t.

ep
D
Chapter 5

E
Stability Analyses
,C
U
ET
M
 t.
ep
Stability against uplift

D
„
„ Stability against overturning

E
„ Stability against sliding and shear

,C
„ Check of stresses
U
ET
M
 t.
Seepage Analysis

ep
D
„ Finite difference techniques
Finite element techniques

E
„

,C
„ Electrical analog models
„ Flow net analysis
U
„ Lane’s creep analysis
ET
M
 t.
ep
Ku

Kd

D
H0
Kst

E
,C
Hx

u/s x
U
blanket Lx
ET

Seepage path
Sheet pile
cutoff walls
M
Lane’s Creep Analysis

t.
ep
•Required condition:

D
L cr ≥ CH

E
,C
Lcr=Minimum required creep length for no piping
C =Relative permeability
H =Net head
U
Consider 2 cases for H:
ET

Overflowing: H=Ku - Kd
Select greater H
M

Full upst/no tailwater: H=Ks - Kr

 t.
NOTE:For overflowing case, consider Q100 to Q5

ep
Lane states that permeability in horizontal direction is
3 times greater than that of the vertical direction

D
∴Vertical seepage force=3*horizontal seepage force

E
⇓

,C
•Take vertical distance as it is
•Take horizontal distance as 1/3 of actual distance
U
1
ΣL cr = ΣL ver + ΣL hor
ET

v
3 α

h
α≥45°⇒consider vertical, α<45°⇒consider horizontal
M
 t.
ep
a) If ΣLcr≥CH O.K.

D
b) If ΣLcr<CH

Take measures to increase Lcr:

E
,C
*Place deeper sheet piles and cutoff walls
*Increase the length of upstream blanket
U
ET
M
 t.
Case 1: Full upstream and no tailwater

ep
Ks

D
E
P
H
Hx

,C
Kst
(1)
(2 Kr
)
U
x
ET

Lx
M
Let u be the uplift pressure head in m

t.
ep
u1=P u2=0
Let us determine the uplift pressure head at point
x

D
Headloss up to point x:

E
H
Lx

,C
ΣL cr

ux=static head-headloss
U
If ΣLcr=CH
ET

Lx
ux = Hs −
C
M
 t.
Case 2: Overflowing case

ep
Ku

D
Kd

E
H0
Kst
Hx

,C
U
x
ET

Lx
M
 t.
Headloss up to point x:

ep
H
Lx
ΣL cr

D
ux=static head-headloss

E
,C
If ΣLcr=CH
Lx
ux = Hs −
U
C
ET

Note: For overflowing case consider maximum H among

Q100, Q50, Q25, Q10, Q5
M
Measures against uplift reduction

t.
ep
*reduce permeability of soil (mixing of different soils)
*increase the seepage path by
-cutoff wall

D
-sheet piling
-upstream blanket
*provide filters and drains beneath construction joints

E
Upstream
sidewall
Downstream

,C
sidewall

Spillway
U
Sill
ET

upstream
blanket Drain Filter Stilling basin
Riprap
Sheet piling Cutoff
M

Construction
joints
 Prior to stability analyses, assign suitable

t.
dimensions to foundation elements of spillway

ep
and intake

D
E
,C
U
Δu Δsd
Δsu
ET

EL3 EL4 Settling basin EL5

Hsp u/s blanket
EL1 EL2 EL6
EL7

Sheet
M

Lub L1 L2 L3 Ls L4 L5
piling
Stability against uplift:

t.
Consider only the apron of

ep
*stilling basin for full upstream and no tailwater case
*settling basin under K100 when intake gates are closed

D
Ks Ks

E
1
Kst

,C
Spillway
L 2
Kr
U
Δ
Stilling basin W
ET

u2
u1

Fu
M
 t.
Gate closed

ep
Ks

D
E
Kst
1 Kr

,C
L 2
Δ
Sluiceways
Stilling basin W
U
u2
u1
ET

Fu
M
 t.
Gate closed

ep
K100

D
E
Kend
Kst L

,C
1 Δ
intake 2
Settling basin
W
U
u2
u1
ET

Fu

W
FS u = ≥ 120
.
Fu
M
 Stability against shear and sliding

t.
ep
*Consider the overall structure (body+apron)

*Ignore the effects of cutoff walls and passive resistance

D
*Replace spillway by an equivalent trapezoidal section

E
(or use computerized tools)

,C
U
Kst
Spillway
ET

Body
M

Cut off walls are ignored

 t.
Ks

ep
D
Kst Fw
Fh

E
Fdv1 5
Kr
1

,C
2 Fdh1 Fdv2 Fdv3
Fuh
Fs W1
Fdh2 Fdh3
U
3 W3
W2
ET

Fu
M
 Empty upstream case

t.
ep
D
Kst

E
Fdv1
Kr
Fdh1

,C
Fdv2 Fdv3
Fs W1 Fdh2
Fdh3
U
W2 W3
ET
M
 t.
f cf * ΣV
FSs =

ep
ΣH

D
f cf * ΣV + 0.5A sh τs
FSss =
ΣH

E
,C
Minimum safety factors:
U
• For sliding: 1.2
ET

• For shear and sliding: 3.0

M
Stability against overturning

t.
ep
Consider only spillway

D
Ks

E
Kst Fw
Fh

,C
Fdv1

Fdh1
Fuh
Fs W1
U
toe
heel
ET

(ΣM r )O
FSo = > 1.5
(ΣM o )O Fu
M
 t.
Empty upstream case

ep
D
Kst

E
Fdv1

,C Fdh1
U
Fs W1
ET

heel toe
M
Check of base pressures

t.
ep
B
ΣV

D
c e x

E
heel toe

,C
σmin
σmax

ΣV Mc
U
σ= m
A I
ET

σmax≤σc
σmax≤σf/1.3
M

σmin>σt
Design of side walls

t.
Cantilever type RC retaining walls are preferable!

ep
Ksw tsw

D
h1

E
GWT P1

,C
U y2,max

Kus
Stilling h2 P2
basin P4
ET

P3
Kbs
tslab
M

Bsw
 1 1 − sin θ

t.
P1 = K a γ dry h12 Ka =
2 1 + sin θ

ep
P2 = K a γ dry h1 h 2

D
1
P3 = K a γ sub h 22

E
2

,C
1
P4 = γ w h 22
2
U
Determine thicknesses of the stem and footing such that
ET

fΣV
FSs = ≥ 15
. Are base pressures acceptable?
ΣH
M
 Determination of crest elevation of upstream

t.
levees: Standard step method

ep
K100
A

D
Q100 ymax

E
A
ΣΔx
profile

f f*
,C High water level (raised water)
U
y 1
z
ET

LT Levee Low water

level Levee

Cross-section A-A
M

f = 0.2(1 + y) f ≅ f + 2.0
* y(m), f(m)
Design of Diversion Facility

t.
ep
u/s cofferdam d/s cofferdam

D
E
River Dry construction zone
flow

,C
U
ET

Diversion canal

Plan view
M
 t.
ep
u/s cofferdam Plan view d/s cofferdam

River A A
Dry construction zone

D
flow
A B

E
B Ldc

ymax
Kta ,C Q10 yc
Kc
KB
U
Sodc Δ Ktb
Diversion canal
ET

A
B
M
 t.
G=(z/5)+3

ep
f
3m

Hu:Hv Hd:Hd z

D
h

Core

E
(Hu/Hv-1/2):1 (impervious) (Hd/Hd-1/2):1

Pervious soil Cross-section A-A

,C f
U
z 1
ET

1.5
bop

Cross-section B-B
M
 t.
Total cost of the diversion facility

ep
C T = C C + C uc + C dc

D
CC= cost of diversion canal
Cuc=cost of upstream cofferdam
Cdc=cost of downstream cofferdam

E
[
C C = ( b op z + 15
. z 2 )C e + ( b op + 3.61z)C l + ( b op + 3z + 10)C ex L dc ]
,C
Costs of cofferdams on an impervious foundation:
U
⎧⎪⎡ (3 + z) z ⎤ ⎡ ⎡⎛ H u H d ⎞ ⎛ z ⎞ ⎤ z ( 3 + z) z ⎤ ⎫⎪
ET

C uc = ⎨⎢ ⎥ Ccore + ⎢ ⎢⎜ + ⎟ z + 2⎜ + 3⎟ ⎥ − ⎥ C per ⎬LT

⎪⎩⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎣⎝ Vu Vd ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠⎦ 2 2 ⎦ ⎪⎭

⎧⎪⎡ (3 + w ) w ⎤ ⎡ ⎡⎛ H u H d ⎞ ⎛ w ⎞ ⎤ w (3 + w ) w ⎤ ⎫⎪
M

Cdc = ⎨⎢ ⎥ Ccore + ⎢ ⎢⎜ + ⎟ w + 2⎜ + 3⎟ ⎥ − ⎥ C per ⎬LT

⎪⎩⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎣⎝ Vu Vd ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠⎦ 2 2 ⎦ ⎪⎭
 t.
ep
z=height of upstream cofferdam= ymax+f

Ce=unit cost of excavation

D
Cl=unit cost of canal lining
Cex=unit cost of expropriation

E
,C
Ldc=length of diversion canal
Ccore=unit cost of embankment core construction
Cper=unit cost of embankment pervious fill construction
U
LT=width of the river at the construction site
W=height of the downstream cofferdam≈z-0.50
ET
M
Recommendation:

t.
(Hu:Vu)=(2.5:1.0)

ep
for the outer layers
(Hd:Vd)=(2.5:1.0)

D
(Hu:Vu)=(2.0:1.0)

E
for the core sections
(Hd:Vd)=(2.0:1.0)

,C
Order of unit prices
Ce=US$20/m3
U
Cl=US$25/m2
ET

Cex=US$40/m2
Ccore=US$35/m3
Cper=US$25/m3
M