A Project Report on

“Different Traditional Technologies in Use”

Submitted to
Department of English
Uniglobe Secondary School (UGSS)/College,
Kamaladi, Kathmandu

Submitted By
Prashamsa Thapa Chhetri
XI‘A1’ Science
Date:2079/07/14

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the report presented in this project report

has been done by myself under the supervision of Mr. Prakash
Rimal and has not been submitted elsewhere for any
examination.

All sources of information have been specifically acknowledged

by references to authors or institutions.

Name of Student: Prashamsa Thapa Chhetri

Stream: Science
Section: A1

Date: 07-14

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Subject Teacher’s Recommendation

The project work report entitled ‘Different Traditional

Technologies in Use’ submitted by Prashamsa Thapa Chhetri, of
Uniglobe Secondary School Kamaladi, Kathmandu, Nepal is
prepared under my supervision as per the procedure and format
requirements laid by the Department of English, Uniglobe
Secondary School, as the partial fulfillment of the requirements
of the internal evaluation of grade XI. I, therefore, recommend
the report for evaluation.

Name of Subject Teacher: Prakash Rimal

Date: 07-14

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Endorsement

We hereby endorse the project work report entitled ‘Different

Traditional Technologies in Use’ submitted by Prashamsa Thapa
Chhetri of, Uniglobe Secondary School, Kamaladi, Kathmandu,
Nepal in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the subject
internal evaluation of grade XI.

Name of HoD: Prakash Rimal Ashok Kumar Choudhary

Department of English Principal

Date: 07-14 Date: 07-14

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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those

who gave me the possibility to complete this report. Special
thanks of gratitude to my English teacher Mr. Prakash Rimal for
their able guidance and support in completing my project work.

Prashamsa Thapa Chhetri

XI ‘A’ Science

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 Table of Contents
Page No
i. Title page 1

ii. Declaration 2

iii. Subject Teacher’s Recommendation 3

iv. Endorsement 4

v. Acknowledgements 5

vi. Table of contents 6

Chapter I

Introduction 8

Chapter II

Different Types of Technologies in Use 9

2.1 Halo/Juwa (Plough) 9

2.2 Dhiki/ Jaato / Okhal 10

2.3 Bhakari / Nanglo/ Ghum/ Namlo/ Doko 11

2.4 Theki/Madani 12

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2.5 Handi 13

2.6 Gundri (Straw mat) 13

2.7 Hate Tan (Hand loom) 14

2.8 Laltin (Lantern) 15

2.9 Scarecrow 15

2.10 Pustak dani 16

2.11 Chariot/ Cart 16

2.12 Ghagri and ghaito 17

Chapter III Conclusion 18

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Chapter I
Introduction
Nepal is one of the richest cultures in the world. Nepal is known as a non-stop
festival’s country and living cultural museum in the world. Culture has been called
‘the way of life for an entire society’. There are more than hundred cultural
practices due to the differences of caste. Hinduism and Buddhism are major
religions of Nepal beside that Muslim, Christian, and other religious people also
stay in Nepal. With the changing time and pace, culture is practiced by people.

In past, people use local knowledge, skill and technology to survive their lives
which are called traditional knowledge, skill and technology. Likewise, bamboo
hole to dry out the vegetables (gundruk), use of cow dung as firewood, use of ropes
to cross the river , etc.

The importance of traditional acknowledges, skill and technology

1. It preserves our culture, tradition etc

2. It is cheaper and easily available as they're produced locally, etc
3. It completely based on Nepalese originality
4. The pride of ancestor deeds
5. Environmental friendly and durable
6. It is base for using modern technology

Cultures, traditions, and technology are being modified as per the changing pace of
time. For eg: "Grinding machine" has been modified as "Mill",Tuin has been
modified as the cable car, etc But, our originality should not disappear in the name
of change and modernization.

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Local technology is the traditional technology, that people use for assisting their
daily life. We have been using these technologies, then and now in Nepal. We can
see most of the rural areas of Nepal, have been using these technologies now too.
Local technology, help make our work easier with less effort. They are reliable and
cheap because they comprise local resources, skills, and knowledge. Along with
that, they are environmentally friendly too.

Chapter II

Different Types of Technologies in Use

The local and traditional technologies of Nepal are creating employment

opportunities at the local level. Moreover, these technologies are the ideas and
bases for today’s modern technologies. Nepal is an agricultural country. Therefore,
we use most of these technologies and tools in agriculture in Nepal. So, now
without delay, let us move on to the list.

2.1 Halo/Juwa (Plough)

The next traditional technology on our list we have is Halo and Juwa. Halo and
Juwa are used to plow the land. While Halo is entirely made up of wood. Along
with that, it has an iron plowing tip that digs the land. And Juwa is the tool that ties

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two oxen, bulls, or buffalos in a pair. Ox, bull, or buffalo pull the Halo (digger) and
Hali (the person who plows the land) plows the land.

2.2 Dhiki/ Jaato / Okhal

Dhiki, jaato, okhal is a traditional grinding machine.  People use dhiki for beating
rice, millet, and wheat. It comprises woods. This works in principle, similar to the
seesaw or lever.

Jaato made up of stone. Along with that, the wooden handle at the top makes it
easier to roll it. We use it for mostly grinding rice, lentils, pulses, maize, wheat,
and other grains. While grinding the grains, a person moves jato in a circular

motion with the help of the hato by his hand.

People use okhal mostly to make the sauce, paste, grind spices, and pickles. Along
with that, we can use it for grinding or crushing the items like cumin, garlic,
coriander seeds, mustard seeds, etc.

2.3 Bhakari / Nanglo/ Ghum/

Namlo/ Doko

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Bhakari is made up of bamboo sticks and used in Nepali Kitchen as Utensils.

We use Nanglo to separate unwanted particles from rice, dal, beans, and other
cereals. It comprises bamboo. Winnowing is a technique of using Nanglo while
separating dust particles.

Ghum is a traditional raincoat made of bamboo and leaf.

Namlo is forehead band to carry loads used in doko as there is presence of

headstrap which helps to carry heavy things without any difficulties.

Dhoko are traditional bamboo baskets. We use them mostly to store or carry items
like rice, maize, pulses, or other good. They are available in different shapes and

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sizes. These bamboo baskets are mostly “kind of” half oval shape. They have four
corners supporting the structure at the base for easy grip.

2.4 Theki/Madani

Theki and Madani are made up of wood and are usually used to store milk fat, and
make butter. Along with that, we also use it for making buttermilk. The “Theki” is
a vessel, whereas the “Madani” is a thick stick with turbines at one end.

We keep Theki along with the pillar and tie Madani with the pillar using one rope.
Then, another rope is wrapped around spirally, when we pull the one end of the
rope Madani rotates and milk fat is separated that is in Theki.

2.5 Handi

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Handi is a cooking basin made from copper or clay (pot). The handi is utilised
mainly for cooking purposes, especially for slow-cooking. For example, when any
dish is cooked in the handi – the lid is sealed to it, using dough so steam cannot
escape, preserving the nutrients in the food. In turn this also allows for the food to
be cooked using its own water content, accentuating its flavour and tang. It is also
a major component of the Dahi Handi festival that is celebrated annually to mark
the celebration of the birth of Krishna.

2.6 Gundri (Straw mat)

Sukul is a type of traditional mat.

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While it is rectangular, made up of hay(PARAL). Since it comprises a
biodegradable thing i.e. Hay, it is cheap, reliable, and eco-friendly as well.

2.7 Hate Tan (Hand loom)

A handloom is a simple machine used for weaving. In a wooden vertical-shaft

looms, the heddles are fixed in place in the shaft. The warp threads pass alternately
through a heddle, and through a space between the heddles (the shed), so that
raising the shaft raises half the threads (those passing through the heddles), and
lowering the shaft lowers the same threads - the threads passing through the spaces
between the heddles remain in place.

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2.8 Laltin (Lantern)

A lantern is a device that can be moved from one place to another, used to create
light and to light up open areas. They can have candles inside, or use other things
as fuel, like alcohol or kerosene.

2.9 Scarecrow

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Scarecrow, device posted on cultivated ground to deter birds or other animals from
eating or otherwise disturbing seeds, shoots, and fruit; its name derives from its use
against the crow. It is now rarely in use.

2.10 Pustak dani

It is used as book stand where we can place our book and study easily. It was used
by rishi in previous time.

2.11 chariot/ Cart

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A light, four-wheeled, horse-drawn carriage having a coach box and back seats
only, popular in the early 19th century.

A vehicle for conveying persons especially in state, such as a triumphal car or a

coach of state. This stately but manoeuvrable horse carriage was used for
ceremonial occasions or for pleasure.

2.12 Gagri and ghaito

Gagri and Ghaito are the vessels that we use in Nepal. People use these vessels to
store or carry water. Gagri is long and slender whereas Ghaito is more round and
curvy.

Generally, the Gagri is made up of metal and the Ghaito is made up of clay. These
days we can find Gagri and Ghaito in many designs and sizes.

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Conclusion
Traditional technology often does not meet the needs of life scientists. Each
research laboratory uses significant manpower to adjust and customize as much as
possible the available technology. Because of the failure of traditional approaches
to support scientific discovery, life scientists have proven to be highly creative in
developing their own tools and systems to meet their needs. Traditional database
systems lack flexibility: Life scientists use flat files instead. Some of the tools and
systems developed in scientific laboratories may not meet the expectations of
computer scientists, but they perform and support thousands of life scientists. The
development of BIS is driven by the needs of a community. But practice shows
that the community now needs the development of systems that are more
engineered than before, and computer scientists should be involved. Hence, it is
our responsibility conserve and save these technologies.

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