BSR551

BUILT ENVIRONMENT
ENGINEERING SERVICES

Building Performance
and Energy Efficiency
of Residential Homes
in Malaysia

PREPARED BY:
AHMAD FARIS BIN YUSOF (2021813682)
MUHAMMAD AMMAR BIN AMRAN (2021483294)
MUHAMMAD ARIF BIN JA'AFAR (2021483366)
NORHANA ZULAIKHA BT HAIROLANUAR (2021813732)

PREPARED FOR:
SR. DR. NUR AZFAHANI BINTI AHMAD
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would want to thank and honour the Almighty God for providing

us with the strength and blessing that enabled us to complete the mission. We couldn't

have gotten this far without His blessing. With our entire devotion and responsibility,

we always strive hard to create a decent assignment.

As a result, we would like to express our gratitude to our lecturer, Sr. Dr. Nur

Azfahani Binti Ahmad, for her assistance in completing our work. She is constantly

encouraging and guiding us on how to do assignments in order to have a positive

conclusion. She was a huge inspiration for us to work on this project. We also like to

express our gratitude to her for instructing us in this course.

Last but not least, we would like to thank University Technology Mara (UiTM)

Seri Iskandar for providing us with the opportunity to complete this writing report

project. Finally, we would like to thank our friends for their support.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1

1.1 Literature Review on Energy Conservation ....................................................... 1

1.2 Literature Review of Energy Efficiency ............................................................. 2

2.0 CASE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 4

2.1 CASE STUDY 1 ................................................................................................ 4

2.1.1 Building Background Case Study 1 ............................................................ 4

2.1.2 List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study ................................................. 6

2.1.3 Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 1 .............................................. 17

2.2 CASE STUDY 2 .............................................................................................. 18

2.2.1 Building Background Case Study 2 .......................................................... 18

2.2.2 List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 2 ............................................ 20

2.2.3 Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 2 .............................................. 25

2.3 CASE STUDY 3 .............................................................................................. 26

2.3.1 Building Background Case Study 3 .............................................................. 26

2.3.2 List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 3 ............................................ 28

2.3.3 Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 3 .............................................. 34

2.4 CASE STUDY ................................................................................................. 35

2.4.1 Building Background Case Study 4 .......................................................... 35

2.4.2 List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 4 ............................................ 37

2.4.3 Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 4 .............................................. 43

3.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ................................................................................. 45

3.1 Case Study 1 .................................................................................................. 45

3.1.1 Energy Performance at Case Study 1 ...................................................... 45

3.1.2 Improvement Strategies Suggestions at Case Study 1 ............................. 46

3.2 Case Study 2 .................................................................................................. 47

3.2.1 Energy Performance at Case Study 2 ...................................................... 47

 3.2.2 Improvement Strategies Suggestions at Case Study 2 ............................. 48

3.3 Case Study 3 .................................................................................................. 49

3.3.1 Energy Performance at Case Study 3 ...................................................... 49

3.3.2 Improvement Strategies Suggestions at Case Study 3 ............................. 50

3.4 Case Study 4 .................................................................................................. 52

3.4.1 Energy Performance at Case Study 4 ...................................................... 52

3.4.2 Improvement Strategies Suggestions at Case Study 4 ............................. 53

4.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 55

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 57
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Building Background Case Study 1 .............................................................. 5

Table 2: List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 1 ............................................. 16

Table 3: Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 1 ............................................... 17

Table 4: Building Background Case Study 2 ............................................................ 18

Table 5: Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 2 ............................................... 25

Table 6: Building Background Case Study 3 ............................................................ 26

Table 7: List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 3 ............................................. 33

Table 8: Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 3 ............................................... 34

Table 9: Building Background Case Study 4 ............................................................ 35

Table 10: List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 4 ........................................... 42

Table 11: Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 4 ............................................. 43

Table 12: Energy Performance at Case Study 1 ...................................................... 45

Table 13: Energy Performance at Case Study 2 ...................................................... 47

Table 14: Energy Performance at Case Study 3 ...................................................... 49

Table 15: Energy Consumption at Case Study 4 ..................................................... 52

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Case Study 1............................................................................................... 4

Figure 2: Key Plan Case Study 1 ............................................................................... 5

Figure 3: Site Plan Case Study 1 ............................................................................... 5

Figure 4: Case Study 2............................................................................................. 18

Figure 5:Key Plan Case Study 2 .............................................................................. 19

Figure 6: Site Plan Case Study 2 ............................................................................. 19

Figure 7: Case Study 3............................................................................................. 26

Figure 8: Key Plan at Case Study 3 ......................................................................... 27

Figure 9: Location Plan at Case Study 3 .................................................................. 27

Figure 10: Site Plan at Case Study 3 ....................................................................... 27

Figure 11: Case Study 3........................................................................................... 35

Figure 12: Key Plan Case Study 4 ........................................................................... 36

Figure 13: Site Plan Case Study 4 ........................................................................... 36

Figure 14: Location Plan Case Study 4 .................................................................... 36

Figure 15: Energy Efficiency Label ........................................................................... 46

 ABSTRACT

A building's energy performance is often connected to its energy efficiency. While the

latter refers to the ratio of energy absorbed by the building to energy used within it,

energy performance is used as a benchmark to determine the building's energy

expenditure over the year. The term "energy performance of buildings" is frequently

used in discussions about the ecological and energy transition, as well as in the

construction and housing sectors. It enables the development of energy consumption

reduction targets and, as a result, the enhancement of a building's energy efficiency.

The goal is to maximise its anticipated annual energy usage while maintaining a

particular degree of thermal comfort. Therefore, the concepts of energy performance

and energy efficiency are connected. Both are interconnected.

This research discusses the building performance and energy efficiency of

Malaysian residential dwellings. All information on electrical equipment was gathered

using four case studies. Aside from that, energy data from each case study's power

bills were collected for at least a year. This report includes improvement strategies for

the case studies once all the data has been compared and summarized.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Literature Review on Energy Conservation

Energy conservation is an endeavour to reduce energy consumption by utilizing less

of an energy. This can be accomplished by either utilizing less energy for a steady

service or by decreasing the amount of service used (for example, by driving less).

Energy conservation is a component of the Eco-sufficiency philosophy. Building

energy conservation measures (ECMs) lower the need for energy services, which can

lead to improved environmental quality, national security, personal financial security,

and larger savings. It is at the pinnacle of the renewable energy pyramid. It also saves

money on energy by reducing future resource depletion (Ozzie Zehner,2018).

Energy can be saved by reducing waste and losses, increasing efficiency

through technological advancements, and improving operation and maintenance.

Global energy consumption can also be reduced by slowing population increase. Heat

energy to motive power in autos, or kinetic energy of water flow to electricity in

hydroelectric power plants, are examples of energy transformations. Machines, on the

other hand, are required to convert converts one form of energy to another. The wear

and friction of this machine's components while it is running results in significant

energy losses and associated expenditures. It is possible to reduce these losses by

using green engineering principles to extend the life of the components

(R.Chattopadhyay, 2014).

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1.2 Literature Review of Energy Efficiency

Most generally, energy efficiency is assessed as the overall energy output for a given

energy input and reported as a percentage within 0% and 100%, such as the useful

mechanical energy produced by an electric motor for a certain electrical energy input

(Gertrud Malmersjo,2015). Another concern is the overall energy system's efficiency.

Peaks in electricity demand, for example, necessitate the use of backup power plants

and additional transmission capacity, making the power system less efficient. Efficient

energy usage can be defined as using energy in the most beneficial way, but it can

also involve shifting energy consumption to times when energy is abundant and

inexpensive (for example, at night, or during sunny and windy periods when renewable

sources produce more energy).

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CHAPTER 2: CASE STUDY

3|Page
2.0 CASE STUDY

2.1 CASE STUDY 1

2.1.1 Building Background Case Study 1

Figure 1: Case Study 1

The function of this house is residential building. This double storey house located at

No 20 Jalan Cheng Perdana 1/7, Taman Cheng Perdana, 75250 Melaka, Melaka. This

house was built on 1992. The area of this house is 6000mm x 22188mm. The owner

is Mr. Sallehudin Bin Mohd Sani with his family that bought this house in 1995 and

lived there until now. He is an army’s pensioner that have been worked for 37 years

and be a pensioner at the age of 60 years old. Now he is 61 years old living his life

with his family happily. The renovation on going for about 4 months and complete the

renovation on March 2018. The house consists of 4 bedrooms, 4 toilets, kitchen, dining

hall, lounge area, living room, car porch and balcony.

Building Status Residential (Occupied)

Type of House Double Storey House
Address No 20 Jalan Cheng Perdana 1/7, Taman Cheng
Perdana, 75250 Melaka, Melaka.
Area 6000mm x 22188mm
Year of Built 1995

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 Year of Completed on March 2018 (since December 2017)
Renovation
House Owner Mr. Sallehudin Bin Mohd Sani
Occupancy 5 people
Divided Area 4 bedrooms, 4 toilets, kitchen, dining hall, lounge area,
living room, car porch and a balcony
Table 1: Building Background Case Study 1

Key Plan

Figure 2: Key Plan Case Study 1

Site Plan

Figure 3: Site Plan Case Study 1

5|Page
2.1.2 List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study

No. Room/ Electrical Appliances Quantity Power (W)

Living room
▪ Television

1 190

▪ Ceiling Fan

1 80

1.
▪ Stand Fan

1 50

▪ Air Conditioner

1 850

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 ▪ LED lamp

2 20

Dining Hall
▪ Ceiling Fan

1 80

2.
▪ Fluorescent Light Bulbs

1 10

Bedroom 1
▪ Table Fan

3.
1 50

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 ▪ LED Lamp

1 20

Kitchen
▪ Air Fryer

1 1500

▪ Blender

4.
1 250

▪ Dish Dryer

1 340

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▪ Ceiling Fan

1 80

▪ Oven

1 2200

▪ Refrigerator

1 986

▪ Rice Cooker

1 400

▪ Water Dispenser

1 300

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 Toilet 1
▪ LED Lamp

5.
1 10

Master Bedroom
• Air Conditioner

1 1080

• LED Lamp

6.
2 10

• Ceiling Fan

1 80

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 Bedroom 2
• Ceiling Fan

1 80

• LED Lamp

1 20

7.
• Table Fan

1 50

• Laptop

1 135

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 • Mobile Phone

2 65

Bedroom 3
• Ceiling Fan

1 80

• LED Lamp

8.
1 20

• Mobile Phone

1 65

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 • Table Fan

1 50

Balcony
• Washing Machine

1 1500

9.
• LED Bulb

2 10

• Indoor Spotlight

1 25

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 Lounge
• Computer

1 400

• Iron

1 1000

10.
• Steam Iron

1 1500

• Ceiling Fan

1 80

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 • Table Fan

1 50

• Indoor Spotlight

1 25

• Wi-Fi Router

1 10

Toilet 2
• LED Lamp

11.
1 10

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 Toilet 3
• LED Lamp

1 10

12
• Indoor Spotlight

1 25

Table 2: List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 1

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2.1.3 Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 1

Amount
No. Months Power Consumption (kWh)
(RM)
1. July 2021 335 82.46
2. August 2021 267 65.98
3. September 2021 308 78.25
4. October 2021 366 87.30
5. November 2021 360 86.36
6. December 2021 370 87.92
7. January 2022 355 85.58
8. February 2022 351 84.96
9. March 2022 370 87.92
10. April 2022 340 92.38
11. May 2022 252 55.93
12. June 2022 377 111.03
Table 3: Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 1

Scattered chart above shows about energy consumption and amount for electric bills at case

study for one year, which are from July 2021 to June 2022. For April 2022, the house energy

consumption is 340kWh with bill RM92.38. This is likely a normal energy consumption for the

house. Compare with May 2022, the energy consumption decreased to 252kWh only with total

bill RM55.93. This is because of Eid celebration and people in the house went to village to

celebrate it for almost two weeks. That is the main factor for the decreased energy

consumption. For June 2022, energy consumption for the house went back to normal and a

little bit higher because of all people came back to their family house and stay for a while

before some of them start to work and back to their own house. Meanwhile for other months

recorded normal energy consumption for the case study with average from 335kWh to

377kWh.

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2.2 CASE STUDY 2

2.2.1 Building Background Case Study 2

Figure 4: Case Study 2

Name Terrace house

H-11, Kampung Sawah Lebar
Address Seberang, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri
Sembilan
Building Status Residential building (Occupied)
Occupancy 5 people
No. of Storey Height One-storey
Year of Built 1985
Homeowner Amran bin Mamot
Table 4: Building Background Case Study 2

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Key Plan

Figure 5:Key Plan Case Study 2

Site Plan

Figure 6: Site Plan Case Study 2

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2.2.2 List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 2

No. Room/ Electrical Appliances Quantity Power (W)

Living room
▪ Table Fan

1 40

▪ LED Lamp

1 18

1.
▪ Laptop

1 65

▪ Phone Charger

1 850

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 Bedroom 1
▪ Phone Charger

1 65

▪ LED Bulb

1 10

2.
▪ Laptop

1 65

▪ Table Fan

1 40

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 Bedroom 2
▪ Phone Charger

1 65

▪ Table Fan

3.
1 40

▪ LED Lamp

1 18

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 Kitchen
▪ Refrigerator

1 600

▪ LED Lamp

1 18

4.
▪ Oven

1 2200

▪ Rice Cooker

1 700

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 Bathroom
▪ LED Bulb

1 10

5.
▪ Washing Machine

1 2000

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2.2.3 Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 2

Month Energy consumption (kWh) Amount (RM)

January 2021 104 22.67
February 2021 108 23.54
March 2021 107 22.79
April 2021 120 26.16
May 2021 131 28.56
June 2021 117 25.51
July 2021 115 25.07
August 2021 112 24.41
September 2021 109 23.76
October 2021 105 22.89
November 2021 112 24.41
December 2021 115 25.07
Table 5: Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 2

The table above represents the total energy consumption (kWh) and bills for a year of

consumption from January to December 2021. According to the table, May has the

highest electricity bill of RM 25.95 and the greatest electricity use of 131 kWh. This is

because the month of May is Aidilfitri, when many relatives and friends visit the house.

As a result, electrical appliances are always in use, resulting in significant electricity

usage. Apart from that, the preparation for Aidilfitri involving the months of April and

May caused the two months to occupy the top spot compared to the other months. On

the other hand, electricity bills for the other months were roughly the same with an

average of 109 kwh and RM 26.73.

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2.3 CASE STUDY 3

2.3.1 Building Background Case Study 3

Figure 7: Case Study 3

Building Status Residential (Occupied)

Type of House Village House
Address No. 70, Kampung Batu 22, 06900 Jalan Yan, Kedah
Darul Aman
Area 271m2
Year of Built 1925
House Owner Ahmad Faris bin Yusuf
Occupancy 2 people
Divided Area 3 bedrooms, 1 toilet, 1 kitchen, dining hall, living room
and lounge area
Table 6: Building Background Case Study 3

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Key plan

Figure 8: Key Plan at Case Study 3

Location Plan

Figure 9: Location Plan at Case Study 3

Site Plan

Figure 10: Site Plan at Case Study 3

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2.3.2 List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 3

No. Room/ Electrical Appliances Quantity Power (W)

Living room
▪ Television

1 200

▪ Stand Fan

1.
1 22

▪ Astro Box

1 18

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 ▪ Air Conditioner

1 36

Master Bedroom
• Stand fan

1 36

• Lighting
2.

1 36

• Smartphone Charger

1 18

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 Kitchen
• Microwave

1 1300

• Refrigerator

1 1600

3.

• Rice cooker

1 300

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 Lounge Area
• Wall fan

1 22

• Lighting

2 36

• Washing Machine
4.

1 1500

• Iron

1 1000

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 Room 1
• Stand Fan

1 22

5.

• Lighting

1 36

Room 2
• Laptop Charger

1 150

6.
• Smartphone Charger

22

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• Stand Fan

1 22

• Lighting

1 20

Table 7: List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 3

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2.3.3 Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 3

Month Energy Consumption (kWh) Amount (RM)

January 2021 163 35.53
February 2021 176 38.37
March 2021 162 35.32
April 2021 180 39.24
May 2021 197 42.95
June 2021 171 37.28
July 2021 165 35.97
August 2021 161 35.10
September 2021 167 36.41
October 2021 170 37.06
November 2021 175 38.15
December 2021 178 38.80
Table 8: Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 3

The table above displays the record of electricity use as well as the TNB costs.

According to the table, the bill and kWh consumption for the month of May are the

highest, with a reading of up to 197 kWh and a payment charge of RM 42.95. This is

because May is Aidil Fitri month. The house originally had just two tenants, but as the

holiday season approaches, the number of occupants increases, as does the use of

electronic goods; this is also a factor from the use of high-wattage appliances such as

microwaves throughout the holiday season. While the average electricity consumption

in other months ranged between 163kWh and 180kWh, this was due to regular daily

consumption. The lowest bill for the entire year 2021 is RM 35.53 in January, and the

highest is RM 42.95.

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2.4 CASE STUDY

2.4.1 Building Background Case Study 4

Figure 11: Case Study 3

Building Status Residential (Occupied)

Type of House Twin Terrace House
Address NO 62 Ladang Felda Tembangau 06, 28380
Kemayan, Pahang Darul Makmur
Area 127.24m2
Year of Built 1990
Tenure 23 years
House Owner Mr. Hairolanuar Bin Asri
Occupancy 4 people
Divided Area 4 bedrooms, 3 toilets, 2 kitchens, dining hall, living
room and 2 car porches
Table 9: Building Background Case Study 4

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Key Plan

Figure 12: Key Plan Case Study 4

Site Plan

Figure 13: Site Plan Case Study 4

Location Plan

Figure 14: Location Plan Case Study 4

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2.4.2 List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 4

No. Room/ Electrical Appliances Quantity Power (W)

Living room 1
▪ Television

1 160

▪ Table Fan

1. 1 38

▪ Wi-Fi

1 20

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 ▪ Lamp

2 43

▪ Ceiling Fan

1 33

Bedroom 1
• Ceiling Fan

1 33

2.
• Lighting

1 43

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 • Smartphone Charger

1 18

Kitchen 1
• Pressure Cooker

1 900

3. • Refrigerator

1 800

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• Rice cooker

1 400

• Blender

500

• Cuckoo Water Filter

1 300

• Lamp

1 43

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 Living Room 2
• Ceiling Fan

1 33

• Lamp

2 43

4. • Printer

1 250

• Iron

1 40

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 • Laptop

1 65

Room 2
• Ceiling Fan

1 33

Table 10: List of Electrical Appliances at Case Study 4

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2.4.3 Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 4

Month Electric Consumption/ kWh Amount

January 450 RM 154.40
February 498 RM 179.17
March 527 RM 194. 13
April 500 RM 180.20
May 550 RM 206.00
June 490 RM 175.04
July 480 RM 169.88
August 546 RM 157.38
September 538 RM 174.38
October 466 RM 132.55
November 430 RM 144.08
December 560 RM 211.16
Table 11: Energy Data for One Year at Case Study 4

This table above compared the electricity bills over the last twelve months. The highest

power bill will be in December 2021 since all rooms or spaces were used as the

resident for that month is higher than usual. The cost for this month is RM 211.16, and

560 kWh were spent. This is since it is a school holiday for student. The second

greatest usage was in May 2021, when RM 206.00 and 550 kWh were used.

Meanwhile, the lowest price is RM 144.08 in November 2021, when 430 kWh are

utilised. This is because there were less individuals in that residence in November.

The average cost for the last twelve months is RM 173.20, while the average kWh

utilised is 502.92 kWh.

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CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

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3.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

3.1 Case Study 1

3.1.1 Energy Performance at Case Study 1

A B AxB (A X B) X C
Total Electricity Used (kWh) /
Space Types of Appliances Quantities Power (Watt) Total Power Duration of Usage (hrs) (Watt)
Living Room TV 1 190 190 10 190x10 = 1900@ 1.9kWh
Air Conditioner 1 850 850
Stand Fan 1 50 50 5 50x5 = 250@ 0.25kWh
Ceiling Fan 1 80 80 10 80x10 = 800@ 0.8kWh
LED Lamp 2 20 40 6 40x6 = 240@0.24kWh
Dining Hall Ceiling Fan 1 80 80 4 80x4 = 320@ 0.32kWh
Fluorescent Light Bulbs 1 10 10 4 10x4 = 40@ 0.04kWh
Bedroom 1 Table Fan 1 50 50
LED Lamp 1 20 20 3 20x3 = 60@ 0.06kWh
Kitchen Air Fryer 1 1500 1500 2 1500x2 = 3000@3.0kWh
Blender 1 250 250 2 250x2 = 500@0.5kWh
Dish Dryer 1 340 340
Ceiling Fan 1 80 80
Oven 1 2200 2200 5 2200x5 = 11000@11.0kWh
Refrigerator 1 986 986 21 986x21 = 20706@ 20.706kWh
Water Dispenser 1 300 300 7 300x7 = 2100@2.1kWh
Rice Cooker 1 400 400 3 400x3 = 1200@1.2kWh
Toilet 1 LED Lamp 1 20 20 3 20x3 = 60@ 0.06kWh
Master Bedroom Air Conditioner 1 1080 1080 6 1080x6 = 6480@6.48kWh
LED Lamp 2 10 20 2 20x2 = 40@0.04kWh
Gross Floor Area Bldg (m2)
Ceiling Fan 1 80 80 3 80x3 = 240@0.24kWh
Bedroom 2 LED Lamp 1 20 20 9 20x9 = 180@0.18kWh
Ceiling Fan 1 80 80 21 80x21 = 1680@1.68kWh
Table Fan 1 50 50 7 50x7 = 350@0.35kWh
Mobile Phone 2 65 130 4 130x4 = 520@0.52kWh
Laptop 1 135 135 9 135x9 = 1215@1.215kWh
Bedroom 3 Ceiling Fan 1 80 80 12 80x12 = 960@0.96kWh
LED Lamp 1 20 20 4 20x4 = 80@0.08kWh
Mobile Phone 1 65 65 4 65x4 = 260@0.26kWh
Table Fan 1 50 50
Balcony Washing Machine 1 1500 1500 2 1500x2 = 3000@3.0kWh
LED Bulb 2 10 20
Indoor Spotlight 1 25 25 13 25x13 = 325@0.325kWh
Lounge Computer 1 400 400 4 400x4 = 1600@1.6kWh
Iron 1 1000 1000 2 1000x2 = 2000@2.0kWh
Steam Iron 1 1500 1500 2 1500x2 = 3000@3.0kWh
Ceiling Fan 1 80 80 10 80x10 = 800@ 0.8kWh
Table Fan 1 50 50 5 50x5 = 250@ 0.25kWh
Indoor Spotlight 1 25 25 4 25x4 = 100@0.1kWh
Wi-Fi Router 1 10 10 23 10x23 = 230@0.23kWh
Toilet 2 LED Lamp 1 10 10 1 10x1 = 10@0.01kWh
Toilet 3 LED Lamp 1 10 10 2 10x2 = 20@0.02kWh
Indoor Spotlight 1 25 25 2 25x2 = 50@0.05kWh
OVERALL TOTAL OF ELECTRIC USED 65.566 kWh 65.566kWh/133.128m2= 0.493

Table 12: Energy Performance at Case Study 1

Based on the data of energy performance at case study, gross floor area of the case

study is 133.128m2. This case study uses 65.566 kWh of energy performance daily

and for sure depends on event and also activities by people in the house. For analysis,

space that give biggest usage of electricity is kitchen. Consists with eight type of

electrical appliances and not to mention all the appliances consume big energy such

as refrigerator with 986W, air fryer with 1500W and oven with 2200W, kitchen uses

around 38.5kWh which means more than 50% of electricity usage for the house daily.

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3.1.2 Improvement Strategies Suggestions at Case Study 1

1) Use smart lighting and ventilation

• This technique has the potential to significantly reduce household energy

use. Using a motion sensor, the light and fan switches will turn on and off

automatically in response to heat and movement in the surrounding area.

2) Install security system

• While a house safe can help protect priceless items, a home security system

contains an alarm that can deter many would-be criminals and notify local

police if a break-in occurs. Modern security systems now allow you to monitor

and control what's going on in your home from your phone when you're not

there. Depending on your service, you can monitor security cameras

installed throughout your home as well as operate smart thermostats, smart

keyless door locks, smart lighting, and other smart gadgets in every room.

3) Use 5-star energy efficiency label

• The energy efficiency label indicates an electrical equipment's projected

energy usage based on a star rating - 5 stars signifies the most efficient, 1

star means the least efficient. You can estimate how much power (kWH) the

appliance consumes using the star ratings.

Figure 15: Energy Efficiency Label

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 3.2 Case Study 2

3.2.1 Energy Performance at Case Study 2

A B AxB (A X B) X C
Total Electricity Used
Space Types of Appliances Quantities Power (Watt) Total Power Duration of Usage (hrs) (kWh) / (Watt)
Living room Phone charger 2 65 130 7 130x7 = 910@ 0.91kWh
Table Fan 1 40 40 12 40x12 = 480@ 0.48kWh
Laptop 1 65 65 3 65x3 = 195@ 0.195kWh
LED Lamp 1 18 18 8 18x8 = 144@ 0.144kWh
Bedroom 1 Table Fan 1 40 40 5 40x5 = 200@ 0.2kWh
Phone charger 1 65 65 4 65x4 = 260@ 0.26kWh
Laptop 1 65 65 6 65x6 = 390@ 0.39kWh Gross Floor Area Bldg (m2) =
LED bulb 1 10 10 7 10x7 = 70@ 0.07 kWh 63.620m²
Bedroom 2 LED Lamp 1 18 18 7 18x7 = 126@ 0.126kWh
Table Fan 1 40 40 10 40x10 = 400@ 0.4kWh
Phone charger 1 30 30 4 30x4 = 120@ 0.12kWh
Kitchen Refrigerator 1 600 600 24 600x24 = 14400@ 14.4kWh
LED lamp 1 18 18 8 18x8 = 144@ 0.144kWh
Oven 1 1300 1300 2 1300x2 = 2600@ 2.6kWh
Rice Cooker 1 700 700 4 700x4 = 2800@ 2.8kWh
Washing machine 1 2000 2000 2 2000x2 = 4000@ 4kWh
Bathroom LED bulb 1 10 10 8 10x8 = 80@ 0.08kWh
27.319kWh / 63.620m2 =
OVERALL TOTAL OF ELECTRIC USED 27.319 kWh
0.429

Table 13: Energy Performance at Case Study 2

This case study features a terrace house with five rooms: a living room, two bedrooms,

a kitchen, and a toilet. The house has a total area of 63.620 square metres. The total

electric consumption use for a day is 27,319 kWh, with the kitchen using the most

electricity. This is due to the fact that electrical appliances in the kitchen, such as

refrigerators, ovens, and rice cookers, consume a lot of electricity. Meanwhile, the

refrigerator contributes the most electricity use (14.4 kWh), this is because the

refrigerator runs continuously for 24 hours. As a result of the calculation between total

power usage and total house area, the energy performance value is 0.429.

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3.2.2 Improvement Strategies Suggestions at Case Study 2

1) Use solar powered devices

• Almost each electronic you use in your house can now be found in a solar-

powered form. Making minor changes and employing more solar-powered

equipment can go a long way toward lowering your maintenance and

replacement costs.

2) Use energy -efficient electrical appliances

• When purchasing for an energy-efficient appliance, seek for those with the

ENERGY STAR designation, which is a federal assurance that the appliance

will use less energy when in use and on standby than regular models. The

amount of energy saved varies depending on the appliance. ENERGY STAR

certified washing machines, for example, use 25% less energy and 45

percent less water than regular models. So, by adopting energy-efficient

appliances, energy consumption can be lowered while also lowering the

amount of electricity bills that must be paid.

3) Use smart automated devices

• Even if you forget, smart automatic gadgets can help you save money on

your energy bills. When you stop using a gadget, smart automation systems

recognise it and turn off the power supply. Apart from that, you can control

the smart appliances through the smartphones app.

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3.3 Case Study 3

3.3.1 Energy Performance at Case Study 3

Duration of Usage (24 hours) (C) Gross Floor Area Bldg (m2)
A B AxB (A X B) X C
Space Types of Appliances Quantities Power (Watt/KW) Total Power Total Electricity Used (kWh) / (Watt)

LIVING ROOM TV 1 200 200 13 200x13 = 2600@ 2.6kWh

FAN 1 22 22 15 22x15 = 330@ 0.33kWh
ASTRO BOX 1 18 18 24 18x24 = 432@ 0.432kWh
LIGHTING 1 36 36 9 36x9 = 324@0.324kWh
KITCHEN MICROWAVE 1 1300 1300 2 1300x2 = 2600@2.6kWh
REFRIGERATOR 1 1600 1600 24 1600x24 = 38400 @ 38.4 kWh
RICE COOKER 1 300 300 3 300x3 = 900@0.9kWh
ROOM1 LIGHTING 1 36 36 1 36x1 = 36 @ 0.36kWh
FAN 1 22 22 1 22x1 = 22 @ 0.22kWh
ROOM 2 LIGHTING 1 20 20 14 20X14 = 280 @ 0.28kWh
FAN 1 22 22 24 36x24= 864 @ 0.864kWh
SMARTPHONE CHARGER 1 22 22 7 22x7= 154 @ 0.154 kWh
LAPTOP CHARGER 1 150 150 14 150x14= 600 @ 0.6 kWh
MASTER ROOMLIGHTING 1 36 36 15 36X15= 540 @ 0.54 kWh
FAN 1 36 36 15 36X15= 540 @ 0.54 kWh
SMARTPHONE CHARGER 1 18 18 7 18x7= 126 @ 0.126 kWh
OPEN SPACE WASHING MACHINE 1 1500 1500 2 1500x2 = 3000 @ 3kWh
LIGHTING 2 36 72 7 72x7 = 504 @ 0.504 kWh
FANS 1 22 22 2 22x2 = 44 @ 0.44 kWh
IRON 1 1000 1000 1 1000x1 = 1000 @ 1kWh 54.214kWh/271m2
OVERALL TOTAL OF ELECTRICITY USED: 54.214 kWh 0.2
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

Table 14: Energy Performance at Case Study 3

According to the table above, the overall wattage consumption for a day is 54,214

kilowatts, and the total wattage consumption for a month is 1626.42 kilowatts. The

kitchen is the most accessible place in the house. This is due to the widespread usage

of electrical equipment such as refrigerators and microwaves. Refrigerators and

microwaves are well-known for their use of high power to quickly heat and chill. Room

1 has the lowest energy consumption because it just has two electronic devices that

need light and fans. The total energy usage for the highest space, the kitchen, is 41.9

kWh, while room 1 has the lowest total energy consumption of 0.58 kWh. Finally,

electronic items account for 100 percent of electricity use. The number of watts

required by any electronic gadget varies depending on its function. High-wattage

appliances are often machines that provide services such as cooling and heating in a

short period of time, such as a microwave or refrigerator.

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3.3.2 Improvement Strategies Suggestions at Case Study 3

1. Install Energy-Efficient Lighting

• Lighting is a major source of electrical energy waste in the home. Lamps that

are left open without being closed consume a lot of electricity, forcing you to

spend more. Installing a more energy-efficient lighting source can help to

tackle the problem of electricity waste. Existing lighting systems in the home

use fluorescent lights, which can be converted to lower wattage LED lights

to assist reduce and save electricity.

2. Use smart electrical appliances

• Smart electronic goods are a novel invention applied to standard electronic

goods. These smart gadgets are typically more modern and intelligent, as

well as more efficient in terms of energy savings. Switching to smart electrical

items can assist to reduce the quantity of power consumed while also

immediately lowering the electricity cost.

3. Apply 5-Step

• To save more, implement the five government-promoted energy-saving

measures, the first of which is LED bulb illumination. The second step is to

make sure that the air conditioner is turned on at the proper power level to

reduce electricity waste, the third and fourth stages are to turn off unused

television and computer switches, and the fifth step is to turn off any unused

room switches. It is also thought that by adopting this strategy, the power bill

and any charges associated with the electricity bill can be reduced.

4. Use Natural Ventilation and Lighting

• Make the most of natural sunlight and ventilation. The house's location in the

village area, surrounded by big trees, should be completely used in order to

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save as much power as feasible. For example, in the morning and afternoon,

avoid using artificial light and instead rely on natural light by opening doors

and even windows to maximise exposure to sunshine. In terms of ventilation,

urge people to open windows and take use of natural wind movement to keep

the house cool without relying entirely on mechanical ventilation.

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 3.4 Case Study 4

3.4.1 Energy Performance at Case Study 4

A B AxB (A X B) X C
Total Electricity Used
Space Types of Appliances Quantities Power (Watt) Total Power Duration of Usage (hrs) (kWh) / (Watt)
Living Room 1 TV 1 60 60 10 60x10 = 600 @ 0.6 kWh
Wi-Fi Router 1 20 20 24 20x24 = 480 @ 0.48 kWh
Table Fan 1 38 38 8 38x8 = 304 @ 0.30 kWh
Ceiling Fan 1 33 33 16 33x16 = 528 @ 0.53 kWh
Lighting 2 43 86 6 86x6 = 516 @ 0.52 kWh
Living Room 2 Ceiling Fan 1 33 33 8 33x8 = 304 @ 0.30 kWh
Lighting 2 43 86 8 86x6 = 516 @ 0.52 kWh
Laptop 1 65 65 8 65x8 = 520 @ 0.52 kWh
Printer 1 250 250 1 250x1 = 250 @ 0.25 kWh
Kitchen 1 Pressure Cooker 1 900 900 2 900x2 = 1800 @ 1.8 kWh
Blender 1 500 500 1 500x1 = 500 @ 0.5 kWh
Cuckoo Water Filter 1 300 300 7 7x300 = 2100 @ 2.1 kWh
Refrigerator 1 800 800 24 800x24 = 19 200 @ 19.2 kWh Gross Floor Area
Rice Cooker 1 400 400 3 400x3 = 1200@1.2kWh Bldg (m2)
Kitchen 2 Lighting 1 43 43 8 43x8 = 344 @ 0.34 kWh
Washing Machine 1 490 490 2 490x2 = 980 @ 0.98 kWh
Bedroom 1 Lighting 1 43 43 6 43x6 = 258 @ 0.26 kWh
Ceiling Fan 1 33 33 11 33x11 = 363 @ 0.36 kWh
Phone charger 1 18 18 3 18x3 = 54 @ 0.05 kWh
Bedroom 2 Lighting 2 43 43 6 43x6 = 258 @ 0.26 kWh
Ceiling Fan 1 33 33 8 33x8 = 304 @ 0.30 kWh
Bedroom 3 Lighting 1 43 43 2 43x2 = 86 @ 0.09 kWh
Ceiling Fan 1 33 33 2 33x2 = 66 @ 0.07 kWh
Bedroom 4 Lighting 1 43 43 4 43x4 = 172 @ 0.17 kWh
Ceiling Fan 2 33 33 13 33x13 = 429 @ 0.43 kWh
Phone charger 1 18 18 4 18x4 = 72 @ 0.07 kWh
Toilet 1 Lighting 1 43 43 6 43x6 = 258 @ 0.26 kWh
Toilet 2 Lighting 1 43 43 6 43x6 = 258 @ 0.26 kWh
toilet 3 Lighting 1 43 43 8 43x8 = 344 @ 0.34 kWh
127.24m2/ 33.06
OVERALL TOTAL OF ELECTRIC USED 33.06 kWh kWh = 0.26

Table 15: Energy Consumption at Case Study 4

This home has a total floor area of 127.24 m2. The quantity of kWh used in such

residence every day is 33.06 kWh. This building has an energy performance of 0.26.

Kitchen1 was the most energy-intensive section. The kitchen uses 24.8 kWh of

electricity. This is due to the presence of electric appliances, such as a refrigerator,

which must be turned on 24 hours a day and consumes a significant amount of

electricity voltage. The living room 1 was the other location that utilised the most

power. It consumed 2.43 kWh every day. Furthermore, bedroom 3 utilised the least

amount of electricity. The total amount of power utilised in the area is 0.16 kWh. This

is because that room is unoccupied and only used if there are thing to retrieve from

that room. The occupant of the room is rarely at home.

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3.4.2 Improvement Strategies Suggestions at Case Study 4

1) Automate electric appliances with smart assistants

• Every modern house buyer these days is seeking for smart homes that will

make their life easier while also lowering their carbon impact. Smart gadgets

monitor power use and turn off when not in use. Humans may forget, but

they never forget, and who wouldn't want them in their home? A smart home

is in high demand and is an excellent method to boost the value of your

property. Smart assistants let you to operate your appliances even when you

are not present. You can control your appliances and switch them off

remotely using smart assistant routines to save time and energy.

2) Bring in more natural light

• Make the most of natural light by designing with bright colours, strategically

placing mirrors, and placing workplaces near windows so that you don't have

to leave the lights on all day. A single south-facing window may illuminate an

area that is 20 to 100 times its size. Turning off one 60-watt bulb for four

hours every day saves $9 over the course of a year.

3) Turn off electronics and appliances when they’re not in use.

• Recharging your computer wastes power and reduces the life of your

equipment. The same is true for televisions, printers, and other electrical

devices. If you notice the indication light on, you're wasting energy. Much

equipment, like battery chargers, use electricity even while not in use.

Reduce so-called vampire power use to save money.

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CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

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4.0 CONCLUSION

To sum up, it can be shown that houses with much more electrical appliances

consume more electricity than houses with fewer electrical appliances. The overall

number of tenants also influences the daily total consumption rate. Even however, the

number of people inside the house is not a certain element in the variation in electrical

consumption rate because this also depends on how each individual uses electrical

items in the house.

In this study, case study 4 had the highest average monthly electric bill of

RM150, followed by case study 1 with an average monthly price of RM80. Case study

3 had an average monthly energy bill of RM30, whereas Case Study 2 had an average

monthly electric bill of RM20.

For obvious reasons, the number of tenants and electrical appliances will be

the most important factors in determining energy usage in the home. For example, in

case studies 2 and 4, energy consumption is influenced by electrical appliances,

whereas in case study 3, it is influenced by a list of tenants. Unlike the other case

studies, Case Study 1 is unaffected by these two major factors. According to the list

of electrical appliances and renters in Case Study 1, the energy usage should be

higher than in Case Study 3. The primary source of energy consumption in Case Study

1 is the use of electrical appliances (hrs). As a result, case study 1 does not have the

highest bill.

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