprising of forty five (45) three bedroomed
units. This will contribute towards increased availability of housing facilities within the
area and the larger Metropolitan region in general, which is currently experiencing an
acute shortage of such facilities. The project will also create several employment and
business opportunities in addition to the several positive impacts discussed in this report.

Proposed site.

The site falls within a residential area with several upcoming residential developments
including a road network, electricity supply and other infrastructure.

Existing neighbourhood character

5
2.2. Project description
The proposed project is focused on the construction of a housing scheme comprised of
forty five (45) maisonettes with three bedroomed all ensuite, lounge, study area dining and
kitchen units on LR NO 20523 along Mombasa Road, Sabaki, Machakos County. The actual
design components of the proposed project include:-
 Construction of 45 units
 Connection of the units to the main services e.g. sewer treatment plant, water and
electricity.
 Construction of driveway and parking spaces.
 Site landscaping, playground, sewer treatment plant and garbage collection points.
2.3. Infrastructure
The development will have a comprehensive and robust infrastructure including access
road, parking spaces, water storage, electricity distribution and waste disposal mechanism.
2.3.1. Electrical system
The proposed development will be connected to the existing electricity main line of the
Kenya Power and Lighting Company, which will be used in all phases of the project. The
necessary guidelines and precautionary measures relating to the use of electricity shall be
adhered to.
2.3.2. Water Reticulation system
Water from MAVWASCO will be used during construction and operation phases. Moreover
there will be water storage tanks to increase water supply to various components of the
houses.
2.3.3. Sewerage
The area doesn’t have existing sewer line. Though a plan is underway to provide this utility
in the site, the project will direct its sewer to an improved sewer treatment plant as
illustrated in the building plans.
2.3.4. Solid Waste
Solid waste management will consist of dustbins stored in cubicles protected from rain and
animals. The waste will then be collected by a NEMA licensed private waste management
company and be composited, palletized or re-cycled depending on the waste management
strategy to be adopted in line with the Environmental Management and Co-ordination
(Waste Management) Regulations, 2006.
2.3.5. Fire Safety
The development will provide firefighting facilities such as fire extinguishers in the form of
hydrants and carbon dioxide gas extinguishers. Fire breaks will also be provided for.
2.3.6. Perimeter Fence
A 2m concrete perimeter wall will be erected around the project site.

6
2.3.7. Landscaping
The site will be landscaped after construction, using plant species available locally. This
will include establishment of flower gardens and lush grass lawns to improve the visual
quality of the site where pavements will not have taken space.
2.3.8. Building Construction
The technology used in the design and construction of the proposed project will be based
on international standards, which have been customized by various housing units in Kenya.
The buildings will be constructed as per the respective structural engineer’s detail as
provided for in the drawings presented in the Appendix. Basically, the building structures
will consist of concrete appropriately reinforced with metal (steel and iron). The roof will
consist of structural timber and steel members and roofing tiles. The buildings will be
provided with a well-designed concrete staircase for every house.

The buildings will be provided with facilities for drainage of storm water from the roof
through peripheral drainage systems into the drainage channels provided and out into the
natural drainage channel/system. Drainage pipes will be of the PVC type and will be laid
under the buildings and the driveway encased in concrete. This is a sparsely build area and
such no need for public drainage channel. The buildings will have adequate natural
ventilation through provision of permanent vents in all habitable rooms, adequate natural
and artificial light, piped water stored in overhead water tanks and firefighting facilities.
2.3.9. Security
The building will be provided with main entrance for easy security operations around the
compound, a boundary wall connected with security alarms, entry control, and quick
response systems will be used within the project area.
2.3.10.Parking area
The drive way and parking area which will be paved and spacious will be provided on the
basement and ground floor of the building with facilities such as lights, and signs for entry
and exit.
2.4. Description of the Project’s Construction Activities
2.4.1. Pre-construction phase:
This involves study of the project area, design of the construction drawings and getting
approvals for the same from the respective Local authority: NEMA, Physical Planning,
Public Health, County Lands officer and any other relevant authority. Soil tests are also
done at this stage, soil tests provide the bearing capacity of the soil thus determining the
type of foundation to be laid.

7
2.4.2. Site Construction
The construction of the units would be based on applicable international building
standards. Other building standards including the Building Code and the British Building
Standards which include BS 8110, BS 5950, BS4449, BS4461 will be incorporated. The
constructions will as well incorporate environmental guidelines, health and safety
measures.

Implementation activities include the following: -

1. Site clearance and Excavation of the Foundations and Space for Underground
Foundations: This entails removal of unwanted vegetation from the site and
excavation of the projects’ foundations. The few shrubs on the site would be cleared
to pave way for excavation activities; the excavation of the site would not involve
much machinery since the soil on site is light and well drained.
2. Civil works: which involves: -
 Procurement of construction materials from approved dealers.
 Transportation of construction materials to the site and disposal of the
resulting flora waste using light machinery.
 Storage of the construction materials.
 Laying and construction of the foundations.
 Disposal of the existing debris/materials.
3. Electrical works: involves installation of the Power Distribution Box, control panel,
and all power supplying cables and equipment. All electrical works are done by
qualified electricians so as to avoid faulty connections which may later cause fire
outbreaks and short circuiting of the site equipment.

2.5. Construction Inputs (Materials and Equipment)

The project inputs include the following:-
a) Construction inputs/ raw materials: These include sand, cement, machine cut
stones, crushed rock (gravel/ ballast), steel metal bars, paint/painting materials
among others. All these will be obtained from licensed dealers and especially those
that have complied with the environmental management guidelines and policies.
b) Construction machines: These include machinery such as trucks, concrete mixers,
masonry tools and other relevant construction equipment. These will be used for
the clearing of the vegetation, transportation of raw materials and the resulting
construction debris. Most of the machinery will use diesel or petrol energy as a
source of power.
c) Labour force: Both skilled and non-skilled workers would be required at all phases
of the project. The labour force will require services such as energy, water supply
and sanitation facilities. Large volumes of water will also be required during the civil
works.

8
2.6. Project Outputs
There will be very little waste generated from the proposed project; this is due to the
nature of the materials used and the magnitude of the project. Most of the waste materials
generated will be re-used while the non-reusable waste would be disposed off in the
appropriate manner as described in the management plan illustrated in this report. Some
of the anticipated waste materials include pieces of Wood, Papers, Empty Tins, Electric
cables, Plant materials, pieces of metal rods etc. Waste would also be generated during the
operation phase of the project, the anticipated waste would include:-
 Waste water/sewage: This would be directed to the sewer treatment plant.
 Product/material wrappings: These materials would be sorted and disposed off in
the appropriate manner. Waste bins would be placed strategically within the compound for
collection of this form of waste.
2.7. Description of the Project Operational Activities
2.7.1. Residence
A number of families will reside within the project site once its construction is complete.
Several domestic activities such as cooking, washing, use of vehicles and leisure and
recreational activities will thus accompany residence. In addition, there will be production
of domestic and sanitary wastes.
2.7.2. Solid Waste
The Proponent will provide facilities for handling solid waste generated within the facility.
These will include dust bins/ skips for temporarily holding waste within the premises
before final disposal at the designated dumping site.
2.7.3. Waste Water and storm water Management
Sewage generated from each housing unit will be discharged into the treatment plant with
a bio-digester. The design of the houses includes a system of collecting surface runoff and
directing it to a treatment plant within the area.
2.7.4. Cleaning
The Proponent will be responsible for regular washing and cleaning of pavements and
communal areas. Individual tenants will be responsible for washing and cleaning their own
premises/residences. Cleaning operations will involve the use of substantial amounts of
water, disinfectants and detergents.
2.7.5. General Repairs and Maintenance
The Houses and associated facilities will be repaired and maintained regularly during the
operational phase of the project. Such activities will include repair of building walls and
floors, repairs and maintenance of electrical gadgets and equipment, repairs of
refrigeration equipment, repairs of leaking water pipes, painting, maintenance of flower
gardens and grass lawns, and replacement of worn out materials among others.

9
2.8. Description of the Project Decommissioning Activities
2.8.1. Dismantling of Equipment and Fixtures
All equipment including electrical installations, furniture partitions, pipe-work and sinks
among others will be dismantled and removed from the site on decommissioning of the
project. Priority will be given to reuse of these equipment in other projects. This will be
achieved through resale of the equipment to other building owners or contractors or
donation of this equipment to schools, churches and charitable institutions.
2.8.2. Site Restoration
Once all the waste resulting from demolition and dismantling works is removed from the
site, the site will be restored through replenishment of the topsoil and re-vegetation using
indigenous plant species.
2.8.3. Building Materials and Energy Used
Several building materials will be required for construction of the houses and associated
facilities. These will include sand, ballast, hard core, timber, cement, clay tiles, metal sheets,
electrical gadgets, steel, plumbing materials, glass and paints among others. Most of these
materials will be obtained locally within Machakos County and surrounding areas. The
main sources of energy that will be required for construction of the project will include
mains electricity and fossil fuels (especially diesel). Electricity will be used for welding,
metal cutting/grinding and provision of light. Diesel will run material transport vehicles
and building equipment/machinery such as bulldozers and concrete mixers. The
proponent intends to promote efficient use of building materials and energy through
proper planning to reduce economic and environmental costs of construction activities.
2.8.4. Solid Waste Generated
Large amounts of solid waste will be generated both during demolition of the existing
house and construction of the residential units. These will include metal cutting, rejected
materials, surplus materials, surplus oil, excavated materials, paper bags, empty cartons,
empty paint and solvent containers, broken glass among others. The proponent will take
steps to minimize the generation of such waste and to ensure proper disposal procedures.
A lot of domestic waste such as waste from foodstuffs, empty plastic containers, cartons, etc
will be generated during the operational phase of the project. The proponent will be
responsible for waste management within the housing project and will put in place
measures such as provision of waste handling facilities and ensuring prompt and regular
waste disposal. On decommissioning, large quantities of solid waste will be generated from
demolition works and equipment dismantling. The proponent will provide measures for
recycling, reuse or disposal of such wastes.
2.9. Public participation
Public participation basically involves engaging members of the public to express their
views about a certain project. Public participation ensures that due consideration is given
to public values, concerns and preferences when decisions are made. Public participation in
this project was facilitated through interviews with the project proponent and neighbors of

10
the facility. There was no objection to the proposed project by any member of the
neighboring community. They however reiterated that more emphasis should be put
towards ensuring that the proposed project and its infrastructure would not negatively
interfere with the environmental integrity of the surrounding areas. Most of those
interviewed welcomed the development of this project in the area. A sample of the
neighbor’s comments, occupation, contacts and signatures has been appended in this
report.
The purpose of public involvement is to:
 Inform the stakeholders about the proposal and its likely effects;
 Canvass their inputs, views and concerns; and
 Take account of the information and views of the public in the EIA and decision
making.

Public participation exercise for the assessment was carried out on 19th, November 2016.
Interviews were carried out in the neighbourhood by use of questionnaires (sample
attached), to find out all the views from the neighbours’ towards the housing project.
Neighbouring the site are several maisonettes. All of the interviewees had no objection to
the proposed project but raised a few environmental issues such as noise during
construction and dust which have been addressed below and in the EMP.

2.10. Project Budget

The proposed project is estimated to cost approximately Kshs:150,000,000. These covers
the actual cost of purchasing materials, labour cost and all miscellaneous expenses
incurred in the implementation process. Cost of construction materials and labour is low in
this area thus lowering the project budget in general.

11
CHAPTER THREE: BASELINE INFORMATION
3.1. Introduction
This chapter has information on the location, bio-physical, socio and economic aspects of
the project area. These are elaborately discussed in order to identify areas likely to be
affected as a result of project activities. This study therefore considered the physical
location, climatic data, geology, drainage, infrastructure, demography and socioeconomic
information.
3.2. Ownership & Location of the Site
The land ownership documents are under Homelands Development Investors Limited and
the plot measures 4.00 Ha. The land for the proposed residential units is located within
Sabaki area, Machakos County Government. The proposed site is about 30 km from Nairobi
denoted by coordinates latitude 01.42203 0south, and longitude 036.9558 0 east at the
southern most point and coordinates 01.42155 0 south and longitude 0.36.95670 east at the
northern most point.
3.3. Climatic Conditions
The general climate of Machakos County is warm with a significant amount of rainfall
during the year. There are two rainy seasons but rainfall can be moderate. The cloudiest
part of the year is just after the first rainy season, when, until September, conditions are
usually overcast with drizzle. The area is characterized by sunny daylights and chilly night.
The proposed project site is to the southern of Nairobi city and it experiences relatively
warm conditions just like the entire region.
3.3.1. Temperatures
The sunniest and warmest part of the year is from December to March, when temperatures
average the mid-twenties during the day. The mean maximum temperature for this period
is 27 °C (75 °F).The minimum temperature also remains low during cloudy nights, usually
hovering around 11 °C and at times reaching 8°C. Clear skies in January and February also
bring colder nights. Temperatures range from a minimum of 9.1oC to a maximum of 26.7oC
3.3.2. Rainfall
There are two rainy seasons with moderate rains. The cloudiest part of the year is just after
the first rainy season, when, until September, conditions are usually overcast with drizzle.
Rainfall ranges from 500 mm to 900 mm per annum.
3.3.3. Wind Flows
The lower winds throughout the year are of the easterly type. Between October and April
they shift to the northeast while as from May to September they move to the southeast.

12
Prior to the “Long Rain” season strong winds prevail with an average speed of 22.5
Miles/hour. The rest of the year has wind speed varying from 10 to 15 Miles/hour.
However, during night, the winds are usually calm.
3.3.4. Sunshine
Early mornings in Machakos in general are often blue sky, but the sun peeks through
midmorning. Throughout the year, there is an average of ten hours of sunshine per day.
Thirty percent more sunlight reaches the ground during the afternoon than in the morning.
There is however more sun shine during the summer months, when the sun is more
overhead in the southern hemisphere. Infrequently during the rainy season the sun never
shows up through the clouds. Even in August, the cloudiest month, there is an average of
four hours of sunshine.
3.4. Topography
The subject proposed site is in a generally flat area with gentle slopes in others. The
proponent is advised to construct a strong floor slab that is well raised to avoid any water
surges to the project development.
3.5. Soils
The proposed site has underlying rock of tuff and trachytes with soils varying in depth.
Soils in this area are gravel soils. The major soils include vertisols and lithosols. The
Explanatory Soil Map of Kenya (Sombroek et al, 1982) describes the soil distribution
pattern and the solid characteristics of Machakos and its environs.
3.6. Biological Environment
This section describes key biological elements, including the identification and distribution
of dominant, rare and unique flora and faunal species within the region of concern
(proposed project site and other potentially affected areas).
3.6.1. Flora
The site is situated within a commercial/ residential zone where human activities have
altered the natural habitat for flora over the years. The remnants of the natural vegetation
are few with no plants and trees of any ecological significance. The proponent is
encouraged to do a lot of landscaping to provide greenery and maintain a healthy
environment.
3.6.2. Fauna
The site is situated within a commercial/ residential zone where human activities have
altered the natural habitat for animals over the years. The project’s effect may seem
insignificant to such lives but it is of great concern to the environment at large. It is
expected that the area will be populated by small mammals such as mice, rats, moles and
other members of the rodent family. Bird species were also observed at the site. None of
the faunal species observed are rare or endangered.
3.7. Supply of water
The water used at the site and its environs is obtained from piped water supplied by
Mavoko Water and Sewerage Company. Each house will be connected to a metered supply

13
of water. Water is scarce commodity and especially in Machakos, hence the need to adopt
rain water harvesting mechanisms as well as installation of water storage tanks.
3.8. Land use
Urban land use refers to spatial distribution of social and economic activities. Accordingly,
an up-to-date land use inventory is frequently required to facilitate urban planning and
growth patterns as well as monitoring of urban expansion. A study by the Department of
Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS 1994) identified eight major land-use
classes in major urban centres in Kenya. These include Residential use, Industrial,
commercial and service centres, Infrastructure land use, Recreational areas, urban
agriculture as well as Water bodies and riverine areas.
3.9. Socio-economic Importance of the proposed project
The proposed project is in line with the governments’ housing policy that aims to facilitate
the attainment of adequate shelter and healthy living environment to all socioeconomic
groups in Kenya. The project will therefore help to increase settlement in the region by
investing in the construction industry; the proponent will also contribute towards the
economic growth of our nation through revenue collection. In particular, the proposed
project will generate the following positive socio-economic impacts:
1. The proponent will sell/rent the residential development to the public. The
proposed project will therefore serve as a source of income to the proponent
thereby improving their living standards
2. During the operation phase of the project, the proponent will be required to
pay tax to the government hence contributing to the economic growth of our
nation
3. The proposed project will indirectly contribute towards enhancement of
security in the neighbourhood of the area
4. The proposed project will generate revenue to the County through payment
of connection and service fee.

Apart from the direct employment of construction workers, the proposed project will also
benefit the following categories of individuals:
• Transporters- Investors on lorry and trailer transport will benefit greatly from the
project. This benefit will extend to vehicle dealers and manufacturers, lorry drivers and
turn boys.
• Cement Manufacturers- The local cement manufacturers and their employees and
shareholders are direct beneficiaries of the development.
• The government- will also get some impressive increase in V.A.T. and other taxes levied
on cement.
• Manufacturers and dealers- of other building materials. Most of the building materials
to be used are locally manufactured. Relevant companies, their workers and shareholders
will be direct beneficiaries of the development.

14
• Sand Harvesters- Locals involved in sand harvesting are to be major beneficiaries of the
project. The benefit will extend to the local authority entitled to levy taxes on sand
transporters.
• Ballast Quarries- There will be massive use of ballast. These will ensure that the Quarry
owners and workers benefits greatly.

CHAPTER FOUR: RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY

FRAMEWORK.
4.1. Introduction
Environmental Impact Assessment is an instrument for environmental management and
development control. Development projects must be economically viable, socially
acceptable and environmentally sound. According to Sections 58 and 138 of the
Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) No. 8 of 1999 and Section 3 of
the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 (Legal Notice
No.101), construction of buildings require an Environmental Impact Assessment project
report prepared and submitted to the National Environment Management Authority
(NEMA) for review and eventual licensing before the development commences.
4.2. Policy Framework
Environmental policies cut across all sectors and government departments. As such policy
formulation should be consultative steered by interdisciplinary committees. Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) is a methodology used to identify the actual and the probable
impacts of the projects and programmes on the environment and to recommend
alternatives and mitigating measures. The assessment is required at all stages of project
development with a view to ensuring environmentally sustainable development for both
existing and proposed public and private sector development ventures. The National EIA
regulations were issued in accordance with the provisions of Environmental Management
and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999.The EIA Regulations must be administered, taking
into cognizance provisions of EMCA 1999 and other relevant national laws. The intention is
to approve and licence only those projects that take into consideration all aspects of
concern to the public as they impact on health and the quality of the environment.
4.3. Institutional Framework
At present there are over twenty (20) institutions and departments which deal with
environmental issues in Kenya. Some of the key institutions include the National
Environmental Council (NEC), National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), the
Forestry Department, Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS) and others. There are also local and
international NGOs involved in environmental issues in the country.
4.3.1. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
The object and purpose for which NEMA is established is to exercise general supervision
and co-ordinate over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal
instrument of the government in the implementation of all policies relating to the
environment.

15
4.4. Environmental Legal Framework
Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act No.8 of 1999, provide a legal and
institutional framework for the management of the environmental related matters. It is the
framework law on environment, which was enacted on the 14 th of January 1999 and
commenced in January 2002.Topmost in the administration of EMCA is National
Environment Council (NEC), which formulates policies, set goals, and promotes
environmental protection programmes. The implementing organ is National
Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). EMCA comprises of the parts covering all
aspects of the environment.
Part VIII, section 72 of the Act prohibits discharging or applying poisonous, toxic, noxious
or obstructing matter, radioactive or any other pollutants into aquatic environment.
Section 73 requires that the operators of projects which discharge effluent or other
pollutants submit to NEMA accurate information about the quantities and quality of the
effluent .Section 74 demands that all effluent generated from point sources are discharged
only into the existing sewages system upon issuance of prescribed permit from the Local
Authorities.
4.4.1. Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999
Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act No.8 of 1999, provides a legal and
institutional framework for the management of the environmental related matters. It is the
framework law on environment, which was enacted on 14 th of January 1999 and
commenced in January 2002. Topmost in the administration of EMCA is National
Environmental Council (NEC), which formulates policies, set goals, and promotes
environmental protection programmes. The implementing organ is National
Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). EMCA comprises of the parts covering all
aspects of environment.
The Second Schedule to the Act specifies the projects for which an EIA and environmental
audit must be carried out. According to the Act, Section 68, all projects listed in the Second
Schedule of the Act must undertake an Environmental Impacts Assessment, keep accurate
records and make annual reports to NEMA or as NEMA may, in writing, require. The
Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003, provide the basis for
procedures for carrying out Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Environmental
Audits (EAs).
The main objectives of the Act are to:
 Provide guidelines for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional
framework for the management of the environment in Kenya;
 Provide a framework legislation for over 70 statutes in Kenya that contain
environmental provisions;
 Provides guidelines for environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and
monitoring, environmental quality standards and environmental protection orders.

16
4.4.2. The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003
The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 state in Regulation 3
that “the Regulations shall apply to all policies, plans, programmes, projects and activities
specified in Part IV, Part V and the Second Schedule of the Act”. Regulation 4(1) further
states that:
“No proponent shall implement a project:
a. Likely to have a negative environmental impact; or
b. For which an environmental impact assessment is required under the Act or these
Regulations; unless an environmental impact assessment has been concluded and
approved in accordance with these Regulations’’.

Compliance
 The proponent has commissioned the carrying out of an Environmental Impact
Assessment for submission to NEMA for approval.
 The proponent undertakes to protect the environment during the implementation
(Construction and Operation) of the project and also carry out annual
Environmental Audits
4.4.3. Waste Management Regulation, 2006
Part II, of the Waste Management Regulations 4 (1) states that no person shall dispose of
any waste on a public highway, street, road, recreational area or in any public place except
in a designated receptacle. Regulation 4 (2) further states that a waste generator shall
collect, segregate and dispose such waste in the manner provided for under the
regulations.
Compliance
The proponent has undertaken to ensure that all waste generated is collected and handled
appropriately and disposed off at a designated waste disposal sites.
4.4.4. Noise and Excessive Vibrations
Part II of the Noise and Excessive Vibrations regulations, regulation 3 (1) states that Except
as otherwise provided in these Regulations, no person shall make or cause to be made any
loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injurers or
endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment.
Regulation 4 of the Noise and Excessive vibrations:-states that except as otherwise
provided in the Regulations, no person shall:-
a) Make or cause to be made excessive vibrations which annoy, disturb, injure or
endanger the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment; or
b) Cause o be made excessive vibrations which exceed 0.5 centimeters per second
beyond any moving source;
Regulation 11 on Machinery:-states that any person wishing to
a) Operate or repair any machinery, motor vehicle, construction equipment or other
equipment, pump, fan, air-conditioning apparatus or similar mechanical device; or

17
 b) Engage in any commercial or industrial activity, which is likely to emit noise or
excessive vibrations shall carry out the activity or activities within the relevant
levels prescribed in the First Schedule to the Regulations.

Compliance
The proponent has undertaken to ensure that all noise and vibration are kept below the
maximization allowable threshold
4.4.5. Water Quality Regulations, 2006
Part II of the Water Quality Regulations 4 (1) states that every person shall refrain from
any act which directly or indirectly causes, or may cause immediate or subsequent water
pollution, and it shall be immaterial whether or not the water resource was polluted before
the enactment of the Act. Regulation 4 (2) further states no person shall throw or cause to
flow into or near a water resource any liquid, solid or gaseous substance or deposit any
such substance in or near it, as to cause pollution.
Regulation 6 (b) further states that no person shall abstract ground water or carry out any
activity near any lakes, rivers, streams, springs, and wells that is likely to have any adverse
impact on the quantity of the water, without an Environmental Impact Assessment license
issued in accordance with the provisions of the Act; or (C) cultivate or undertake any
development activity within a minimum if six meters and a maximum of thirty meters from
the highest ever recorded flood level, on either side of a river or stream, and may be
determined by the Authority from time to time.
Compliance
 The proponent undertakes to safeguard any water bodies by maintaining the
required buffer distances.
 The Proponent undertakes to safeguard the same by ensuring that no solid waste or
waste water effluent emanating from the proposed project is discharged into water
bodies.
4.4.6. Water Act, 2002
Section 25 (1) of this Act states that a permit shall be required for any of the following
purposes:
 Any use of water from a water resource, except as provided by Section 26;
 The drainage of any swamp or other land;
 The discharge of a pollutant into any water resource; and
 Any purpose, to be carried out in or in relation to a water resource, which is
prescribed by rules made under this Act to be a purpose for which a permit is
required.
Part II, Section 18, of this Act provides for national monitoring and information system on
water resources. Following on this, Sub-section 3 of the same Section, allows the Water
Resources Management Authority (WRMA) t demand from any person or institution,
specified information, documents, samples or materials on water resources. Under these

18
rules, specific records may be required to be kept by a facility operator and the information
thereof furnished to the Authority.

Compliance
The proponent undertakes to comply with this regulation by ensuring no safeguard of all
water bodies.
4.4.7. The Occupational Safety and Healthy Act, 2007
This is an Act of Parliament to make provision for health, safety and welfare of persons
employed in factories and other places, and for matters incidental thereto and connected
therewith.
4.4.8. Building Operations and Works of Engineering Constructions
The provision of Factories and Other Places of Work Act relevant to engineering
construction works are contained in the Abstract of the Act for Building Operations, and
Works of Engineering Construction Rules.
4.4.9. Medical Examination Rules
These are described in Legal Notice No. 24 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 22 of April
2005.The Medical Examination Rules apply to all those employees in employment or who
have been in employment in every workplace to which the provisions of the Factories and
Other work Places of Work Act (Cap 514) apply. The Rules describe the following:
 Occupations requiring medical examination;
 Duties of employer and employees with regard to medical examination;
 Reports on examination;
 Certificate of redeployment;
 Certificate of fitness;
 Notification of occupational diseases; and
 Offences and penalties
4.4.10. Public Health Act (Cap. 242)
Part IX, Section 115, of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause nuisance or
condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to human health. Section 116 requires that
Local Authorities take all lawful, necessary practicable measures to maintain their
jurisdiction clean and sanitary to prevent occurrence of nuisance or condition liable to be
injurious or dangerous to human health.
Such nuisance or conditions are defined under section 118 as waste pipes, sewers, drainers
or refuse pits in such state, situated or constructed as in the opinion of the medical officer
of health to be offensive or injurious to health. Any noxious matter or waste water flowing
or discharged from any premises into the public street or into the gutter or side channel or
watercourse, irrigation channel, or bed not approved for discharge is also deemed as
nuisance. Other nuisances are accumulation of materials or refuse which in the opinion of
medical officer of health is likely to harbor rats or other vermin.
19
Compliance
The Proponent undertakes to safeguard the environment ensuring that all solid waste or
waste water effluent emanating from the proposed project is discharged appropriately.
4.4.11. Physical Planning Act, 1999
The Local Authorities are empowered under Section 29 of the Act to reserve and maintain
all land planned for open spaces, parks, urban forests and green belts. The same section,
therefore allows for the prohibition or control of the use and development of land and
buildings in the interest of proper and orderly development of an area.
Section 30 states that any person who carries out development without development
permission will be required to restore the land to its original condition. It also states that
no other licensing authority shall grant license for commercial or industrial use or
occupation of any building without a development permission granted by the respective
Local Authority.
Finally, Section 36 states that if connection with development application, Local Authority
is of the opinion that the proposed development activity will have injurious impact on the
environment, the application shall be required to submit together with the application an
environment impact assessment EIA report. EMCA, 1999 echoes the same by requiring that
such an EIA is approved by NEMA and should be followed by annual environmental audits.
Section 9 of the subsidiary legislation (The Development and Use of Land Regulations,
1961) under this Act requires that before the Local authorities submit any plans to then
Minister for approval, steps should be taken as may be necessary to acquire the owners of
any land affected by such plans. Particulars of comments and objections made by the
landowners should be submitted. This is intended to reduce conflict with the interest such
as settlement and other social and economic activities.
Compliance
The Proponent has launched and obtained and shall apply for any other required approvals
of the project development and licenses from all relevant Local Authority Offices.
4.4.12. Licenses and permits
Ideally, the Proponent should demonstrate compliance to the legislation through acquiring
of the appropriate licenses and permits. Further all contractors and consultants who will be
engaged during the planning and design, construction, operation and maintenance and
decommissioning should demonstrate compliance to the necessary pieces of legislation.
Those who will be involved should therefore provide the Proponent with all legal
documents that shows that they are legally in the business or services that they intend to
deliver to the Proponent. These includes: NEMA registration certificates and licenses, trade
licenses, etc.
Compliance
The Proponent has launched and obtained and shall apply for any other required approvals
of the project development and licenses from all relevant Local Authorities Offices.

20
CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
5.1. Introduction
This chapter outlines the potential negative and positive impacts that will be associated
with the housing project. The impacts will be related to activities to be carried out during
construction of the project. The operational phase impacts of the project will be associated
with the activities carried out by the resident/tenants, which will mainly be domestic. In
addition, closure and decommissioning phase impacts of the project are also highlighted.
The impacts of the housing project during each its life cycle stages (construction, operation
and decommissioning) can be categorized into: impacts on the biophysical environment;
health and safety impacts; and socio-economic impacts.
5.2. Negative Environmental Impacts of Construction Activities
5.2.1. Extraction and Use of Building Materials
Building materials such as hard core, ballast, cement, rough stone and sand required for
construction of the housing project will be obtained from quarries, hardware shops and
sand harvesters who extract such materials from natural resource banks such as rivers and
land. Such substantial quantities of materials will be required for construction of the
buildings, the availability and sustainability of such of such resources at the extraction sites
will be negatively affected, as they are not renewable in the short term. In addition, the
sites from which the materials will be extracted may be significantly affected in several
ways including landscape changes, displacement of animal and vegetation, poor visual
quality and opening of depressions on the surface leading to several human and animal
health impacts.
5.2.2. Dust Emissions
During construction, the project will generate substantial quantities of dust at the
construction site and its surrounding. The sources of dust emissions will include site
preparation and levelling works, and to a small extent, transport vehicles delivering
building materials. Emission of large quantities of dust may lead to significant impacts on
construction workers and the local residents, which will be accentuated during dry
weather conditions.
5.2.3. Traffic flow during construction
There is a likelihood of increase in traffic on road adjacent to the site during construction.
The trucks used to transport various building materials from their sources to the project
site will contribute to increases in emissions of CO2, NOx and fine particulate along the way
as a result of diesel combustion. Such emissions can lead to several environmental impacts
including global warming and health impacts. Because large quantities of building
materials are required, some of which are sourced outside Machakos, such emissions can
enormous and may affect a wider geographical area. The impacts of such emissions can be

21
greater in areas where materials are sourced and at the construction site as a result of
frequent running of vehicle engines; frequent vehicle turning and slow vehicle movement
in the loading and offloading areas such as trucks may slow down traffic.

5.2.4. Noise and Vibration

The construction works, delivery of building materials by heavy trucks and the of
machinery/equipment including bulldozers, generators, metal grinders and concrete
mixers will contribute high levels of noise and vibration within the construction site and
the residents, passers-by and other persons in within the vicinity of the project site.
5.2.5. Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers
Because of the intensive engineering and construction activities including erection and
fastening of roofing materials, metal grinding and cutting, concrete work, steel erection and
welding among others, construction workers will be exposed to risks of accidents injuries.
Such injuries can result from accidental falls from high elevations, injuries from hand tools
and construction equipment cuts from sharp edges of metal sheets and collapse of building
sections among others.
5.2.6. Solid Waste Generation
Large quantities of solid waste (soil) will be generated as a result of excavation of the site.
In addition, additional solid waste will be generated at the site during construction of the
building and related infrastructure. Such waste will consist of metal cuttings, rejected
materials, surplus materials, surplus materials, surplus oil, excavated materials, paper bags,
empty cartons, empty paint and solvent containers, broken glass among others. Such solid
waste materials can be injurious to the environment through blockage of drainage systems,
choking of water bodies and negative impacts on human and animal health. This may be
accentuated by the fact that some of the waste materials contain hazardous substances
such as paints, cement, adhesives and cleaning solvents, while some of the waste materials
including metal cuttings and plastic containers are not biodegradable and can have long-
term and cumulative effects on the environment.
5.2.7. Energy Consumption
The project will consume fossil fuels (mainly diesel) to run transport vehicles and
construction machinery. Fossil energy is non-renewable and excessive use may have
serious environmental implications on its availability, price and sustainability. The project
will also use electricity supplied by Kenya Power & Lighting Company (KPLC). Electricity in
Kenya is generated mainly through natural resources, namely, water and geothermal
resources. In this regard, there will be need to use electricity sparingly since high
consumption of electricity negatively impacts on these natural resources and their
sustainability.
5.2.8. Water Use
The construction activities will require large quantities of water. Water will mainly be used
for concrete mixing, curing, sanitary and washing purposes. Excessive water use may
negatively impact on the water source and its sustainability.

22
5.3. Positive Environmental Impacts of Construction Activities
5.3.1. Creation of Employment Opportunities
Several employment opportunities will be created for construction workers during the
construction phase of the project.This will be a significant impact since unemployment is
currently quite high in the country at large.
5.3.2. Provision Market for Supply of Building Materials
The project will require supply of large quantities of Building materials most, of which will
be sourced locally.This provides ready market for building material suppliers such as
quarrying companies, hardware shops and individuals with such materials.
5.3.3. Increased Business Opportunities
The large number of project staff required will provide ready market for various goods and
services, leading to several business opportunities for small-scale traders such as food
vendors around the construction site.
5.4. Negative Environmental Impacts of Operational Activities
5.4.1. Solid Waste Generated
The project is expected to generate enormous amounts of solid waste during its operation
phase. The bulk of the solid waste generated during the operation of the project will consist
of paper, plastic, glass, metal, textile and organic wastes. Such wastes can be injurious to
the environment through blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies and
negative impacts on animal health. Some of these waste materials especially the
plastic/polyethylene are not biodegradable may cause long-term injurious to the
environment because as they decompose, they produce methane gas, a powerful
greenhouse gas known to contribute to global warming.
5.4.2. Energy Consumption
During operation, the family units will use a lot of electrical energy mainly for domestic
purposes including lighting, cooking, running of air conditioning equipment, running of
refrigeration systems, pumping water into reservoirs. Since electricity generation involves
utilization of natural resources, excessive electricity consumption will strain the resources
and negatively impact on their sustainability.
5.4.3. Water Use
The domestic activities during the operation phase of the project will involve the use of
large quantities of water.
5.5. Positive Environmental Impacts of Operational Activities
5.5.1. Provision of Housing Facilities
The project will provide modern houses with new and state of the art infrastructure to
Mavoko residents. This impact will be significant since Athiriver is currently experiencing a
shortage of housing facilities for its residents.

23
5.5.2. Employment Opportunities
Some people will be employed by the project as management agents, caretakers, cleaners,
security personnel and technicians.
5.5.3. Revenue to National and Local Governments
Through payment of relevant taxes, rates and fees to the government and the local
authority, the housing project will contribute towards the national and local revenue
earnings.
5.5.4. Improved Security
Security will be ensured around the Houses through distribution of suitable security lights
and presence of 24-hour security guards. This will lead to improvement in the general
security in the surrounding area.
5.6. Negative Environmental Impacts of Decommissioning Activities
5.6.1. Solid Waste
Demolition of the project buildings and related infrastructure will result in large quantities
of solid waste. The waste will contain the materials used in construction including concrete,
metal, drywall, wood, glass, paints, adhesives, sealants and fasteners. Although demolition
waste is generally considered as less harmful to the environment since they are composed
of inert materials, there is growing evidence that large quantities of such waste may lead to
release of certain hazardous chemicals such as chloride, sodium, sulphate and ammonia,
which may be released as a result of leaching of demolition waste, known to lead to
degradation of groundwater quality.
5.6.2. Noise and Vibration
The demolition works will lead to significant deterioration of the acoustic environment
within the project site and the surrounding areas.
5.7. Positive Environmental Impacts of Decommissioning Activities
5.7.1. Rehabilitation
Upon decommissioning the project, rehabilitation of the project site will be carried out to
restore the site to acceptable status. This will include replacement of topsoil and
revegetation that will lead to improved visual quality of the area.
5.7.2. Employment Opportunities
Several employment opportunities will be created for demolition staff.

24
CHAPTER SIX: ALTERNATIVES AND PROPOSED ACTION
This section analyses the project alternatives in terms of site, technology scale and waste
management options.
6.1. No project Alternative
The no project alternative in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is
maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental
perspective as it ensures non-interference with the existing conditions. This option will
however, involve several losses both to the land owner and the community as a whole. The
landowner continues to pay rent on the plot while the property remains idle. The no
project option is the least preferred from the socio-economic and partly environmental
perspective due to the following factors:
 The economic status of the Kenyans and the local people would remain unchanged
 The local skills would remain under utilized
 There will be no creation of employment leading to increased urban poverty and
crime.
 There will be no additional facility to drive socio-economic development
 There will be no secondary development as a result of the project
 The improvement in infrastructure as a result of the project would not be realized
 The value of land might improve but it will remain underdevelopment
 The expected income in the form of profits to the developer and in the form of taxes
to the government will not be realized
 Provision and supply of construction materials will not improve
6.2. Relocation Alternative
Relocation option to a different site is an option available for the project implementation.
At the moment, there are no alternative sites for the proposed development (i.e. the project
proponent does not have an alternative site). This means that the proponent has to look for
the land if relocation is proposed. Looking for the land to accommodate the scale and size
of the project and completing official transaction on it may take a long period. In addition, it
is not guaranteed that such land would be available.
6.3. Comparison of Alternatives
Under the No Action alternatives, no development would be allowed therefore, there would
neither be benefits from the project nor the insignificant effects. Under the proposed
development alternatives, the proposed development would create temporary
employment for contractors. Provided the mitigation measures are implemented, including
construction and best management practices, insignificant impacts on soils and water
quality are anticipated. Commitments associated with this alternative would ensure that
potential impacts are avoided or reduced to levels of insignificance.

25
CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPACTS MITIGATION AND MONITORING
7.1. Introduction
This chapter highlights the necessary mitigation measures that will be adopted to prevent
or minimize significant negative environmental, health and safety impacts associated with
the activities the project during its construction, operation and decommissioning phases.
Allocation of responsibilities, time frame and estimated cost for implementation of these
measures are present in the Environmental Management plan (EMP) in chapter 8.
7.2. Mitigation of construction phase impacts
7.2.1. Efficient sourcing and use of raw materials
The proponent will source building materials such as sand, ballast and hard core from
registered quarries and sand mining firms, whose projects have undergone satisfactory
environmental impact assessment/audit and received NEMA approval. Since such firms are
expected to apply acceptable environmental performance standards, the negative impacts
expected of their activities at the extraction site are considerably well mitigated. To reduce
the negative impacts on availability and sustainability of the materials, the proponent will
only order required amount of construction materials in order to reduce wastage, damage
or loss leading to additional demand for extraction or purchase of the same. In addition to
the above the proponent shall consider reuse and recycle of building materials this will aid
in reduction of the amount of materials extracted from natural resources.
7.2.2. Minimization of soil erosion
The proponent will put measures aimed at minimizing soil erosion and associated
sediment release from the project site. These measures will include terracing and levelling
the project site to reduce run off velocity and increase infiltration of water into soil. Also
construction vehicles will be restricted to designated area to avoid soil compaction and any
compacted area will be ripped to reduce run off.
7.2.3. Minimization of construction waste
Demolition and construction waste will be reused and recycled for productive use.
Damaged or wasted construction materials will be recovered for refurbishing in other
projects. Also recyclable/reusable materials will be donated or sold to construction
companies, local community groups, institutions, and individual residents and home
owner.
 The proponent shall put in place measures to ensure that construction materials
requirements are carefully budgeted and to ensure that the amount of construction
materials left on site after construction is kept minimal. It is further recommended
that the proponent should consider the use of recycled or refurbished construction
materials. Purchasing and using once-used or recovered construction materials will
lead to financial savings and reduction of the amount of construction debris
disposed of as waste. Additional recommendations for minimization of solid waste
during construction of the project include:-

26
  Use of durable, long lasting materials that will not need to be replaced often, thereby
reducing the amount of construction waste generated over time.
 Provision of facilities for proper handling and storage of construction materials to
reduce the amount of waste caused by damage or exposure to the elements.
 Purchase of perishable construction materials such as paints incrementally to
ensure reduced spoilage of unused materials.
 Use of building materials that have minimal packaging to avoid the generation of
excessive packaging waste.
 Use of construction materials containing recycled content when possible and in
accordance with accepted standards.
7.2.4. Reduction Dust Generated and Emission
Dust emission during construction will be minimized through strict enforcement of onsite
speed controls as well as limiting unnecessary traffic within the project site. In addition, it
is recommended that excavation works be carried out in wet weather, and traffic routes on
site be sprinkled with water regularly to reduce amount of dust generated by the
construction trucks.
7.2.5. Minimization of Impacts on Traffic Flow
The proponent will put in place measures to address such concerns by ensuring that
construction vehicles preferably deliver materials during off-peak hours when traffic
volume is low. There will also be provision for caution signs on the access road to alert
users on construction activities in progress in order to prevent occurrence of accidents.
This will be achieved through proper planning of transportation of materials to ensure that
vehicle fills are increased in order to reduce the number of trips done or the number of
vehicles on the road. In addition, trucks drivers will be sensitized to avoid unnecessary
racing of vehicle engines at loading/offloading areas, and to switch off or keep vehicle
engines at these points.
7.2.6. Minimization of Noise and Vibration
Noise and vibration will be minimized in the project site and surrounding areas through
sensitization of construction truck drivers to switch off vehicle engines while offloading
materials. In addition, they will instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle engines or hooting
especially when passing through sensitive areas such as churches, schools and hospitals .In
addition, construction machinery shall be kept in good condition to reduce noise
generation. It is recommended that all generators and heavy-duty equipment be insulated
or placed in enclosures to minimize ambient noise levels.
7.2.7. Health and Safety of Workers on Site
The proponent is committed to adherence to the occupational health and safety rules and
regulations stipulated in Occupational Health and Safety Act (2007). In this regard, the
proponent is committed to provision of appropriate personal protective equipment such as
gloves; helmets, overall as well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment for

27
construction workers by providing sanitary facilities (toilets) and potable water while food
will be bought by workers from the nearby hotels.
7.2.8. Reduction of Energy Consumption
The proponent shall ensure responsible electricity use at the construction site through
sensitization of staff to conserve electricity by switching off electrical equipment or
appliances when they are not being used. In addition, proper planning of transportation of
materials will ensure that fossil fuels (diesel, petrol) are not consumed in excessive
amounts, complementary to these measures; the proponent shall monitor energy use
during construction and set targets for reduction of energy use.
7.2.9. Minimization of Water Use
The proponent shall ensure that water is used efficiently at the site by sensitizing
construction staff to avoid irresponsible water usage.
7.3. Mitigation of Operation Phase Impacts
7.3.1. Ensuring Efficient Solid Waste Management
The proponent will be responsible for efficient management of solid waste generated by
the project during its operation in regard, the proponent will provide waste handling
facilities such as waste bins and skips for temporarily holding domestic waste generated at
the site. In addition, the proponent will ensure that such waste is disposed of regularly and
appropriately. It is recommended that the proponent will put in place measures to ensure
that the occupants of the houses manage their waste efficiently through recycling, reuse
and proper disposal procedures.
7.3.2. Minimization of Sewage Release
The proponent will ensure that there are adequate means for handling the large quantities
of sewage generated by the houses being directed to the sewer treatment plant provided
on the site.
7.3.3. Ensure Efficient Energy Consumption
The proponent plans to install an energy-efficient lighting system for the project. This will
contribute immensely to energy saving during the operational phase of the project. In
addition, occupants of the houses will be sensitized to ensure energy efficiency in their
domestic operations. To complement these measures, it will be important to monitor
energy use during the occupation of the Houses and set targets for efficient energy use.
7.3.4. Ensure Efficient Water Use
The proponent will install water-conserving automatic taps and toilets. Moreover, any
water leaks through damaged pipes and faulty taps will be fixed promptly by qualified staff.
In addition, the occupants of the houses will be sensitized to use water efficiently.
7.4. Mitigation of Decommissioning Phase Impacts
7.4.1. Efficient Solid Waste Management
Solid waste resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be minimized as described
in Section 7.2.4

28
7.4.2. Reduction of Dust Concentration
High levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be
minimized as described in Section 7.2.4
7.4.3. Minimization of Noise and Vibration
Significant impacts on the acoustic environment will be mitigated as described in Section
7.2.6.

29
CHAPTER EIGHT: MANAGEMENT/MONITORING PLAN
8.1. Introduction
The proponent should realize that the project activities will have some impacts on the
biophysical environment, health and safety of its employees and members of the public,
and socio economic wellbeing of the local residents. Thus, he should focus on reducing the
negative impacts and maximizing the positive impacts associated with the project activities
through a programme of continuous improvement.

An environmental management/monitoring plan has been developed to assist the

proponent in mitigating and managing environmental impacts associated with the life cycle
of the project. The EMP has been developed to provide basis for an Environmental
Management Systems for the project. It is noteworthy that the key factors and processes
may change through the life of the project and considerable provisions have been made for
dynamism and flexibility of the EMP. As such, the EMP will be subject to a regular regime of
periodic review.

Tables 1 and 2 forms the core of this EMP for the construction, operational and
decommissioning phases of the housing project. In general, the tables outline the potential
safety, health and environmental risks associated with the project and detail all the
necessary mitigation measures, their financial costs as well as the persons responsible for
their implementation and monitoring. The EMP will be used as a checklist in future
environmental audits.
8.2. Construction and operational phase EMP
The necessary objectives, activities, mitigation measures and allocation of costs and
responsibilities pertaining to prevention, minimization and monitoring of significant
negative impacts and minimization of positive impacts associated with the construction
and operational phases the housing project are outlined in the table below.

30
 Table 1: Construction and Operation EMP
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Expected Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Time Frame Cost (Kshs)
Negative Party
Impacts
High demand of Minimize extraction site impacts and ensure efficient use of Project manager Throughout the 80,000
raw material raw materials in construction construction
Contactor
period
Source building materials from local suppliers who use
environmentally friendly processes in their operations
Ensure accurate budgeting and estimation of actual
construction material requirements to ensure that the least
amount of materials necessary is ordered
Ensure that damage or loss of materials at the construction
site is kept minimal through proper storage
Use at least 5%-10% recycled, refurbished or salvaged
materials to reduce the use of raw materials and divert
material from landfills
Vegetation Minimize vegetation disturbance at or around construction Architect Monthly to 100,000
disturbance site annually
Landscaper
Ensure proper demarcation and delineation of the project area
Civil Engineer
to be affected by the construction works
Project manager
Specify location for trailers and equipment, and areas of the
site which should be kept free from traffic, equipment and
storage
Designate access routes and parking within the site.
Introduction of vegetation (trees, shrubs and grass) on open

31
 spaces and around the project site and their maintenance
Design and implement appropriate landscaping programme to
help in re-vegetation of part of the project area after
construction
Breach of various Minimizing encroaching on wayleaves, building lines etc Proponent
laws and
Comply with the Wayleave Act (Cap. 292) Mavoko Sub-
regulations
County
Increased storm Surface runoff and roof water shall be harvested and stored in Civil Engineer Throughout the 100,000
water, runoff and underground reservoir tank for reuse construction
Mechanical
soil erosion period
A storm water management plan that minimizes impervious Engineer
area infiltration by use of recharge areas and use detention
Project manager
and/or retention with graduated outlet control structure will
be designed
Apply soil erosion control measures e.g. levelling project site
to reduce run-off velocity and increase infiltration of storm
water into the soil
Ensure that construction vehicles are restricted to existing
graded roads to avoid soil compaction within the project site
Ensure that any compacted areas are ripped to reduce run-off
Site excavation works to be planned such that a section is
completed and rehabilitated before another section begins
Roof catchments will be used to collect the storm water for
some domestic uses
Increased solid Use of an integrated solid waste management system i.e. Project manager Throughout the 100,000
waste generation through a hierarchy of options: 1. Source reduction 2. construction
Contractor
Recycling 3. Compositing and reuse 4. Combustion 5. Sanitary period

32
land filling
Through accurate estimate of the sizes and quantities of
materials required, order materials in the sizes and quantities
that will be needed rather than cutting to size, or having large
quantities of residual materials
Ensure that construction materials left over at the end of the
construction will be used in other projects rather than being
disposed of
Ensure that damaged or wasted construction materials
including cabinets, doors, plumbing and lighting fixtures,
marbles and glass will be recovered for refurbishing and use in
other projects
Donate recyclable/reusable or residual materials to local
community groups, institutions and individual local residents
or home owners
Use durable, long-lasting materials that will not need to be
replaced as often, thereby reducing the amount of
construction waste generated over time
Provide facilities for proper handling and storage of
construction materials to reduce the amount of waste caused
by damaged or exposure to the elements
Use binding materials that have minimal or no packaging to
avoid the generation of excessive packaging waste
Use construction materials containing recycled content when
possible and in accordance with accepted standards
Reuse packaging materials such as cartons, cement bags.
Empty metal and plastic containers to reduce waste at the site

33
 Dispose waste more responsibly by dumping at the designated
dumpsites or landfills only
Waste collection bins to be provided at designated points on
site
Dust emission Ensure strict enforcement of onsite speed limit Regulations Project manager Throughout the 90,000
construction
Avoid excavation works in extremely dry weather Contractor period
Sprinkle water on graded access routes when necessary to
reduce dust generation by construction vehicles
Personal Protective equipment to be worn
Exhaust emission Vehicle idling time shall be minimized Contractor
Throughout the 120,000
construction
Alternatively fueled construction equipment shall be used Project manager
period
where feasible equipment shall be properly turned and
maintained
Sensitize truck drivers to avoid unnecessary racing of vehicle
engines at loading/offloading points and parking areas, and to
switch off or keep vehicle engines at these points
Noise and Comply with maximum permissible noise level for Site foreman Throughout the 200,000
vibration construction site as per Second Schedule of EMCA (Noise and construction
Contractor
Excessive Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations,2009 period
Project manager
Apply for a license from NEMA whereby maximum
permissible noise levels are to be exceeded
All construction activities shall be carried out during the day
between 8.00 a.m and 5.00 p.m
Priority shall be given to the use of equipment designed with
noise control elements

34
 Construction vehicles and machinery are to be switched of
when not in use
Ensure use of well serviced and maintained
All noisy machinery shall be shielded by portable barriers and
located far from sensitive receptors
Increased energy Ensure electricity equipment, appliances and lights are Mechanical Throughout the 10,000
consumption switched off when not in use engineer construction
period
Use of energy saving bulbs Project manager
Planned transportation of materials to ensure that fossil Contractor
fuels(diesel and petrol) are not consumed in excessive
amounts
Monitor energy use during construction and set targets for
reduction of energy use
High water Water from to be well utilized and augmented with the main Mechanical Throughout the 70,000
demand lines engineer construction
period
Harness rainwater for domestic use and gardening Contractor
Use of water conserving taps that turn off automatically when Project manager
water is not being used
Promote recycling and reuse of water as much as possible
Install a discharge meter at the water outlets to determine and
monitor amount of water used
Promptly detect and repair water pipes and tank leaks
Generation of Provide means for handling sewage generated by construction Mechanical Throughout the 50,000
waste water workers engineer construction
period
Conduct regular checks for sewage pipe blockages or damages

35
 to avoid release of the effluent into the land or water bodies Project manager
Monitor effluent quality regularly to ensure that the stipulated
discharge rules and standards are not violated
Occupational Ensure that development plans are approved by the relevant Developer One-off 20,000
health and safety authorities
Project manager
risks
Registration of the premises
Contractor
Registration of the residential project under the Occupational
Safety and Health Act
Maintain a general register within the site as required by
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007
Incidents, Provisions for reporting incidents, accidents and dangerous Developer continuous 10,000 per
accidents and occurrences during construction using the prescribed form month
Project manager
dangerous obtained from Occupational Health and Safety Offices
occurrences Contractor
Enforcing adherence to safety procedures and preparing
contingency plan for accident response in addition to safety Safety officer
education and training
Insuring the premises workers
Develop/Maintain a clear site organization plan and
construction schedule
Deliver and store materials at appropriate locations
Hire the right number of workers with clear work schedule
and appropriate dress gears
Safety, health and Develop, document and display prominently an appropriate Developer Throughout the 40,000
environmental SHE policy for construction works construction
Project manager period
(SHE) policy
Put in place provisions for the formation of a Health and safety

36
 Committee, in which the employer and workers are Contractor
represented
Suitable, efficient, clean well-lit and adequate sanitary
conveniences should be provided for workers
Mobile toilets, changed regularly, to be provided on site or
latrines
Arrangements must be in place for medical examination of all
construction workers before, during and after termination of
employment
Emergency Design suitable documented emergency preparedness and Project manager One-off 25,000
preparedness evacuation procedures to be used during any emergency
contractor
and evacuation
Such procedures must be tested at regular intervals Every 3
procedures
months
Ensure that adequate provisions are in place to immediately
stop any operations where there is an imminent and serious
danger to health and safety and to evacuate workers
Ensure that the most current emergency telephone numbers
posters are prominently and strategically displayed within the
construction site
Provide measures to deal with emergencies and accidents
including adequate first aid arrangements
Well stocked first aid box which is easily available and
accessible should be provided within the construction site
Provision must be made for persons to be trained in first aid,
with a certificate issued by a recognized body.
Fire hazards Fire-fighting equipment such as fire extinguishers should be 60,000

37
 provided at strategic location such as stores and construction
areas
Regular inspection and servicing of the equipment must be
undertaken by a reputable service provider and records of
such inspections maintained
Signs such as “NO SMOKING” must be prominently displayed
within the construction site, especially in parts where
inflammable materials are stored.
Electrical Safety Circuits must not be overloaded Residents Project Manager and Continuous -
Contractor
Distribution board switches must be clearly marked to
indicate respective circuits and pumps
There should be no live exposed connections
Electrical fittings near all potential sources of ignition should
be flame proof
All electrical equipment must be earthed
Chemical Safety Develop a suitable system for the safe collection, recycling and Project manager One-off 40,000
disposal of chemical wastes, obsolete chemicals and empty and Contractor
chemical containers
Ensure that all chemicals used in construction are
appropriately labelled or marked and that material safety data
sheets containing essential information regarding their
identity, suppliers classification of hazards, safety precautions
and emergency procedures are provided and are made
available to employees and their representatives
Keep a record of all hazardous chemicals used at the site,
cross-referenced to the appropriate chemical Safety data

38
 sheets
There should be no eating or drinking in areas where
chemicals are stored or used Resident Project
Provide workers in areas with elevated noise and Vibration
levels, with suitable ear protection equipment such as ear
masks
Safety and Ensure the general safety and safety and security at all times Project manager Continuous 15,000/ month
security of the by providing day and night security guards and adequate and contractor
site. lighting within and around the construction site
Oil spills causing A designated garage section of the site fitted with oil trapping Project manager Continuous 10,000
Soil and water equipments to be planned for changes. Such an area will be
contamination well protected from contaminating the soil
Hydrology and Hazardous substance control and emergency response plan The Mechanical Continuous
water quality that will include preparations for quick and safe cleanup of Engineer,
degradation accidental spills Project
manager,
Hazardous materials handling procedures to reduce the Contractor
potential for a spill during construction to be prescribed
Identity areas where refueling and vehicle maintenance
activities and storage of hazardous materials will be permitted
Increased Coordinate with other relevant authorities and set goals and Architect, Continuous 300,000
pressure on objectives for the estate Project manager
infrastructure and the
Upgrade existing infrastructure and services, where feasible Developer

OCCUPATION PHASE
Minimization of Implement all necessary measures to ensure health and safety Proponent Continuous 100,000-

39
health and safety of the general public during operation of the project as 200,000/month
impacts stipulated in Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007
Ensure the general safety and security at all times by
providing day and night security guards and adequate lighting
within and around the premises.
Solid waste Provide solid waste handling facilities such as waste bins and Proponent One-off 500,000
generation skips
Ensure that solid waste generated at the estate is regularly
disposed off appropriately at authorized dumping sites
Ensure that occupants of the estate manage their waste
efficiently through recycling, reuse, and proper disposal
procedures
Donate redundant but serviceable equipment to charities and
institutions
Sewage disposal Provide adequate and safe means of handling sewage Proponent and One-off 3,000,000
and Contractor
Sewage generated at the estate will be directed to a sewer Continuous
Contamination
treatment plant.
Conduct regular inspections for sewage pipe blockages or
damages and fix appropriately
Excessive energy Switch off electrical equipment; appliances and lights when Tenants/ Continuous 1,000 per
resource not being used Proponent/ month.
utilization Estate
Install occupation sensing lighting at various locations such as management
storage areas which are not in use all the time
Install energy saving fluorescent tubes at all lighting points
within the houses & staircases instead of bulbs which consume
higher electric energy

40
 Monitor energy use during the operation of the project and set
targets for efficient energy use
Sensitize tenants to use energy efficiently
Excessive Water Promptly detect and repair water pipe and tank leaks Tenants/ Estate Continuous
consumption management
Residents to conserve water
Ensure taps are not running when not in use
Install water conserving taps that turn-off automatically when
water is not being used
Install a discharge meter at water outlets to determine and
monitor total water usage
Fire Hazards and Firefighting equipment such as fire extinguishers, smoke Proponent/ One-off 150,000
protection detectors, should be provided at strategic locations such as Property
each floors lobby, corridor manager
Regular inspection and servicing of the equipment must be
undertaken by a reputable service provider and records of
such inspections maintained
Signs such as “NO SMOKING” must be prominently displayed
within the buildings where applicable.

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 8.3. Decommissioning Phase
In addition to the mitigation measures provided in above, it is necessary to outline some
basic mitigation measures that will be required to be undertaken once all operational
activities of the housing project have ceased. The necessary objectives, mitigation
measures, allocation of responsibilities, time frames and costs pertaining to preventing,
minimization and monitoring of all potential impacts associated with the decommissioning
and closure phase of the housing project are outlined in the table below.
Table 2: Decommissioning phase EMP
Impacts and recommended mitigation measures Responsible Time Cost(Kshs)
party frame
Demolition Waste Management 220,000
1. All buildings, machinery, equipment, structures and Contractor One-off -
partitions that will not be used for other purposes must
Proponent
be removed and recycled/reused as far as possible
2. All foundations must be removed and recycled, reused or Contractor One-off -
disposed off at a licensed disposal site
Proponent
3. When recycling/reuse of the machinery, equipment, Contractor One-off -
structures and partitions and any other demolition waste
Proponent
is not possible, the materials should be taken to a
licensed waste disposal site
4. Donate reusable demolition waste to charitable Contractor One-off -
organizations, individuals and institutions
Proponent
Rehabilitation 200,000
1. Implement an appropriate revegetation programme to Contractor One-off -
restore the site to its original status where applicable
Proponent
2. Consider use of indigenous plant species in revegetation Contractor One-off -
Proponent
3. Trees should be planted at suitable locations so as not Contractor One-off -
interrupt power lines (screen planting), along the
Proponent
perimeter fence

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CHAPTER NINE: AUXILLIARY INFORMATION
9.1. Monitoring Guidelines
Continuous observations and assessment is essential so that if unforeseen safety dangers
are noticed, alternatives must be sought for: Risk assessment of fire outbreaks, and others
should not be ignored in the construction plan. Waste management in the development
should be strictly followed. Mitigation measures of storm water management are essential.
Safety standards should constantly be maintained; in brief monitoring guidelines could be
based on the following parameters:
o Flora and fauna life including the species of birds in the surrounding
o Waste management
o Examine the changing land use patterns of the area and ecological and economical
purposes
o Accidents and risks assessment arising from the use of water, roads, electricity and
or any other amenity.
9.2. Reporting
Constant reporting by the site contractor to the architect is necessary to ensure the project
is executed as per the architectural drawings. The safety officer should always remain on
site to report any safety concerns for urgent mitigation. He should also at all times enforce
safety requirements as per the relevant legislations. The contractor must consult the
architect to maintain a clear understanding of all the aspects of the project.
9.3. Conclusion and Recommendations
During the preparation of this report; it was observed and established that most of the
negative impacts on the environment are rated low and short term with no significant
effect. The positive impacts are highly rated and will benefit all stakeholders and the area
residents at large. The project proponent has proposed to adhere to prudent
implementation of the environmental management plan. He will also obtain all necessary
permits and licences from the relevant authorities and have qualified and adequate
personnel to execute the project as proposed. Adequate safety and health mitigation
measures have been proposed as part of the relevant statutory requirements. I therefore
recommend them for licensing to implement this project subject to adherence to the
environmental management plan proposed in this report and statutory requirements.

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REFERENCES
1. Kenya gazette supplement Acts 2000, Environmental Management and
Coordination Act Number 8 of 1999. Government printer, Nairobi
2. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Building Code 2000 by government printer, Nairobi
3. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Land Planning Act (Cap. 303) government printer,
Nairobi
4. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Local Authority Act (Cap. 265) government printer,
Nairobi
5. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Penal Code Act (Cap.63) government printer,
Nairobi
6. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Physical Planning Act, 1999 government printer,
Nairobi
7. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Public Health Act (Cap. 242) government printer,
Nairobi
8. Kenya gazette supplement number 56.
9. Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003. Government
printer, Nairobi
10. United Nations (1987) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
11. United Nations (2000) The World Commission on Environment and Development
12. Sombroek W. G., Braun H. M. M. and Van der Pouw B. J. A., 1982, Exploratory Soil
Map and Agro-Climate Zone Map of Kenya, Nairobi

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APPENDICES
Appendix i. Project Budget (150,000,000)
Item Project phase Approximated Remarks
cost(Kshs)
A Preparatory phase. 5,000,000 Design and layout,
acquisition of pertinent
 Designs licenses, statutory fees,
 EIA and other approvals EIA report
B Site preparation 3,000,000 Material costs, labor and
supervision
 Vegetation clearing
 Excavation
C Civil works 100,000,000
 Procurement construction
material.
 Transportation of the
construction materials.
 Preparation of storage areas
for materials
 Laying foundation
 Construction
D Electrical works 20,000,000
 Power installation
 Cables
 Distribution box
 Control panel
E Mechanical works 10,000,000
 Plumbing
 Sanitation
F External works 10,000,000
 Septic tank construction
 Paving for parking
G Landscaping 2,000,000

Appendix ii. Questionnaire.

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According to section 58 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) No. 8
of 1999 second schedule 9 (1), and Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulation,
2003, all new projects must undergo Environmental Impact Assessment. Public participation and
consultation is a key input in the process. Our client Homelands Development investors Ltd is
proposing to carry out a residential development on plot LR NO 20523, along Mombasa
Road Sabaki Area, Machakos County.

As our valuable neighbours and stakeholders, we seek your honest views, opinions and
comments on the above mentioned project. Your comments will be highly appreciated and will
assist in maintaining a healthy environment when developing our neighbourhood and the
country.

1. Respondent’s details:
a). Name……………………………………….… b)ID NO…………………………..…

c). Address………………………………............. d) Mobile ……….................................

e). Distance from the project site: ………………………………….

2. What Benefit(s) do you think the project will bring to the community and Kenya at
large?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………
3. What environmental issues and impacts do you think are of concern with regard to the
proposed Project?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..………
4. What mitigation/corrective measures would you propose for the above mentioned issues?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………..………
5. Remarks: Any other Comments/Remarks on the project?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………
(Tick in the boxes).
I/we Approve Disapprove the above proposed
project:

Signature:…………………………………………Date:…………………………………
Thank You for Your Co-operation

Appendix iii: Expert license

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Appendix IV: location plan

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Appendix v: ownership documents

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