PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲

Quantum scattering in quasi-one-dimensional cylindrical confinement

J. I. Kim,1 J. Schmiedmayer,1 and P. Schmelcher1,2

1
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
2
Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
共Received 22 December 2004; published 17 October 2005兲

Finite-size effects not only alter the energy levels of small systems, but can also lead to additional effective
interactions within these systems. Here the problem of low-energy quantum scattering by a spherically sym-
metric short-range potential in the presence of a general cylindrical confinement is investigated. A Green’s
function formalism is developed which accounts for the full three-dimensional 共3D兲 nature of the scattering
potential by incorporating all phase shifts and their couplings. This quasi-1D geometry gives rise to scattering
resonances and weakly localized states, whose binding energies and wave functions can be systematically
calculated. Possible applications include, e.g., impurity scattering in ballistic quasi-1D quantum wires in
mesoscopic systems and in atomic matter-wave guides. In the particular case of parabolic confinement, the
present formalism can also be applied to pair collision processes such as two-body interactions. Weakly bound
pairs and quasimolecules induced by the confinement and having zero or higher orbital angular momentum can
be predicted, such as p- and d-wave pairings.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.72.042711 PACS number共s兲: 34.10.⫹x, 03.75.Be, 05.30.Fk, 05.30.Jp

I. INTRODUCTION tant variable in the transport properties and can be strongly

Matter at very small dimensions can be strongly affected
by boundary and surface effects. Bulk three-dimensional
共3D兲 properties may then change substantially or even disap-
pear. Reaching this regime poses a long-term challenge mo-
tivated among other factors by the continuous technological
drive toward ever smaller information processing devices
关1兴. Below a certain limit of small length scales, unusual
quantum electronic properties may appear and be useful in
order to develop alternative devices 关2兴.
Recent developments in atomic physics have addressed
similar questions by using atom-optical devices 共or atom
chips兲 made out of surface-patterned substrates 关3–8兴 or by
means of laser manipulation of atoms for trapping 关9兴 and
atomic lithography 关10兴. Analogous to electronic matter
waves, these devices and techniques have the potential to
trap and manipulate atomic matter waves down to submicro-
meter scales. A vast range of phenomena with atoms can then
be studied, several of them having close relationships to spe-
cific solid state systems.
Of particular interest for both bulk and atomic systems is
the quasi-1D regime of quantum coherent single-mode trans-
port. In this ultimate limit, the degrees of freedom in the
transversal trapping directions are effectively frozen in the
quantum-limited ground state of the confining potential.
Such one-dimensional system can show distinct physical
properties e.g., in quasi-1D quantum wires in two-
dimensional electron gas 共2DEG兲 systems 关2,11–18兴 and
Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids 关19–21兴. In elongated gases of
ultracold atoms, the one dimensionality is revealed, e.g., in
magnetic guides 关3–8兴, in phase fluctuations of quasiconden-
sates 关22–24兴, the Tonks-Girardeau gas of impenetrable
bosons 关25–30兴, or one-dimensional optical lattices 关31,32兴.
In this broad context, we address two processes that are af-
fected by the quasi-1D geometry. On one hand, the matter
waves can be scattered off, e.g., impurities or defects fixed
along the guide. This scattering by central fields is an impor-
affected by the confinement. This has been revealed by sev-
eral studies of mesoscopic systems in the context of the Lan-
dauer approach to the quantized conductance of quantum
point contacts in the presence of impurities 关13–16兴. On the
other hand, two-body collision processes should be dealt
with when the matter wave consists of interacting particles.
A full understanding of these low-dimensional systems
should therefore deal with both types of scattering. It should
also derive ad hoc phenomenological parameters such as ef-
fective low-dimensional coupling strengths from the real 3D
character of the interactions. Another context in which such
dimensional reduction plays a role is the transmission and
reflection of electromagnetic 关33兴 and elastic 关34兴 waves in
transmission lines or resonators.
New light has recently been shed on this subject by stud-
ies of atomic collisions in 1D 关35–38兴 and 2D 关39–41兴. Fo-
cusing on a parabolic cylindrical confinement, for which the
center of mass can be eliminated, pioneering predictions for
collision processes are possible, e.g., that of confinement-
induced scattering resonances 共CIR兲 in 1D. In such a reso-
nance 关35–37兴, a total reflection may take place between the
colliding atoms. The s-wave 共or zero-range兲 approximation
to the scattering potential 关35,36兴 may be partially lifted,
provided the coupling of orbital angular momenta due to the
cylindrical geometry is not considered 关37兴. Another prop-
erty induced by the confinement and closely related to CIR is
the formation of weakly bound quasimolecules with zero
共s-wave兲 orbital angular momentum 关38兴, which have been
recently observed with singlet fermionic atoms in tight laser
traps 关32兴. Coupling to the center of mass under nonpara-
bolic confinement in the s-wave approximation is treated in
关42兴 and can lead to the appearance of additional CIRs. In the
independent and distinct context of impurity scattering stud-
ies, rectangular geometries predominate, which are most
suitable for the growth of semiconductor heterostructures.
Similar properties of resonant scattering and weakly local-
ized states are then predicted for noninteracting 2DEG sys-

1050-2947/2005/72共4兲/042711共15兲/$23.00 042711-1 ©2005 The American Physical Society

KIM, SCHMIEDMAYER, AND SCHMELCHER
tems. This is demonstrated in the s-wave approximation to
the scattering potential in 关13兴. Finite-range scatterers under
general rectangular confinement are also considered, but in
an already reduced two-dimensional space 关14–16兴.
In this work, a detailed formalism is presented that ex-
tends the results for impurity scattering and collisions. It can
treat general cylindrical confinement, parabolic or not, and
incorporate all scattering phase shifts beyond s waves, as
well as the full couplings of orbital angular momenta due to
the broken spherical symmetry. A comprehensive assessment
of the scattering process reveals the most important mecha-
nisms and parameters at play. From this unified description,
CIRs are seen to be a general low-energy effect in quasi-1D
geometries. It might be useful, e.g., as an alternative gating
mechanism in low-power transistorlike devices that could
incorporate quasi-1D structures 关2,11–17,43兴. The existence
of weakly localized bound states and quasimolecules can, in
turn, be extended to include higher orbital angular momen-
tum pairing, whose binding energies and wave functions can
be systematically computed.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II the present
problem of scattering in confined geometries is formulated
for scattering by both central fields and collision processes.
In Sec. III, the s-wave approximation to the scattering poten-
tial is briefly reviewed. In Sec. IV, after an overview of the
free-space scattering, our formalism in terms of Green’s
functions and phase shifts is developed. In Sec V, this for-
malism is applied to analyze two types of confinement-
induced effects, namely, CIR and weakly localized states. A
discussion of the main approximations used is given in Sec.
VI, followed by the conclusions.
II. SCATTERING IN LOW DIMENSIONALITY
In a low-energy scattering process under confinement, one
expects the scattering potential to affect primarily the de-
grees of freedom not experiencing external confinement. The
other degrees of freedom are then forced to occupy only one
or very few confined states. However, the very existence of
these confined states does play a role due to virtual transi-
tions. The effects of the latter can become noticeable when
properly examining the unconfined degrees of freedom. In
this regard one is led to calculate effective scattering ampli-
tudes as given by Eq. 共5b兲.
These amplitudes provide a complete description of the
quasi-1D problem. For real energies, they describe the scat-
042711-2
PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲
FIG. 1. 共a兲 Longitudinal profile of the cylin-
drical guide. The scattering potential V共r兲 is lim-
ited to within the spherical shaded area at the
center. 共b兲 Total potential energy along the trans-
verse xy plane passing through the origin r = 0
共thick curve兲. For an attractive V共r兲, one deep E0
and another shallow EB bound state without con-
finement are indicated, with their respective prob-
ability density profiles 共dotted curves兲.
tering properties of running waves. Weakly localized states
are then found in the complex-energy plane.
A. Hamiltonian under confinement
Consider first the scattering of a single particle of mass ␮
and coordinates r = 共x , y , z兲 by a central field fixed at the ori-
gin. Let V共r兲 be the spherically symmetric scattering poten-
tial and U共␳兲 the cylindrically symmetric confining potential,
where ␳ = 共x , y兲 denotes the transverse coordinates. The
Hamiltonian is then given by
ប2 2
H=− ⵜ + U共␳兲 + V共r兲. 共1兲
2␮
If RV and RU are the ranges of V共r兲 and U共␳兲, respectively,
then 兩V兩 Ⰶ V0 for r Ⰷ RV and U Ⰶ U0 for ␳ Ⰶ RU, where V0 and
U0 are characteristic energy scales, such as the respective
ground-state energies 共see Fig. 1兲. Two particular examples
are the parabolic confinement U共␳兲 = ␮␻⬜ ␳ / 2, for which RU
2 2
is of the order of the oscillator length a⬜ = 共ប / ␮␻⬜兲1/2 and
the square well 共or hard wall兲 such that U共␳兲 → + ⬁ for ␳
艌 RU and zero otherwise. The first condition on the scatter-
ing and on the confining potentials assumed in this work is
RV Ⰶ RU. In this sense, both the potentials V共r兲 and U共␳兲 can
be relatively general for this type of scattering process. This
condition implies that there is a distinct region RV Ⰶ r Ⰶ RU
where spherical symmetry still prevails and one can define
scattering phase shifts. This is an 共intermediate兲 asymptotic
region, where the effect of the confinement U共␳兲 is felt only
as a boundary condition to the scattering by V共r兲 共see Sec.
IV C兲. Figure 1 depicts the geometry of the problem. An-
other important condition for the validity of the present ap-
proach to scattering in confined geometries is the condition
k ⬃ 1 / RU of low total scattering energy E ⬅ ប2k2 / 2␮ 共or
Fermi energy兲 for the Hamiltonian H. Only a few excited
transverse states ␸n above the ground state 关see Eq. 共2兲兴 can
be effectively populated. The scattering process is thus as-
sumed to occur at low temperatures or under sufficiently
tight confinement.
Alternatively, consider the case of collisions between,
e.g., two cold atoms of masses m and coordinates ri
= 共␳i , zi兲, i = 1 , 2. R = 共r1 + r2兲 / 2 and r = r1 − r2 denote the cen-
ter of mass 共c.m.兲 and relative coordinates, respectively. The
total Hamiltonian is
QUANTUM SCATTERING IN QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL… PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲

冉 冊 关ⵜ2 − u共␳兲 + k2兴⌿共r兲 = v共r兲⌿共r兲, 共4a兲

2
ប2 2
H2 = 兺 − ⵜ + Uc共␳i兲 + V共r兲,
i=1 2m i where E ⬅ ប2k2 / 2␮ ⬎ 0 is the total scattering energy, u共␳兲
where Uc is the cylindrical confinement and V the two-body ⬅ 2␮U共␳兲 / ប2, and v共r兲 ⬅ 2␮V共r兲 / ប2. The above-mentioned
interaction potential. For this scattering process Uc should be couplings and virtual transitions are best seen by expanding
parabolic, so that the c.m. can be separated exactly. The the solution in the cylindrical basis defined by the ␸n’s,
Hamiltonian for the relative coordinates is then given by Eq. ⬁
共1兲, where ␮ = m / 2 becomes the 共collisional兲 effective mass
⌿共r兲 = 兺 ␺n共z兲␸n共␳兲, 共4b兲
and U共␳兲 = 2Uc共␳ / 2兲. For nonparabolic confinement, addi- n=0
tional scattering resonances that can occur even at weak cou-
pling to the c.m. 关42兴 is not included in Eq. 共1兲. However, at and solving for each ␺n共z兲. Substituting into Eq. 共4a兲, multi-
ultracold temperatures for which only the lowest transversal plying by ␸*n, integrating, and using Eq. 共2兲 yields
states of the guide are occupied, the probability to find the
atoms in the center of the guide is largest. Consequently, it
might be a reasonable zeroth-order approximation to assume
on average that the c.m. coordinates are also confined to the
冉 d2
dz2
冊
+ k2 − q2n ␺n共z兲 = 冕 dx dy ␸*n共␳兲v共r兲⌿共r兲.

center of the guide. Therefore Eq. 共1兲 is a starting point to the For a given total energy E, one defines the longitudinal wave
dynamics of the relative coordinates for a general interaction vectors kn by

再 冎
V共r兲, in which the c.m. fluctuations around the mean value
具R典 = 0 are at the present stage neglected. 冑k2 − q2n if 0 艋 n 艋 nE ,
Because of the symmetry of U共␳兲 + V共r兲, the scattering kn =
i冑q2n − k2 if n ⬎ nE ,
solutions can be restricted to be axially symmetric. The cor-
responding axially symmetric and orthonormalized eigen- where nE is the largest integer such that qnE ⬍ k ⬍ q1+nE and
states of the confined variables ␸n共␳兲 , n = 0,1,2,…, satisfy
denotes the highest “open channel.” In the single-mode re-

冋 冉
−
ប2 ⳵2
+
⳵2
2␮ ⳵ x2 ⳵ y 2
冊
+ U共␳兲 ␸n共␳兲 = ⑀n␸n共␳兲 册 共2兲
gime nE = 0. As usual, the general solution ␺n共z兲 can be ex-
pressed in terms of a homogeneous solution and a particular
inhomogeneous solution, ␺ f,n共z兲. This inhomogeneous solu-
where ⑀n ⬅ ប2q2n / 2␮ ⬎ 0 are the transversal energies, with tion can be written in terms of the 1D Green’s function
q 0 ⬃ 1 / R U.
eikn兩z兩
B. 1D scattering
Gn共z兲 = − , Gn⬙ + k2nGn = − ␦共z − z⬘兲,
2ikn
In a purely 1D problem let the 1D interaction potential
V1D共z兲 have the finite range R1D around the origin z = 0, such describing an outward scattering for n 艋 nE and an exponen-
that V1D ⬇ 0 for 兩z兩 Ⰷ R1D. The scattering problem for an in- tially decaying virtual state for the “closed channels” n
coming plane wave eik0z can be described by the amplitudes ⬎ nE. Then for all n

冕
f ± in the asymptotic behavior of the solution ␺共z兲 in the
transmission and reflection regions ␺ f,n共z兲 = − d3r⬘Gn共z − z⬘兲␸*n共␳⬘兲v共r⬘兲⌿共r⬘兲.

␺共z兲 = 再 eik0z + f +eik0z,

e ik0z − −ik0z
+f e ,
R1D Ⰶ z,
z Ⰶ − R1D .
冎 The expansion Eq. 共4b兲 of ⌿共r兲 takes then the form

Current conservation then yields nE ⬁

⌿共r兲 = 兺 bneiknz␸n共␳兲 + 兺 ␺ f,n共z兲␸n共␳兲, 共4c兲
兩1 + f +兩2 = 1 − 兩f −兩2 . 共3兲 n=0 n=0

Particular cases are resonant transmission 共f + → 0兲 and total

reflection 共f + → −1兲 at finite k0 and finite potentials.
C. Effective 1D scattering
The above 1D picture corresponds to a fixed unperturbed
transversal state, e.g., the ground state ␸0共␳兲. The total wave
function would then have the form ␺共z兲␸0共␳兲 where scatter-
ing effects would occur only in ␺共z兲. However, transitions to
other states ␸n共␳兲 , n = 1, 2, …, even as virtual transitions,
arise from the coupling between the ␸n’s caused by the scat-
tering potential V共r兲.
Let ⌿共r兲 be the full 3D axially symmetric scattering so-
lution to Eq. 共1兲,
where the homogeneous part bneiknz of each ␺n共z兲, for some
constant bn, gives rise to the total incoming state and thus is
limited to the open channels n 艋 nE only.
The asymptotic condition is obtained in the limit 兩z兩 → ⬁
by neglecting the exponentially decaying terms ␺ f,n共z兲 in Eq.
共4c兲 for n ⬎ nE. Using then 兩z − z⬘兩 = 兩z兩 ⫿ z⬘ in Gn, for z
→ ± ⬁, one has
nE
⌿共r兲 ⬇ 兺 共bneiknz + f ±n eikn兩z兩兲␸n共␳兲, 共5a兲
n=0
where the effective 1D scattering amplitudes f ±n are defined
by 共for n 艋 nE兲

042711-3
KIM, SCHMIEDMAYER, AND SCHMELCHER
FIG. 2. A pictorial view of a scattering “path” of a particle
coming from the left. Outside the effective 1D range 兩z兩 Ⰷ R1D ⬘ , the
particle is stabilized by the confinement back into, e.g., the trans-
versal ground state 共for the single-mode regime nE = 0兲. Here the net
effect of the scattering is contained in the amplitudes f −0 and f +0 of
backward and forward scattering, respectively. Within the dashed
circle, however, the spherical symmetry prevails. The phase infor-
mation of the wave function within this region is then captured by
f ±0 .
f ±n ⬅
1
2ikn
冕 d3r⬘关e±iknz⬘␸n共␳⬘兲兴 v共r⬘兲⌿共r⬘兲,
*
共5b兲
for forward z ⬎ 0 and backward z ⬍ 0 scattering, respectively.
Note first that although 兩z兩 Ⰷ 兩z⬘兩, the phase knz⬘ in f ±n is not
necessarily negligible since kn兩z⬘兩 ⬃ 2␲ for sufficiently large
momentum kn and depending on the range RV of the interac-
tion v共r⬘兲. This phase is negligible only when the wavelength
2␲ / kn of the incoming wave is not able to resolve the details
of the potential v共r⬘兲 at low momenta. In this case, a zero-
range or s-wave approximation to v共r⬘兲 is valid. However,
this approximation should break down when the scattering
occurs at short wavelengths or when higher angular mo-
menta become necessary. Note that there is no clearly de-
fined 1D range R1D as in the purely 1D case, since the as-
ymptotics given by Eq. 共5a兲 depends on the convergence
behavior of the series in Eq. 共4c兲. If the convergence is slow,
one expects an effective 1D range, say R1D ⬘ , substantially
larger than RV or even RU. It is an effective range for the 1D
collision and is of the order of the minimum separation from
the scattering center, such that Eq. 共5a兲 is the dominant con-
tribution to the scattering wave function 共see Fig. 2兲. As
regards collision processes, this effective range sets some
limits on the average equilibrium distance between the col-
liding particles.
The present formalism for quantum scattering under con-
finement is approximate but nonperturbative, in the sense
that there is no small parameter around which an expansion
is performed. The determination of its range of validity is
chosen here by imposing the conservation of probability on
the final wave functions. The probability conservation con-
dition in 3D and the identity 兰⍀d3rdivj共r兲 = 兰Sc+S1+S2d2S · j共r兲
for a volume ⍀ enclosed by a large cylinder of surface area
Sc and by two transversal disks of surface areas S1 at z1 ⬍ 0
and S2 at z2 ⬎ 0 yields
0= 冕 Sc
d␾ dz ␳关␳ˆ · j共r兲兴 − 冕
S1
dx dy关k̂ · j共r兲兴
+冕 S2
dx dy关k̂ · j共r兲兴,
where ␳ˆ and k̂ are cylindrical unit vectors. Applying ⌿
042711-4
PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲
= 兺n␺n␸n, the first integral on the right-hard side共RHS兲 van-
ishes for large radius ␳ → ⬁ since each ␸n共␳兲 → 0. The other
two integrals yield
⬁
0 = 兺 关− jn共z1兲 + jn共z2兲兴,
n=0
where jn共z兲 are 1D currents calculated with ␺n共z兲. Setting
⬘ one can use the asymptotics for ␺n in Eq. 共5a兲
z1,2 ⬃ ⫿ R1D
so that the total conservation condition reads
nE
0 = 兺 共兩bn + f +n 兩2 + 兩f −n 兩2 − 兩bn兩2兲kn . 共5c兲
n=0
This equation extends the pure 1D result in Eq. 共3兲. It also
determines how the initial flux is distributed among the open
channels. In other words, even when the initial state occupies
only a single channel, i.e., bn = ␦0,n, new channels are occu-
pied due to scattering, if the total energy is large enough,
nE ⬎ 0. This conservation condition can serve then as a gauge
for the range of validity of our approximations to the ampli-
tudes f ±n .
III. SCATTERING IN THE s-WAVE APPROXIMATION
In many circumstances, the low-energy scattering in free
space can be well described by approximating the interaction
V共r兲 by the Fermi-Huang zero-range potential 关44,45兴
2 ␲ ប 2a ⳵
V␦共r兲 = ␦共r兲 共r · 兲. 共6a兲
␮ ⳵r
This approximation singles out the l = 0 angular momentum
component of the collision and thus depends only on the
s-wave scattering length a. The regularization ⳵共r · 兲 / ⳵r as-
sures that the singularity 1 / r of the full scattering solution to
this V␦共r兲 is properly dealt with.
For collisions in a strong parabolic confinement and using
Eq. 共6a兲, the series in Eq. 共4c兲 also has a singularity for short
distances r → 0 very similar to 1 / r. By properly dealing with
this singularity, with 关35兴 or without any regularization 关36兴,
the amplitudes f ±n in Eq. 共5b兲 can be calculated. In the single-
mode regime 共nE = 0兲 and for small longitudinal momenta k0
one obtains
1
f ±0 = − , 共6b兲
1 + i关− 共a⬜
2
/2a兲共1 − Ca/a⬜兲兴k0
where C = 1.4603… and a⬜ is the harmonic oscillator length
of the parabolic confinement 关35,36兴. Here, a total reflection
f +0 = −1 is predicted for large scattering lengths, on the order
of the confinement length, such that a⬜ = Ca, which is called
the confinement-induced resonance 关35兴. This total reflection
means that the colliding pair experiences a diverging effec-
tive 1D interaction along the longitudinal cylindrical axis
共see Sec. V D 1兲.
It will be seen later that such a singularitiy should actually
be the same singularity 1 / r. It arises from the 3D free-space
Green’s function and becomes dominant as r → 0 away from
the confining boundaries 共see Secs. IV B and VI兲. This latter
QUANTUM SCATTERING IN QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL… PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲

identification is one of the elements that will allow us to tion given by ␪ and ␾ at large distances r Ⰷ RV from the
incorporate all partial waves l 艌 1 besides the s wave. In scattering center. Using the expansion 兩r − r⬘兩 ⬃ r − r · r⬘ / r in
addition, the above conclusions concerning CIR under para- Eq. 共7b兲, Eq. 共7a兲 becomes
bolic confinement will be seen to hold not only for general
interactions V共r兲, as first examined in 关37兴, but also for gen- eikr e−ikr
⌽共r兲 ⬇ ⌽i共r兲 + f out + f in , r Ⰷ RV , 共8a兲
eral nonparabolic confinement U共␳兲. In this sense the present r r
formalism is of a more general character.
with

IV. SCATTERING PHASE SHIFTS

In the following, a general formalism is developed in or-

f out,in = −
␥±
4␲
冕 d3r⬘共e±ik·r⬘兲*v共r⬘兲⌽共r⬘兲, 共8b兲

der to calculate the scattering amplitudes for any given finite
short-ranged and spherically symmetric scattering potential
V共r兲. This is done by expressing the amplitudes f ±n in terms
of the scattering phase shifts ␦l associated with this V共r兲. Our
formalism is also able to deal with a broad range of confine-
ments U共␳兲 as well as scattering energies above the transver-
sal ground state. Particularly relevant is the straightforward
accounting of angular momenta couplings due to the con-
where k ⬅ kr / r depends on the direction 共␪ , ␾兲 of r. It can be
clearly seen that these amplitudes have a shape similar to
their equivalent effective 1D amplitudes f ±n in Eq. 共5b兲. To
express the amplitudes in terms of the phase shifts an angular
momentum decomposition of f out,in is necessary. Following
standard procedures 关46,47兴, we obtain from Eq. 共8b兲
⬁

finement. We begin by providing the connection to scattering f out,in = − ␥± 兺 共⫿i兲l共2l + 1兲␶l Pl共cos ␪兲, 共9a兲
in free space. l=0

with the definition

A. Phase shifts in free-space scattering
The standard formalism for free-space scattering by a cen-
tral potential is recast in a form suitable for later comparison.
␶l ⬅
1
4␲
冕 d3r⬘关jl共kr⬘兲Pl共cos ␪⬘兲兴v共r⬘兲⌽共r⬘兲, 共9b兲

The main idea is to express all quantities relevant for scat-

tering in terms of the phase shifts. The rationale is that these
phase shifts can be considered as intrinsic to a given scatter-
ing potential V共r兲, without much regard to details of external
boundary conditions.
In the absence of any confinement, the scattering solution
can be written as
where jl and Pl are the spherical Bessel functions and Leg-
endre polynomials, respectively. The next step is to relate the
elements ␶l to the phase shifts. Decompose ⌽i共r兲 and G共r , r⬘兲
in spherical coordinates. Substituting then into Eq. 共7a兲 for
r ⬎ r⬘ ⬃ RV and carrying out the ␾⬘ integration one obtains
for r ⬎ RV

冕
⬁

⌽共r兲 = ⌽i共r兲 − d r⬘G共r,r⬘兲v共r⬘兲⌽共r⬘兲,

3
共7a兲 ⌽共r兲 = 兺 共2l + 1兲共␤l − ik␥␶l兲jl共kr兲Pl共cos ␪兲
l=0

where ⌽i共r兲 is the incoming state and G共r , r⬘兲 is the free- ⬁

space Green’s function. In terms of outward and inward scat- + 兺 共2l + 1兲共␤l⬘ + k␶l兲nl共kr兲Pl共cos ␪兲,
tered waves, the latter reads l=0

eik兩r−r⬘兩 e−ik兩r−r⬘兩 having used Eqs. 共7c兲 and 共9b兲, and the constants ␤ and ␤⬘
G共r,r⬘兲 = ␥+ + ␥− , 共7b兲 are related to ⌽i共r兲. On the other hand, the phase shifts arise
4␲兩r − r⬘兩 4␲兩r − r⬘兩
when directly decomposing this same solution ⌽共r兲 in
for some constants ␥± obeying ␥+ + ␥− = 1. A single constant spherical coordinates and looking at the radial solutions out-
␥ can be introduced by setting side the interaction region r ⬎ RV,
1±␥ ⬁
␥± ⬅ . 共7c兲 ⌽共r兲 = 兺 cl关cos ␦l jl共kr兲 − sin ␦lnl共kr兲兴Pl共cos ␪兲.
2
l=0
In free-space scattering, the inward component proportional
to ␥− is usually absent 共i.e., ␥ = 1兲. However, one expects this Here the phase shifts ␦l are calculated from the behavior of
inflow of particles if there is, e.g., an exterior confinement the radial parts Rl共r兲 inside the scattering region r ⬍ RV only,
that forces the scattered particles back toward the center. irrespective of the details of the outer boundary conditions
This interpretation will be validated in Sec. IV B 共see also 关47兴. The boundary conditions are matched by properly
Fig. 2兲. ⌽i共r兲 and G共r , r⬘兲 are determined by the boundary choosing the constants cl, i.e., by superposing the spherical
conditions imposed on ⌽共r兲, e.g., that of an axially symmet- components. Comparing these last two forms of ⌽共r兲 yields
ric solution.
The scattering variables of interest here are the amplitudes ␤l + i␥␤l⬘
cl = 共2l + 1兲 , 共10a兲
f out,in of outward and inward waves, scattered along a direc- cos ␦l − i␥ sin ␦l

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KIM, SCHMIEDMAYER, AND SCHMELCHER PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲

␶l =
1 ␤l sin ␦l + ␤l⬘ cos ␦l
k cos ␦l − i␥ sin ␦l
, l = 0,1,…. 共10b兲 Gc共r,r⬘兲 ⬇ 冕 d␾⬘
2␲
G共r,r⬘兲 + ⌬c共r,r⬘兲, r,r⬘ Ⰶ RU ,

Considering the phase shifts ␦l 关or the scattering potential 共12兲

v共r兲兴 as given, the second relation Eq. 共10b兲 solves for the
amplitudes f out,in in Eq. 共9a兲 关and also the integral equation
Eq. 共7a兲 at distances r ⬎ RV兴. The first relation Eq. 共10a兲 in
turn determines how to superpose the spherical components
in ⌽ = 兺lclRl Pl in order to match the boundary condition con-
tained in Eq. 共8a兲.
B. Green’s functions under confinement
Just as the free-space 3D scattering amplitudes in Eqs. 共8兲
can be written in terms of the phase shifts via Eqs. 共9兲 and
共10b兲, a very similar procedure can be applied to calculate
the amplitudes f ±n characterizing the 1D effective dynamics.
In this section a key element of the formalism is worked out,
namely, the Green’s function Gc under confinement. It is
shown that Gc can be expressed in terms of the free-space
Green’s function G as in Eq. 共12兲. The final purpose, to be
achieved in Sec. IV C, is to express it as a series in spherical
coordinates, valid at least in the center of the guide where the
where ⌬c ⬅ 兰d␾⬘⌬u / 2␲. In order to obtain the functions ⌬c
and ␥ in Eq. 共7c兲 in terms of the scattering parameters, we
first write the closed-channel 共n ⬎ nE兲 wave functions of Gc
in Eq. 共11c兲 and G in Eq. 共7b兲 using cylindrical Bessel func-
tions. The latter represents a good approximation to these
transversal eigenstates for a given potential U共␳兲 close to the
guide center ␳ Ⰶ RU where U共␳兲 ⬇ 0. By subsequently com-
paring Gc and G we can determine ⌬c.
First we express the transversal eigenstates ␸n共␳兲 in terms
of the normalized Bessel function according to
Nn
␸ n共 ␳ 兲 ⬇ J0共qn␳兲, ␳ Ⰶ R U, n ⬎ nE , 共13a兲
␲1/2RU
where Nn = 兩J1共rn+1兲兩−1 and rn+1 is the 共n + 1兲th root of J0,
related to the transverse momenta qn by qnRU = rn+1. A good
expression for the roots rn+1 is given by the cosine approxi-
mation J0共x兲 ⬇ 共2 / ␲x兲1/2cos共x − ␲ / 4兲. This leads to

冉 冊
spherical symmetry prevails over the cylindrical one due to
the main assumption of a short-range scattering potential 3 ␲
qn ⬇ n + , n ⬎ nE . 共13b兲
v共r兲 and a confining potential u共␳兲 that is sufficiently flat at 4 RU
the center, RV Ⰶ RU. Such a series allows then the straightfor-
The corresponding energy dispersion relation ⑀n ⬃ n2 is qua-
ward introduction of the phase shifts.
dratic with respect to n compared to the linear one ⑀n ⬃ 2n
Consider the solution ⌿ to Eq. 共4a兲 given by the expan-
for, e.g., 2D harmonic oscillators 共see, e.g., 关35兴兲. This
sion in Eq. 共4c兲. One can rewrite Eq. 共4c兲 in the integral form
should not cause any confusion since this excited spectrum
关keeping again the ␾⬘ integration as in Eq. 共9b兲 for conve-
n ⬎ nE is summed over in Eq. 共11c兲 and leads to the
nience兴
confinement-independent free-space Green’s function G in

⌿共r兲 = ⌿i共r兲 − 冕 d3r⬘Gc共r,r⬘兲v共r⬘兲⌿共r⬘兲, 共11a兲

Eq. 共12兲. It is the lower part of the spectrum n 艋 nE, in turn,
that relates to the term ⌬c.
Indeed, we substitute Eq. 共13a兲 in the series for the closed
where the incident state is channels in Eq. 共11c兲 yielding for r , r⬘ Ⰶ RU
nE
nE 冑k2−q2n兩z−z⬘兩
⌿i共r兲 = 兺 bneiknz␸n共␳兲, 共11b兲 Gc共r,r⬘兲 ⬇ 兺 ␸n共␳兲␸*n共␳⬘兲
ei
n=0
n=0 2共− i兲冑k2 − q2n
and Gc, the axially symmetric Green’s function of the con- ⬁
q n␦ q n
冑
e− qn−k 兩z−z⬘兩
2 2
fining potential, has the form + 兺 4␲
J0共qn␳兲J0共qn␳⬘兲
冑q2n − k2 ,
⬁ n=1+nE

Gc共r,r⬘兲 = 兺 ␸n共␳兲␸*n共␳⬘兲Gn共z − z⬘兲. 共11c兲 where ␦qn = ␲ / RU is the increment of qn and we used
n=0
兩J1共rn+1兲兩2 = 2 / ␲qnRU. For r , r⬘ Ⰶ RU a continuum approxima-
It is convenient to introduce a non-axially-symmetric tion to the closed-channel series can now be applied. Sepa-
Green’s function Gu under the confining potential u共␳兲. This rating the real and imaginary parts of Gc 关supposing ␸n共␳兲
Gu then satisfies 关ⵜ2 − u共␳兲 + k2兴Gu共r , r⬘兲 = −␦共r − r⬘兲. If the real for n 艋 nE without much loss of generality兴 gives
␾-independent solution ⌿共r兲 is written as an integral equa-
cos共冑k2 − q2n兩z − z⬘兩兲
nE
tion using this ␾-dependent Gu, it follows from comparison Gc共r,r⬘兲 ⬇ i 兺 ␸n共␳兲␸n共␳⬘兲
with the integral equation Eq. 共11a兲 that Gc and Gu are re- n=0 2冑k2 − q2n
lated by 2␲Gc共r , r⬘兲 = 兰d␾⬘Gu共r , r⬘兲. Compare now the dif-
sin共冑k2 − q2n兩z − z⬘兩兲
nE
− 兺 ␸ n共 ␳ 兲 ␸ n共 ␳ ⬘兲
ferential equation of Gu and that of the free-space Green’s
function G of Eq. 共7b兲 in the region of the scattering poten- n=0 2冑k2 − q2n
tial such that r , r⬘ Ⰶ RU. Since u共␳兲 ⬇ 0 by assumption, they

冕
冑
⬁
e− q −k 兩z−z⬘兩
2 2
should differ at most by a homogeneous term, say ⌬u, so that q dq
+ J0共q␳兲J0共q␳⬘兲
Gu共r , r⬘兲 ⬇ G共r , r⬘兲 + ⌬u共r , r⬘兲, for r , r⬘ Ⰶ RU, where ⌬u satis-
q1+n 4␲ 冑q2 − k2 ,
fies the homogeneous equation 共ⵜ2 + k2兲⌬u共r , r⬘兲 = 0 and we E

obtain 共14兲

042711-6
QUANTUM SCATTERING IN QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL… PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲

冕
where q1+nE ⬎ k designates the transversal momentum of the 冑
e− q −k 兩z−z⬘兩
q1+n 2 2
E q dq
⌬c共r,r⬘兲 = − J0共q␳兲J0共q␳⬘兲
first “virtual” or closed channel n = 1 + nE. As for G, one uses
now the identity 关46兴 k 4␲ 冑q2 − k2

eik兩r−r⬘兩
4␲兩r − r⬘兩
⬁
= − 兺 共2 − ␦0,m兲cos关m共␾ − ␾⬘兲兴
+ 冉冕 k

0
dp̄
4␲
J0共q̄␳兲J0共q̄␳⬘兲sin共p̄兩z − z⬘兩兲

冊
m=0
nE
sin共kn兩z − z⬘兩兲
冕
冑
⬁
ei k −q 兩z−z⬘兩 − 兺 ␸ n共 ␳ 兲 ␸ n共 ␳ ⬘兲
2 2
q dq ,
⫻ Jm共q␳兲Jm共q␳⬘兲 , 2kn
i冑k2 − q2
n=0
0 4␲
where kn = 冑k2 − q2n and q̄ ⬅ 冑k2 − p̄2. The first term on the
and the correct branch 0 艋 arg冑k2 − q2 ⬍ / ␲ in order to obtain
RHS stems from the offset between the lower limits of inte-
for the integrated free-space Green’s function
gration q1+nE and k in Eqs. 共14兲 and 共15兲, respectively. It

冕 d␾⬘
2␲
G共r,r⬘兲
accounts for the discreteness of the low-lying transversal
states due to the confinement. The second term in the large
parentheses is of order 共k2 / 8␲ − 兺n=0 nE
N2n / 2␲RU2
兲兩z − z⬘兩 and

= i␥ 冕
k

0
q dq
4␲
J0共q␳兲J0共q␳⬘兲
cos共冑k2 − q2兩z − z⬘兩兲
冑k2 − q2
thus is relatively smaller by a factor of 兩z − z⬘兩 / RU compared
to the first term, whose order of magnitude 共q1+n
− k 兲 / 4␲ ⬃ 1 / RU can be estimated by calculating the inte-
2 1/2
2
E

− 冕 k
q dq
4␲
J0共q␳兲J0共q␳⬘兲
sin共冑k2 − q2兩z − z⬘兩兲
冑k2 − q2
gral for r , r⬘ ⬃ 0. Neglecting this second term yields

冕
0 pc
dp
⌬c共r,r⬘兲 = − J0共q␳兲J0共q␳⬘兲e−p兩z−z⬘兩 , 共16b兲
+ 冕
k
⬁
q dq
4␲
J0共q␳兲J0共q␳⬘兲
e
冑q2 − k2 .
−冑q2−k2兩z−z⬘兩
共15兲
0 4␲

where q ⬅ 共k2 + p2兲1/2 and pc ⬅ 共q1+n

To compare with the Green’s function Gc in Eq. 共14兲, we
specialize Eq. 共15兲 to r , r⬘ Ⰶ RU and impose the condition for
low total scattering energy.
The value of ␥ follows from the comparison of the imagi-
nary parts of Eqs. 共14兲 and 共15兲. Changing the integration
variable from q to 冑k2 − q2 in the first integration on the RHS
of Eq. 共15兲 and using the low-energy condition in the imagi-
nary parts of Eqs. 共14兲 and 共15兲, ␥ can be identified in the
limit r , r⬘ → 0,
nE
兩␸n共0兲兩2
␥ = 2␲ 兺
n=0 k 冑k 2 − q n2
In other words, since r , r⬘ Ⰶ RU ⬃ 1 / k, both imaginary parts
are approximated by the single same constant ␥k / 4␲, inde-
pendent of r and r⬘. Although exact values of 兩␸n共0兲兩2 can be
employed for a given potential U共␳兲, it is more instructive to
use general approximations such as 兩␸n共0兲兩2 ⬃ 1 / ␲RU 2
ob-
tained through normalization. An estimate that takes into ac-
count the spatial variation and the few nodes of ␸n is the
square-well approximation, namely, 兩␸n共0兲兩2 ⬇ N2n / ␲RU 2
Therefore, without loss of generality, one can thus write
nE
2N2n
␥=兺 2 冑 2
k k − q2n
n=0 RU
It should be mentioned that one can improve on how these
low-energy poles qn of Gc are treated. However, it suffices to
use for now the above result in order to present the formal-
ism.
By comparing the real parts of Eqs. 共14兲 and 共15兲, it is
seen that ⌬c in Eq. 共12兲 is given by
2
− k2兲1/2. The relation Eq.
E
共12兲 is then proved and will be the basis of an angular mo-
menta decomposition of the effective amplitudes f ±n in Sec.
IV C. In this regard, the weak dependence of ⌬c on the co-
ordinates r and r⬘ is kept, since this dependence introduces
couplings between orbital angular momenta. This will be
seen as ⌬c is decomposed in spherical coordinates in the
following.
C. Angular momenta decomposition
We are now in the position to express the effective 1D
. scattering amplitudes f ±n in terms of the scattering phase
shifts ␦l of a given scattering potential. The first step is to
decompose these amplitudes in Eq. 共5b兲 in a similar way as
was done in the free-space case in Eqs. 共9兲 by introducing
“matrix” elements similar to ␶l. Subsequently, these quanti-
ties are related to the phase shifts ␦l in a manner analogous to
Eqs. 共10兲.
Applying the condition RV Ⰶ RU, the transversal states ␸n
in the integrand of the amplitudes Eq. 共5b兲 should be well
approximated by the Bessel functions Eq. 共13a兲. This is be-
. cause r⬘ ⬃ RV whereas 兩kn兩 ⬃ qn ⬃ 1 / RU. It is enough then to
find expansions of e±iknzJ0共qn␳兲 in spherical coordinates, with
k2 = q2n + k2n. For this purpose one may invert the following
identity 关46兴:
. 共16a兲
冕
␲
1 ¯
Pl共cos ¯␪兲jl共kr兲 = l dw sinw eikrcos ␪ cos w
2i 0
⫻ J0共krsin ¯␪ sin w兲Pl共cos w兲
by using the orthonormality property of the Legendre poly-
nomials. As a result, one obtains for r Ⰶ RU

042711-7
KIM, SCHMIEDMAYER, AND SCHMELCHER PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲

⬁ into Eq. 共12兲, the scattering solution ⌿共r兲 in Eq. 共11a兲 be-
e iknz
␸n共␳兲 = 兺 il共2l + 1兲␣ln jl共kr兲Pl共cos ␪兲, 共17兲 comes for RV Ⰶ r Ⰶ RU
l=0
⬁
where ␣ln ⬇ Nn Pl共kn / k兲 / ␲1/2RU. For more quantitative re- ⌿共r兲 ⬇ 兺 il共2l + 1兲关␣l + ␥l共z兲 − i␥kTl兴jl共kr兲Pl共cos ␪兲
sults, these coefficients ␣ln can be evaluated numerically l=0
from the exact eigenfunctions ␸n共␳兲. One can then express ⬁
the amplitudes f ±n in Eq. 共5b兲 as the following series in an- + 兺 il共2l + 1兲关kTl兴nl共kr兲Pl共cos ␪兲, 共21兲
gular momenta for n 艋 nE: l=0

4␲共2l + 1兲␣ln 4␲共2l + 1兲␣ln where ␣l ⬅ 兺n=0nE

bn␣ln comes from the expansion of eiknz␸n共␳兲
f ±n = f ng ± f nu ⬅ 兺
l even 2ikn
Tl ± 兺
l odd 2ikn
Tl
in the initial state ⌿i共r兲 in Eq. 共11b兲 and ␥l共z兲 is defined by

having used the parity property Pl共−x兲 = 共−1兲 Pl共x兲. The “ma- l
共18a兲
trix” element Tl is defined by
Tl ⬅ l
1
i 4␲
冕 d3r⬘关jl共kr⬘兲Pl共cos ␪⬘兲兴v共r⬘兲⌿共r⬘兲. 共18b兲
The nonzero momenta l 艌 1 contributions to f ±n stem from the
共small兲 dependence on z⬘ and ␳⬘ of the integrand in the defi-
nition of f ±n . Their neglect amounts to assuming a pointlike
zero-range interaction v共r兲, for which only the s wave re-
mains. In the free-space scattering case, the corresponding
quantity equivalent to this Tl is ␶l given in Eq. 共9b兲. The key
difference now is that each Tl will depend on all other Tl’s,
meaning that the confined scattering solution ⌿共r兲 in the
definition of Tl couples the angular momenta, while the free-
space solution ⌽共r兲 in the definition of ␶l does not.
The next step is to relate the Tl to the phase shifts ␦l. From
␥l共z兲 ⬅ 冕 冕 0
pc
dp
4␲
d3r⬘ Pl共␴zz⬘ip/k兲
⫻ 关e␴zz⬘pz⬘J0共q␳⬘兲兴v共r⬘兲⌿共r⬘兲.
The z dependence of this ␥l共z兲 arises from the sign of ␴zz⬘ in
⌬c. Because of this z dependence, the above decomposition
of ⌿共r兲 is not fully spherically symmetric. It reflects the fact
that an approximate radial solution on the left side of the
guide at some z1 = −兩z0兩 need not coincide necessarily with
one on the right side at z2 = 兩z0兩 since the problem has no
perfect spherical symmetry.
A better understanding of the role of this ␥l共z兲 arises when
one tries to write it in terms of the Tl’s that determine the
amplitudes f ±n in Eq. 共18a兲 and the solution in Eq. 共21兲. Ex-
panding e␴zz⬘pz⬘J0共q␳⬘兲 共see above兲 in the integrand in the
definition of ␥l共z兲 one obtains

冉冕 冊
⬁
the results in Eqs. 共16兲 for the approximation Eq. 共12兲, the pc
Green’s function Gc can be decomposed into spherical coor- ␥l共z兲 = 兺 共2s + 1兲 dp Pl共ip/k兲Ps共ip/k兲
dinates in the region r⬘ , r Ⰶ RU by separately decomposing G s=0 0

and ⌬c. The free-space part G can be decomposed following

the procedures of Sec. IV A. Then, for r⬘ ⬍ r, ⫻ 冕 d 3r ⬘
共␴zz⬘兲l+s
i s4 ␲
关js共kr⬘兲Ps共cos ␪⬘兲兴v共r⬘兲⌿共r⬘兲,

冕
⬁
d␾⬘
G共r,r⬘兲 = ik 兺 jl共kr⬘兲关␥ jl共kr兲 + inl共kr兲兴 assuming the summation and integration can be interchanged
2␲ l=0 共see Sec. V C兲. If it happened that 共␴zz⬘兲l+s = 1, then ␥l共z兲
would be a linear sum of the elements Ts and the scattering
2l + 1
⫻ Pl共cos ␪兲Pl共cos ␪⬘兲, 共19兲 solution in Eq. 共21兲 would have spherical symmetry. Such a
4␲ constant ␥l共z兲 could be possible if one could neglect in the
having used the expansion of e±ik兩r−r⬘兩 / 4␲兩r − r⬘兩 in spherical series for ␥l共z兲 terms for which the parity of Ps is different
harmonics and ␥± = 共1 ± ␥兲 / 2. To evaluate ⌬c we use the ana- from that of Pl, such that for each l, only terms satisfying l
+ s=even would be retained. This condition can be related to
lytic continuation ¯␪ = ␲ / 2 − i␪⬘ of the first identity of this the fact that the confining potential u共␳兲 only couples angular
section to obtain momenta with the same parity, in the sense that 具l兩û 兩 s典
⬁ ⬅ 兰d␪⬘sin共␪⬘兲Pl共cos ␪⬘兲u共r sin ␪⬘兲Ps共cos ␪⬘兲 = 0 if l + s = odd.
e−pzJ0共q␳兲 = 兺 关il共2l + 1兲Pl共ip/k兲兴jl共kr兲Pl共cos ␪兲, Therefore, a consistent approximation to the scattering solu-
l=0 tion ⌿共r兲 is found if one neglects odd-parity combinations in
where p = k sinh ␪⬘ and q = k cosh ␪⬘ such that k2 = q2 − p2. the series defining ␥l共z兲 and sets ␥l共z兲 ⬇ ␥l, such that

冉冕 冊
The expansion of ⌬c in Eq. 共16b兲 for r , r⬘ Ⰶ RU can then be pc/k
written as ␥l共z兲 ⬇ ␥l ⬅ 兺 共2s + 1兲 k dx Pl共ix兲Ps共ix兲 Ts

冉冕 冊
⬁ pc s关l兴 0
dp
⌬c共r,r⬘兲 = − 兺 Pl共␴zz⬘ip/k兲e␴zz⬘pz⬘J0共q␳⬘兲 ⬅ 兺 共2s + 1兲PlsTs, l = 0,1,2,…, 共22兲
l=0 0 4␲
s关l兴
⫻il共2l + 1兲jl共kr兲Pl共cos ␪兲, 共20兲
where s关l兴 denotes the sum over even 共odd兲 s for even 共odd兲
where ␴zz⬘ ⬅ sgn共z − z⬘兲. Inserting Eqs. 共19兲 and 共20兲 back l.

042711-8
QUANTUM SCATTERING IN QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL…
Using Eq. 共22兲, the scattering phase shifts ␦l can now be
introduced, since the expansion in Eq. 共21兲 becomes spheri-
cally symmetric. Indeed, this expansion can be conveniently
rewritten by the introduction of constants cl⬘ and ␦l defined,
for the moment, by 共l = 0, 1, 2,…兲
cl⬘ cos ␦l ⬅ il共2l + 1兲共␣l + ␥l − i␥kTl兲,
cl⬘ sin ␦l ⬅ − il共2l + 1兲kTl ,
such that our solution has the form
⬁
⌿共r兲 ⬇ 兺 cl⬘关cos ␦l jl共kr兲 − sin ␦lnl共kr兲兴Pl共cos ␪兲. 共24兲
l=0
In order to identify the ␦l, one notes, on one hand, that this
wave function ⌿共r兲 can be directly obtained as a spherically
symmetric series ⌺lclRl共r兲Pl共cos ␪兲 in the region r Ⰶ RU,
where u共␳兲 is negligible, if one solves the Schrödinger equa-
tion moving outward from the origin r = 0 共see Fig. 2兲. The
radial part Rl can then be separately determined and for RV
Ⰶ r Ⰶ RU it should be given by Eq. 共24兲, provided one
chooses cl = cl⬘. On the other hand, the solution for the scat-
tering potential v共r兲 without confinement is given by a series
with the same radial parts Rl but different constants cl ⫽ cl⬘
共see Sec. IV A兲. The asymptotics of Rl in this free-space case
is then also given by Eq. 共24兲 so that ␦l are indeed the phase
shifts of the unconfined scattering problem. The difference
between the confined and free-space solutions, in the region
RV Ⰶ r Ⰶ RU, is thus accounted for by the different constants
cl⬘ and cl, respectively, related to distinct boundary condi-
tions. Besides, ␦l depends solely on the solution of Rl in the
interior region r ⬍ RV 关47兴. The above defining relations for
cl⬘ and ␦l in Eqs. 共23兲 are then equations that determine cl⬘
and Tl in terms of ␦l, namely,
共2l + 1兲共␣l + ␥l兲il ␣l + ␥l
cl⬘ = , Tl =
cos ␦l − i␥ sin ␦l i␥k − k cot ␦l
Finally, using Eq. 共22兲 one obtains the matrix equation relat-
ing Tl to the full ensemble of 3D free-space scattering phase
shifts ␦l 共l = 0, 1, 2,…兲
共i␥k − k cot ␦l兲Tl = ␣l + 兺 共2s + 1兲PlsTs .
s关l兴
The coupling of angular momenta brought about by the con-
finement is a result of ⌬c, which accounts for the confining
geometry and the discreteness of the low-lying transversal
states that should be resolved at low energies. The main
equations that allow us the analysis of the effective 1D scat-
tering in confined geometries are Eqs. 共5兲, 共18a兲, and 共25兲.
The probability conservation condition Eq. 共5c兲 serves to
gauge the range of validity of the results. Although the above
result is enough to present the formalism, improvements to
Eq. 共25兲 can be systematically made if necessary, e.g., by
better dealing with the poles qn in Eq. 共16a兲 and the constants
␣ l.
PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲
V. CONFINEMENT-INDUCED EFFECTS
We now use the above formalism to analyze confinement-
induced phenomena that occur both in the scattering by a
central field and in collision processes. Although related to
each other, two important phenomena can be distinguished:
共23a兲 resonant scattering 共Sec. V B and V D兲 and weakly localized
states induced by the confinement 共Sec. V E兲. In the present
paper, our formalism is focused on the single-mode regime.
共23b兲 It is shown also that previous results of atom-atom collisions
under parabolic confinement are recovered, regarding not
only the scattering resonances 关35–37兴 but also the
confinement-induced weakly bound states 关38兴. CIRs in
atomic collisions involving excited transversal states at ener-
gies k2 ⬎ q21 are treated in 关36兴 for interactions in the s-wave
approximation and in 关37兴 for general V共r兲. See also inde-
pendent related works for 2DEG mesoscopic systems
关13–16兴.
A. Single-mode regime
In this regime, the total scattering energy E = ប2k2 / 2␮ al-
lows for only the transversal ground state ␸0共␳兲 to be effec-
tively occupied k2 = q20 + k20 ⬍ q21, i.e., to be an open channel.
All excited states can only be virtually populated due to the
scattering of the incoming state. Then nE = 0 and bn = ␦n,0. In
terms of the even f 0g and odd f 0u angular momenta decom-
position of f ±0 given in Eq. 共18a兲, namely, f ±0 = f 0g ± f 0u, the
current conservation can be written as
共Re兵f 0g其 + 兩f 0g兩2兲 + 共Re兵f 0u其 + 兩f 0u兩2兲 = 0. 共26兲
A suitable parametrization of f 0g,u is obtained by introducing
1D scattering parameters ␦g and ␦u, such that 关48兴
1
f 0g ⬅ − , 共27a兲
1 + icot␦g
,
1
f 0u ⬅ − . 共27b兲
1 + icot␦u
In this form, Eq. 共26兲 is verified if ␦g,u are arbitrary real
numbers, since then Re兵f 0g,u其 + 兩f 0g,u兩2 = 0 vanishes separately.
There is by now no a priori reason for the parameters ␦g,u to
共25兲 be both real. However, in the case of general potentials v共r兲
and u共␳兲 considered in this work, it will be seen in the next
sections that Eqs. 共27兲 with real ␦g,u provide a valuable
means to establish the boson-fermion and fermion-boson
mappings as well as the conservation condition Eq. 共26兲.
B. Boson-fermion and fermion-boson mappings
Consider now a collisional process between identical par-
ticles. It is convenient to split ⌿共r兲 into symmetric
␺g共z兲␸0共␳兲 and antisymmetric ␺u共z兲␸0共␳兲 parts, with respect
to r → −r:
⌿共r兲 = 共eik0z + f ±0 eik0兩z兩兲␸0共␳兲 = 关␺g共z兲 + ␺u共z兲兴␸0共␳兲,
042711-9
KIM, SCHMIEDMAYER, AND SCHMELCHER
⬘ .
兩z兩 ⬎ R1D
␺g共z兲 and ␺u共z兲 can be deduced by using the form Eq. 共18a兲
for the amplitude f ±0 in terms of its even f 0g and odd f 0u
sectors. For the symmetric part, we obtain
␺g共z兲 = 共1 + f 0g兲cos共k0z兲 + if 0gsin共k0兩z兩兲
= ei␦gcos共k0兩z兩 + ␦g兲, ⬘ ,
兩z兩 ⬎ R1D 共28a兲
where Eq. 共27a兲 has been employed. The antisymmetric part
is given by
␺u共z兲 = i共1 + f 0u兲sin共k0z兲 ± f 0ucos共k0z兲
= iei␦usin共k0z ± ␦u兲, ⬘ ,
兩z兩 ⬎ R1D 共28b兲
where the plus 共minus兲 sign in ␺u共z兲 refers to z ⬎ 0共z ⬍ 0兲
and Eq. 共27b兲 has been used.
If the colliding particles are, e.g., spin polarized ⌿共r兲
must be 共anti兲 symmetrized. For bosons, the correct effective
1D scattered wave function in the asymptotic region 兩z兩
⬎ R1D ⬘ is ␺g共z兲. The resonance condition can be identified as
f 0g = −1 or ␦g = 兩␲ / 2兩 and it follows from Eq. 共28a兲 that the
wave function becomes ␺g共z兲 = −isin共k0兩z兩兲, which is with re-
spect to its modulus the wave function of a pair of noninter-
acting fermions, as can be seen by setting f 0u ⬅ 0 共or ␦u ⬅ 0兲
in Eq. 共28b兲. This is the well known fermionic mapping of
strongly interacting, inpenetrable bosons in 1D 关25–27,29兴.
The bosons would not be allowed to be located at the same
position z = 0, supposing the asymptotic solution Eq. 共28a兲
could be extended toward the origin 兩z兩 Ⰶ R1D ⬘ .
For fermions, a reciprocal mapping exists at resonance
f 0u = − 1 or ␦u = 兩␲/2兩. 共29兲
From Eq. 共28b兲, the wave function becomes ␺u共z兲
= ⫿ cos共k0z兲, which is the wave function of a pair of nonin-
teracting bosons 关37兴. Clearly, from the exact, fully antisym-
metric wave function of a pair of spin-polarized fermions,
the probability of finding both of them at the origin r = 0 is
strictly zero. The bosonization implied by this confinement-
induced resonance means that the asymptotic behavior of the
fermions far from the interaction region is that of free
bosons.
These mappings between identical colliding particles are
valid also under a longitudinal confinement along the z axis.
In order to neglect couplings to the center of mass, this lon-
gitudinal confinement can be chosen to be parabolic. The
characteristic oscillator length R储 should then be flat enough,
such that R储 Ⰷ R1D⬘ . The asymptotics of the symmetric and
antisymmetric eigenstates with 共positive兲 energies Eg,u
= ប2kg,u
2
/ 2␮ are given by Eqs. 共28a兲 and 共28b兲, respectively.
The corresponding eigenvalues kg,u 2 2
= q20 + k0g,u can be esti-
mated by solving the equations ␺g,u共R储兲 ⬇ 0 for k0g,u, namely,
cos共k0gR储 + ␦g兲 = 0 and sin共k0uR储 + ␦u兲 = 0. If the parameter ␦g
= ␦g共k0g兲 is made equal to ±␲ / 2 by varying, e.g., RV , RU, or
R储, one sees that ␺g共z兲 is once more mapped onto an anti-
symmetric eigenstate without interaction v共r兲 ⬅ 0 共or ␦u ⬅ 0兲,
as already seen above for free longitudinal motion. Analo-
gously, ␺u共z兲 is mapped onto a noninteracting symmetric
eigenstate as ␦u = ␦u共k0u兲 → ± ␲ / 2. This latter type of bosonic
042711-10
PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲
mapping of fermionic eigenstates under longitudinal confine-
ment was first verified numerically in 关37兴 for the collision
interaction V共r兲 = d / cosh共r / b兲2.
Note that, if one is not restricted to the case of collisions,
this result can be formally quite general regarding not only
the interaction potential v共r兲, but also some sufficiently flat
transversal and longitudinal confinements.
C. The effective amplitude f±0
The considerations in the preceding section assumed the
general form Eqs. 共27兲 for f 0g,u. In this section, f ±0 is explic-
itly calculated by solving the matrix equation Eq. 共25兲 for the
elements Tl. From k ⬃ 1 / RU, it follows that kRV ⬃ RV / RU
Ⰶ 1, which is the condition of low scattering energy in 3D
free-space scattering and the phase shifts
tan ␦l = tan ␦l共k兲 ⬃ k2l+1 ⬃ 1/RU
2l+1
are generally small 关47兴 for large RU 共or small RV兲. One
expects then that orbital angular momenta higher than the
leading contributions, e.g., the s and p waves, should not
significantly change the main features arising from the latter.
Indeed, the calculation of f 0g and f 0u can be done separately,
since the even and odd angular momenta in Eq. 共25兲 are
uncoupled from each other. In the single-mode regime, Eq.
共16a兲 becomes ␥ = 2 / dU2
kk0 and dU ⬅ RU / N0, where k0 = 共k2
− q0兲 and f 0 in Eq. 共18a兲 depends only on the ratio tl
2 1/2 ±
⬅ Tl / k0. The matrix equation Eq. 共25兲 in this case can be
rewritten in terms of these tl. Thus for all l,
兵2i − 关k cot ␦l + 共2l + 1兲Pll兴dU
2
k0其tl
= ␣ ld U
2 2
+ k 0d U 兺
s关l兴⫽l
共2s + 1兲Plsts ,
where the diagonal term s关l兴 = l is excluded from the series
on the RHS. Assume now in this equation for tl that this
series converges. As l increases, ␣l = ␣l0 = Pl共k0 / k兲 / ␲1/2dU
关see Eqs. 共17兲 and 共21兲兴 decreases, while Pls 关see Eq. 共22兲兴
should decrease mildly due to the oscillation of Pl共ix兲. Then
the RHS of this equation for tl should decrease relatively
smoothly with l. On the other hand, the phase ␦l decreases
exponentially ␦l ⬃ 1 / RU 2l+1
with l at low energies, so that
cot ␦l increases exponentially. Then tl on the LHS should be
exponentially small with increasing l. This is consistent with
the assumption of convergence of the series on the RHS 关see
also discussion on ␥l共z兲 after Eq. 共21兲兴. Apart from this, one
can use the smallness of the phase shifts 兩␦2兩 Ⰶ 兩␦0兩 and 兩␦3兩
Ⰶ 兩␦1兩 in order to explicitly diagonalize the finite subspaces
l = 0,2 and l = 1,3 separately. Then the couplings to l = 2 and 3
are seen to have a minor effect on the leading terms l = 0 and
1, respectively. Hence we put
2 d U␣ l
1 2
tl ⬇ , l = 0,1,….
i − 关k cot ␦l + 共2l + 1兲Pll兴 21 dU
2
k0
The even sector f 0g is then given by the leading term, e.g.,
the s wave, for which k cot ␦0 ⬇ −1 / a, where a is the s-wave
3D free-space scattering length 关47兴. From Eq. 共18a兲 one
obtains
QUANTUM SCATTERING IN QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL… PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲

f 0g ⬅ 兺
⬁

l=0,2,…
4␲共2l + 1兲␣l0
2i
tl P00 = k 冕 0
pc/k
dx P0共ix兲P0共ix兲 = 冑q21 − k2 , 共32兲

1 having used the definition of pc in Eq. 共16b兲 and the single-

⬇− . 共30a兲 mode condition nE = 0.
1 + i关− 共dU
2
/2a兲共1 − aP00兲兴k0
At small scattering lengths 兩a兩 Ⰶ RU, one can neglect this
The odd sector f 0u is approximated by, e.g., the p wave. In factor P00 in Eq. 共30a兲, since then 兩a兩P00 Ⰶ 1, and
this case, the relevant quantity 关49兴 is the scattering volume 1
V p related to ␦1 by k cot ␦1 ⬅ −1 / V pk2. Then f 0g ⬇ − 2 , 兩a兩 Ⰶ RU .
1 + i共− dU /2a兲k0
⬁
4␲共2l + 1兲␣l0 This is also true at “high” energies 兩k0兩 when k → q1 such that
f 0u ⬅ 兺
l=1,3,… 2i
tl
P00 ⬇ 0. One must, however, be careful about the validity of
the present approximations in this region of large momenta
3关P1共k0/k兲兴2 兩k0兩, as mentioned above in the context of Eq. 共31b兲. The
⬇− . 共30b兲
1 + i关− 共dU
2
/2兲共1/V pk2 − 3P11兲兴k0 only possibility for resonance f 0g = −1 is then at zero energy
k0 = 0.
The range of validity of these results can be obtained by At large scattering lengths RV Ⰶ 兩a兩 ⬃ RU, this factor P00
imposing, e.g., the conservation of probability. As discussed plays an important role in the scattering process at low mo-
in connection to Eqs. 共26兲 and 共27兲, the 1D scattering phase menta 兩k0兩 Ⰶ 1 / RU for which P00 ⬇ 冑q21 − q20 is maximum. In-
shift ␦g is real for the result Eq. 共30a兲. Then a sufficient deed, one obtains then, for 兩k0兩 Ⰶ 1 / RU,
condition for Eq. 共26兲 to hold is
1
兩k0兩 Ⰶ k ⬃ 1/RU 共31a兲 f 0g ⬇ − , 共33a兲
1 + i关− 共dU
2
/2a兲共1 − C⬘a/dU兲兴k0
since then 3关P1共k0 / k兲兴2 Ⰶ 1 so that f 0u ⬇ 0 and the parameter where the constant C⬘ depends only on the first closed and
␦u ⬇ 0 can be considered also real. In this first region of low the last open channels, namely,
longitudinal momenta, the angular momenta couplings in the
C⬘ ⬅ dU冑q21 − q20 = 冑⑀1 − ⑀0 .
matrix equation for tl should become negligible due to the 1
共33b兲
factor k0 that multiplies the series dU 2
兺s关l兴⫽l共2s + 1兲Plsts con- 共ប /2␮dU
2
兲
2 1/2

taining other angular momenta. The present uncoupled solu- Recalling that f ±0 ⬇ f 0g, since f 0u ⬇ 0 for such small mo-
tion to tl should then be a good approximation. The second menta 兩k0兩 关see Eqs. 共30兲兴, this result implies that the scatter-
region is at relatively large momenta, when 3关P1共k0 / k兲兴2 ing can be described by means of an effective 1D interaction
⬃ 1, i.e., when potential V1D共z兲 of zero range,

兩k0兩 ⬃ q0/冑2 ⬃ 1/RU , 共31b兲 ប2 2a 1

since then ␦u can also be taken as real. The decoupling be-
tween odd angular momenta rests then on the smallness of
the phase shifts ␦l. These are, nevertheless, the most interest-
ing regions for the momentum k0 that are relevant to resonant
scattering in symmetric and antisymmetric states, respec-
tively. For more detailed applications these regions can be
enlarged by improving on Eq. 共25兲.
D. Confinement-induced resonances
As presented in Secs. V A and V B in general terms, the
CIR is one remarkable effect arising due to the presence of a
strong confinement. In the following, it is explicitly ex-
pressed in terms of the parameters determining a given scat-
tering potential and a given confinement.
1. Even angular momenta
The symmetric wave function in the single-mode regime
is ␺g共z兲␸0共␳兲 and only the symmetric sector f 0g contributes.
It can be used to describe, e.g., spin-polarized bosons or
fermions in an antisymmetric spin state. In the expression
Eq. 共30a兲 for this f 0g , P00 is given in Eq. 共22兲; thus
V1D共z兲 = g1D␦共z兲, g1D = .
␮ dU2 1 − C⬘a/dU
In other words, Eq. 共33a兲 is the solution to f ±0 for the hypo-
thetical pure 1D scattering problem under this potential
V1D共z兲 and is valid also for distinguishable particles.
As discussed in Sec. III for atom-atom collisions, this
same 1D potential V1D共z兲 at low momenta 兩k0兩 was first
shown in 关35兴 to be a direct result of parabolic confinement
and of the 3D zero-range interaction potential V␦共r兲 of Eq.
共6a兲. The occurrence of this collisional resonance at a⬜
= Ca for general interactions V共r兲 was then shown in 关37兴.
For other types of scattering processes, e.g., in mesos-
copic 2DEG systems 关13–16兴, Eq. 共33a兲 shows therefore that
at low longitudinal momenta k0 the existence of a resonance
of the type f +0 ⬇ f 0g = −1 is characterized by an infinite effec-
tive 1D coupling strength
兩g1D兩 → ⬁, dU ⬇ C⬘a, 共34兲
and is indeed not restricted to atom-atom collisions under
parabolic confinement or to two-dimensional quantum point
contacts with a single impurity 关15兴. It is a general effect of
single mode scattering at low velocities under quasi-1D con-
finement.

042711-11
KIM, SCHMIEDMAYER, AND SCHMELCHER
2. Odd angular momenta
For odd angular momenta, the procedure is similar to the
previous analysis. The antisymmetric part ␺u共u兲 shows a
scattering resonance when the associated amplitude f 0u = −1.
At this resonance, the system can be mapped to a noninter-
acting symmetric wave function as discussed in connection
with Eq. 共29兲. The term P11 is given in Eq. 共22兲, from which
the actual condition of CIR in the amplitude f 0u in Eq. 共30b兲
can be worked out for given scattering and confining poten-
tials. Note that due to the factor 3关P1共k0 / k兲兴2 in the numera-
tor of Eq. 共30b兲, the odd component f 0u is nonnegligible only
at relatively large longitudinal momenta 兩k0兩 ⬃ 1 / RU, in con-
trast to the even amplitude f 0g discussed above.
For atom-atom collisions under parabolic confinement,
the existence of CIR beyond the s wave was first predicted
by neglecting couplings to orbital angular momenta and iso-
lating a single partial wave l ⬎ 0 and its phase shift ␦l as the
sole dominant contribution 关37兴. A direct consequence of
contributions from nonzero partial waves l ⬎ 0 is, among oth-
ers, the possibility to define effective p-wave zero-range
scattering potentials analogous to V␦共r兲 and V1D共z兲, but
which act only on antisymmetric wave functions of a collid-
ing pair 关50,51兴.
E. Weakly bound states
In addition to CIR, a second effect of strong cylindrical
confinement is the prediction of weakly bound and localized
states. For atom-atom collisions this implies the formation of
quasimolecules. As first shown in 关38兴 for zero-range atom-
atom interactions under parabolic confinement, these bound
states exist even when no bound state occurs in free space.
They have recently been observed in optical traps loaded
with 40K atoms 关32兴. Similar bound states localized around
impurities are found in independent studies of mesoscopic
systems 关13–16兴. In this section, a localized state for general
cylindrical confinement is calculated from the even, more
precisely zero, angular momentum sector.
1. s-wave binding energy and wave function
For the free space l = 0 angular momentum, the bound
state of the 共attractive兲 scattering potential V共r兲 has an en-
ergy EBf given by
ប2␬2Bf ប2
EBf ⬅ − ⬇− , a Ⰷ RV
2␮ 2␮a2
whose relationship to the scattering length a via ␬Bf ⬇ 1 / a
holds only when a Ⰷ RV ⬎ 0 关47兴. At negative scattering
lengths a ⬍ 0, one can speak of a “virtual” state close to
being incorporated in the spectrum of V共r兲. Under lateral
confinement and along the radial direction of the cylindrical
trap, the tail of its wave function e−␬Bf r is changed to vanish
at a finite distance from the origin, i.e., at the edge r = ␳
= RU of the guide when 兩a兩 ⬃ RU 共see Fig. 1兲. This lateral
squeeze lifts EBf ⬍ 0 by an amount ⑀0. It can be sufficient for
this state to pass the threshold without confinement E = 0 as
RU decreases further.
042711-12
PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲
This confined localized state with energy EB satisfies Eq.
共4a兲 with k2 replaced by 2␮EB / ប2. This replacement is
equivalent to redefining k0 to be the imaginary number k0B
⬅ ± i共q20 − 2␮EB / ប2兲1/2. Since the wave eik0Bz should be ab-
sent from the solution ⌿ and eik0B兩z兩 should show a bound-
state-like exponential decay, 1 / f ±0 共k0B兲 must vanish at a posi-
tive imaginary value of k0B, such that the interaction part
eik0B兩z兩 outweighs eik0Bz. Let then k0B ⬅ ixB / a, so that xB ⬎ 0 if
a ⬎ 0 and xB ⬍ 0 if a ⬍ 0. In terms of this xB , EB can be re-
written as
EB ⬅ 冉
ប2 2 xB2
q −
2␮ 0 a2
, 冊 axB ⬎ 0. 共35兲
From Eqs. 共30兲, a root of 1 / f ±0 arises either from the even
sector 1 / f 0g or from the odd sector 1 / f 0u. In order to recover
the l = 0 free-space state EBf , this root should come from the
even sector Eq. 共30a兲. Using then the substitution k2
→ 2␮EB / ប2 = q20 − xB2 / a2 in the expression Eq. 共32兲 for P00,
the equation for xB becomes
冋 册
2s2 + 1 −
a
冑共sC⬘兲2 + xB2 xB = 0, s⬅
a
, 共36a兲
兩a兩 dU
where 兩a兩 arises as 1 / a2 is taken out of the square root in P00.
Another enlarged form is the quartic equation
xB4 + 共C⬘2s2 − 1兲xB2 − 4s2xB − 4s4 = 0. 共36b兲
For each 兩s兩, one should pick up the correct positive 共nega-
tive兲 root xB if s ⬎ 0共s ⬍ 0兲, as indicated in Eq. 共35兲.
The weak confinement limit is 兩s兩 → 0. A finite root xB ⬇
+ 1 exists only for a ⬎ 0 as can be seen from Eq. 共36a兲. This
means that EB ⬇ EBf , when RU → ⬁ or when a → 0+ as ex-
pected. For a ⬍ 0, a trial Taylor expansion xB ⬇ x1s + x2s2 in
Eq. 共36b兲 yields x1 = 0 and x2 = −2. A localized state with
energy
冉 冊
a 4
EB ⬇ ⑀0 − 4 兩EBf 兩, 兩a兩 Ⰶ dU ,
dU
is thus expected also for negative scattering lengths. In this
case, the confinement has been able to turn the virtual state
EBf of V共r兲 into a real bound state localized around the scat-
tering center.
The strong confinement limit is 兩s兩 Ⰷ 1 共assuming the basic
requirement RV Ⰶ RU is not violated兲. Setting then xB
⬇ x⬁ / s−1 in Eq. 共36b兲 and reexpressing it in terms of s−1
gives for positive and negative a, respectively, x⬁ = ± 兵关共16
+ C⬘4兲1/2 − C⬘2兴 / 2其1/2. For both positive and negative roots xB,
the same fraction of the transversal ground-state energy ⑀0 is
reached as 兩s兩 → ⬁,
冋 冉 冊册
EB ⬇ 1 −
x⬁
q 0d U
2
⑀ 0, 兩a兩 Ⰷ dU .
For a parabolic guide dU = a⬜ 关see Eq. 共16a兲 with the exact
value 兩␸n共0兲兩2 = 1 / ␲a⬜
2
兴. Then C⬘ = 2 and q0a⬜ = 冑2, both ob-
tained by directly using the exact energies ⑀0 ⬅ ប2q20 / 2␮
= ប␻⬜ and ⑀1 ⬅ ប2q21 / 2␮ = 3ប␻⬜ in terms of ␻⬜. Hence EB
= 共2 − 冑2兲⑀0 = 0.586⑀0 in good quantitative agreement with
关32,38兴. For square-well confinement, it follows from Eqs.
QUANTUM SCATTERING IN QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL…
FIG. 3. 共Color online兲 s-wave binding energy EB for parabolic
共dashed curve兲 and square-well 共upper solid curve兲 confinement,
scaled by the respective ground-state energies ⑀0. The free-space
energy 共lower solid curve兲 EBf is scaled with the square-well value
of ⑀0 and is defined only for positive a. The dotted line marks the
continuum threshold under confinement.
共13b兲 and 共33b兲 that C⬘ = 共20/ 3兲1/2 = 2.582 and q0dU
= 共3 / 2兲1/2 = 1.225; thus EB = 0.631⑀0. These energies are plot-
ted in Fig. 3 as function of the confinement length scale dU.
The spatial shape ⌿B共r兲 of this confinement-induced
weakly bound state in the region far from the scattering cen-
ter is
⌿B共r兲 ⬀ e−xB兩z兩/a␸0共␳兲, ⬘ ,
兩z兩 Ⰷ R1D 共37a兲
setting aside overall constants and where xB is the proper
root of Eq. 共36兲. This asymptotic form is common to both
positive and negative scattering lengths a, with axB ⬎ 0.
Closer to the origin, the wave function can be calculated by
analytic continuation of the intermediate asymptotics in Eqs.
共21兲 and 共22兲. There the function T0 = T0共k0兲 diverges at k0
= ixB / a, which is the condition for the pole of f ±0 . After this
analytic continuation, the step toward Eq. 共24兲 can no longer
be taken 关it was taken in order to calculate T0 = T0共k0兲 for real
k0兴. In this series Eq. 共21兲, this divergence then singles out
terms proportional to the constant T0共ixB / a兲 → ⬁. As a result,
apart from overall constants, the wave function ⌿B共r兲 has the
following form 共for RV Ⰶ r Ⰶ RU兲:
冉冑 冊
2 and in the correction term ⌬c共r , r⬘兲, which introduce renor-
2/dU
⌿B共r兲 ⬀ q21 − ␬B2 − j0共␬Br兲 + ␬Bn0共␬Br兲,
冑q20 − ␬B2
共37b兲
where ␬B2 ⬅ 2␮EB / ប2 and EB is given in Eq. 共35兲. For EB
⬍ 0, it can be seen that both imaginary values of ␬B yield the
same result. In particular, the free-space bound state is recov-
ered in the limit a / dU → 0+. Using EB ⬇ EBf ⬇ −ប2 / 2␮a2 in
Eq. 共37b兲, one has
042711-13
PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲
e−r/a
⌿B共r兲 ⬀ − , a/dU → 0+ .
r
For negative scattering length a / dU → 0−, the free-space “vir-
tual” bound state turns into a real one whose energy was
calculated in the previous section, EB ⬇ ⑀0 − 4共a / dU兲4兩EBf 兩.
The wave function Eq. 共37b兲 becomes instead
1
⌿B共r兲 ⬀ − j0共q0r兲 + q0n0共q0r兲, a/dU → 0− .
兩a兩
On the opposite limit of strong confinement 兩a兩 / dU → ⬁ , EB
tends to a positive fraction ␭ of ⑀0, and the wave function
becomes a superposition of both terms j0共冑␭q0r兲 and
n0共冑␭q0r兲.
2. Higher angular momenta
Localized states from higher angular momenta contribu-
tions and their couplings among each other can in principle
be systematically obtained by solving Eq. 共25兲 and analyzing
the poles of the full amplitude f ±0 = f 0g ± f 0u. For instance, a
d-wave pole should come from retaining the l = 2 contribu-
tion. This and other poles from the odd sector f 0u are treated
in detail elsewhere.
VI. DISCUSSION
Here the role of the continuum approximation in Sec.
IV B is discussed by comparing with previous models for
scattering under confinement. In the interior of the guide
r , r⬘ Ⰶ RU where the confining potential is negligible, the
Green’s function Gc共r , r⬘兲 under confinement approaches the
3D free-space Green’s function G共r , r⬘兲, as shown in Eq.
共12兲. Therefore, the singularity of Gc共r , r⬘兲 as r , r⬘ → 0 is not
only coincident with 共see Sec. III兲, but essentially is, the
well-known singularity 1 / 兩r − r⬘兩 of the 3D scattering sce-
nario without confinement. In addition, one expects that the
details of the confinement, whether parabolic or not, should
not be important for the physical understanding. In fact, the
spectrum of excited transversal states sums up to yield
G共r , r⬘兲 共integrated over the axial angle ␾⬘兲, as the con-
tinuum limit shows. The only condition is a short-ranged
scattering potential RV Ⰶ RU or a correspondingly “flat” con-
finement.
The remarkable effects induced by the confinement are in
turn directly related to the low-lying transversal states as also
demonstrated in 关15兴 for a two-dimensional problem. The
discreteness of these states is then captured in the factor ␥
malizations and couplings of orbital angular momenta not
accounted for by G共r , r⬘兲 alone.
For a more quantitative analysis, consider the specific
case of atom-atom collisions in the low-energy s-wave ap-
proximation and under parabolic confinement 关35,36,38兴. As
discussed in Sec. III, the discrete summation over the trans-
versal states can be dealt with in order to extract the singu-
larity of the scattering solution and to determine the value of
the constant C = 1.4603… in the effective scattering ampli-
tude f ±0 . On the other hand, the corresponding value of C in
KIM, SCHMIEDMAYER, AND SCHMELCHER
the continuum limit for this case is C ⬅ lims→⬁共兰s0ds⬘ / 冑s⬘
− 兺ss⬘=11 / 冑s⬘兲 ⬇ 兰10ds⬘ / 冑s⬘ = 2 关see Eq. 共9兲 of 关35兴兴, in agree-
ment with C⬘ = 2 calculated in Sec. V E. This value C⬘ = 2
arises by using the exact harmonic oscillator energies ⑀0
= ប␻⬜ and ⑀1 = 3ប␻⬜. It can be improved on by, e.g., numeri-
cally computing ⌬c. As already pointed out in Sec. IV B, the
exact excited spectrum ⑀n ⬃ 2n is substantially different from
the flat potential approximation given in Eq. 共13b兲. However,
the discrete sum over this exact parabolic spectrum can be
shown 关35,36兴 to have an equal singular behavior 1 / 兩z兩 as in
free space 共see Sec. III兲. Hence also within the discrete ap-
proach, this demonstrates the major role played by the lowest
transversal states, whereas the sum over the excited states
turns out to be qualitatively confinement independent.
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
An analytical treatment of quasi-1D quantum scattering
by spherically symmetric and short- but finite-range poten-
tials in general cylindrical confinement is developed. The full
scattering wave function is calculated nonperturbatively
without partially resuming perturbative series. All phase
shifts of the scattering potential can be readily incorporated.
This formalism provides a unified physical picture of the
process of confined quasi-1D scattering at low energies and
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PHYSICAL REVIEW A 72, 042711 共2005兲
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
J.I.K. appreciates financial support from the Conselho Na-
cional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico 共CNPq兲
and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation 共AvH兲. J.S.
thanks the DFG Schwerpunktprogramm “Wechselwirkung in
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