Module 6: Techniques of Solving First

Order First Degree ODEs – part 4

• Bernoulli’s Equations
• DEs Solvable by Simple Substitution
• DEs with Linear Coefficients

MH321 Differential Equations

Objectives
At the end of this meeting, you should be able to

• Reduce a Bernoulli’s DE to a linear DE of order one

• Solve a Bernoulli’s DE

• Solve a DE by simple substitution

• Solve a DE with coefficients linear in two variables.

First Order First Degree ODE
Types of First Order and First Degree ODEs
1. Separable DEs
2. DEs with Homogeneous Coefficients
3. Exact DEs
4. Nonexact DEs with Special Integrating Factors
5. DEs with Integrating Factors Found by Inspection
6. Linear DEs of Order One
7. Bernoulli’s Equations
8. DEs Solvable by Simple Substitution
9. DEs with Linear Coefficients
Type 7: Bernoulli’s Equation
A Bernoulli’s equation in 𝑦 is a DE that can be written in the form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
where 𝑛 is any real number.

Note: We consider a Bernoulli’s equation for which 𝑛 ≠ 0 and 𝑛 ≠ 1.

✓ Bernoulli’s equation can be reduced to a linear DE upon multiplication of

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1−𝑛 𝑦 −𝑛 and substitution of 𝑧 = 𝑦1−𝑛 ; = ∙ −𝑛
= 1−𝑛 𝑦 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Type 7: Bernoulli’s Equation
Reducing the Bernoulli’s equation to a linear DE:
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
−𝑛 𝟏−𝒏
𝑑𝑧 −𝑛
𝑑𝑦
Multiply by 1 − 𝑛 𝑦 and substitute 𝒛 = 𝒚 ; = 1−𝑛 𝑦 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Type 7: Bernoulli’s Equation
The Bernoulli’s equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
is now reduced to a linear DE
𝑑𝑧
+ 1 − 𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

where: 𝑃0 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑄0 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑛 𝑄 𝑥

The general solution of this linear DE in z may be accomplished by the

method of linear DE of order one.
Type 7: Bernoulli’s Equation
2
Example 1: Solve 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥 .
Type 7: Bernoulli’s Equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 7𝑥 4
Example 2: Solve the DE + = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
Type 7: Bernoulli’s Equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 7𝑥 4
Example 2: Solve the DE + = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
Type 7: Bernoulli’s Equation
Example 3: Solve the DE 8 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑦 ′ − 4𝑥𝑦 = −6𝑦 5 𝑥 2 + 1 .
Type 7: Bernoulli’s Equation
3
Example 4: Solve the DE 4𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ cos2 𝑥 = − 𝑦4.
4+𝑒 tan 𝑥
Type 7: Bernoulli’s Equation
5 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 6 1−2𝑦 2 2
Example 5: Solve the DE 𝑥 𝑦 + = 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑦 tan 𝑦 3 .
𝑑𝑦 6
Type 8: DE Solvable by Simple Substitution
There are DEs that can be reduced to DEs with known methods of solution upon
expressing one of their variables in terms of the other variable. This method is called
the substitution method.
Example 1: Solve 𝑦′ = tan2 𝑥 + 𝑦 .
Type 8: DE Solvable by Simple Substitution
𝑥+𝑦 2
Example 2: Solve 𝑦𝑦′ = 𝑒 .
Type 8: DE Solvable by Simple Substitution
𝑑𝑦
Example 3: Solve the DE 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ln 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥
Type 9: DE with Linear Coefficients
A DE with linear coefficients takes the form
𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

This DE leads to the following three cases:

The lines are

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Case 1: = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Case 2: = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

𝑎1 𝑏1
Case 3: ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
Type 9: DE with Linear Coefficients
DE with linear coefficients: 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Case 1: = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

The associated lines are coincident and the DE is reducible to

𝒌𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝑘 is constant
Example 1: Find the general solution of 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 12 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Type 9: DE with Linear Coefficients
DE with linear coefficients: 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Case 2: = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

The associated lines are parallel and the DE is reducible to

𝑘 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
which can be handled by simple substitution.

Example 2: Find the general solution of 4 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Type 9: DE with Linear Coefficients
DE with linear coefficients: 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1
Case 3: ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2

The associated lines are intersecting and the DE is reducible to homogeneous DE using
substitution.
𝒙 = 𝒖 + 𝒉 ; 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖
𝒚 = 𝒘 + 𝒌 ; 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒘
where ℎ, 𝑘 is the point of intersection of the linear system

Example 3: Find the general solution of 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 3: Find the general solution of 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝒙=𝒖+𝒉 ; 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖
𝒚=𝒘+𝒌 ; 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒘
Note: In the recording (in this slide), I
accidentally wrote 𝒚 + 𝟏 for 𝒘 in
the argument of 𝑙𝑛 when it should
be 𝑦 + 4, so I made the necessary
correction in the solution.