ISBN 978-0-626-23554-3

SANS 1783-2:2009
Edition 1.7

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Sawn softwood timber

Part 2: Stress-graded structural timber and

timber for frame wall construction

WARNING — Can only be used

in conjunction with
SANS 1783-1.

Published by SABS Standards Division

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
© SABS

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Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Amdt 1 1999 Amended in respect of the dimensions for structural timber and
to change the marking requirements.
Amdt 2 2001 Amended to change the marking requirements for rough sawn
stress-graded structural timber and all 50 mm × 76 mm stress-
graded structural timber.
Amdt 3 2003 Amended to change the requirements for the size of marking and
for grade identification.
Amdt 4 2004 Amended to update referenced standards, to include a definition
for “approved” and to renumber the existing definitions
accordingly, to change the marking requirements, to change
references to the certification mark scheme, and to delete
reference to the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) as
the only approval authority.
Amdt 5 2005 Amended to add a grade requirement for the strength verification
of visually graded structural timber, to include additional nominal
widths in the table on nominal sizes of structural timber, to
correct a nominal width in the table on tolerances, and to change
the marking requirements for size of marking.
Amdt 6 2007 Amended to update referenced standards, to include a
requirement for imported timber, to delete reference to single
defects and to discoloration, to change two of the permissible
defects in table 2, to change the verification requirements for
visually graded timber, to change the requirements for the
marking of regularized timber, and to renumber annex C
(Bibliography).
Amdt 7 2009 Amended to change the requirements for machining defects, and
to add dimensions for edge knots in table 1.

Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 1008A, Wood and
associated products – Sawn timber, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards
Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.

This document was published in December 2009.

This document supersedes SANS 1783-2:2007 (edition 1.6).

A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment
No. 7.

SANS 1783 consists of the following parts, under the general title Sawn softwood timber:

Part 1: General requirements.

Part 2: Stress-graded structural timber and timber for frame wall construction.

Part 3: Industrial timber.

Part 4: Brandering and battens.

Annexes A and B form an integral part of this document. Amdt 6

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Introduction
The main purpose of grading structural timber is to establish and maintain an acceptable uniformity
in the products of different mills, so that a given grade will represent the same quality and be usable
for the same purpose, regardless of the nature of the raw materials from which it was derived or the
mill by which it was produced. Grading therefore provides both manufacturers and users with known
values on which to base contracts.

The grading in this part of SANS 1783 is based on the assumption that the boards are to be used in
the dimensions in which they were graded. Conversion of any kind after grading will alter the size-
defect ratio. Because of this and the possibility of their having been unsuitably stored or
transported, boards marked in accordance with 7.2 cannot be assumed to comply with all the
relevant requirements at any time other than the time of dispatch from the mill at which they were
graded.

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Contents
Page

Foreword

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1

1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3

3 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 4

4 Grade requirements ............................................................................................................... 4

5 Physical requirements ............................................................................................................ 9

6 Inspection and methods of test .............................................................................................. 12

7 Packing and marking ............................................................................................................. 13

Annex A (normative) Notes to purchasers ................................................................................ 15

Annex B (normative) Quality verification of timber units and assessment of compliance ........ 15

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 16
Amdt 6

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Sawn softwood timber

Part 2:
Stress-graded structural timber and timber for frame wall construction

1 Scope
This part of SANS 1783 specifies requirements for three stress grades of visually graded structural
timber and three stress grades of mechanically graded structural timber (including finger-jointed
structural timber).

NOTES

1 Deleted by amendment No. 4.

2 Except under a certification mark scheme, assessment of compliance with the requirements of 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
and 5.7 requires special agreement between supplier and purchaser. Amdt 4

2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this part of SANS 1783. All standards are subject to revision and, since any reference
to a standard is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to
agreements based on this part of SANS 1783 are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the
most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national and
international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.

SANS 1091, National colour standard.

SANS 1349, Phenolic, aminoplastic and one-part polyurethane resin adhesives for the laminating
and finger-jointing of timber, and for furniture and joinery.

SANS 1783-1, Sawn softwood timber – Part 1: General requirements.

SANS 6122, Qualification testing of solid structural timber and laminated structural timber (glulam)
for verifying timber grading systems in accordance to a given standard. Amdt 6

SANS 10096, The manufacture of finger-jointed structural timber.

SANS 10149, The mechanical stress grading of softwood timber (flexural method).

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3 Definitions
For the purposes of this part of SANS 1783, the definitions given in SANS 1783-1 and the following
definitions apply:

3.1
approved
approved by the authority administering this standard Amdt 4

3.2 Amdt 4
grade stress
the stress that is assigned to a timber member or product, to quantify its strength

3.3 Amdt 4
stress grade
<structural timber> the numerical value of the grade stress in bending, in megapascals, that can be
safely sustained by the piece under long-term loading conditions

NOTE For the purposes of this part of SANS 1783, a stress grade is coded as Sx (see 7.3) where x is the
rounded-off value of the grade stress in bending, in megapascals.

3.4 Amdt 4
structural timber
timber derived from trees of the genus Pinus grown in Southern Africa and of nominal width at
least 50 mm, nominal thickness at least 38 mm, and working stress in bending at least 5,2 MPa

4 Grade requirements
The requirements given in clause 4 of SANS 1783-1 and the following requirements apply:

Structural timber shall have a stress grade of 5, 7, or 10, as required, except that the grade of all
mechanically proof-graded 38 mm × 50 mm and 50 mm × 76 mm timber shall be 5 or 7, as
required.

Structural timber imported into South Africa shall comply with the protocol requirements in annex D
of SANS 1783-1. Amdt 6

4.1 Freedom from inherent defects

4.1.1 Permissible defects

When inspected in accordance with clause 6, structural timber shall not contain more than a
combination of, Amdt 6

a) in the case of visually stress-graded timber, the appropriate maxima of knots and other defects
laid down in tables 1 to 3; and

b) in the case of mechanically stress-graded or proof-graded timber, the appropriate maxima of

defects laid down in tables 2 and 3, except that in the case of proof-graded timber, the
requirement for general slope of grain is not applicable.

4.1.2 Other defects

The timber shall be free from

a) cross-fracture (compression breaks),

b) decay, other than decay in knots,

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c) insect damage, other than that caused by bark borers, and

d) mechanical damage, other than damage that has a strength-reducing effect that does not exceed
that of any maximum permissible strength-reducing defect given in tables 1 and 2, and that does
not materially affect the finish (see 5.2).

4.1.3 Single defects

Deleted by amendment No 6.

4.1.4 Machining defects

In the case of regularized timber, machine damage shall be allowed in only two areas, each of
maximum length 50 mm. Machine skips shall be allowed along any two regularized faces of a piece,
provided, in both cases, that the width and the thickness of the piece are not reduced. A skip with a
size-reducing effect will be permitted, provided that it does not exceed the allowable maximum of a
total length of 500 mm, and that the width of a piece is not reduced by more than 2 mm, and the
thickness by more than 1 mm. Amdt 7

4.2 Strength verification of visually graded timber

The strength of visually graded timber shall be verified by means of a tensile test in accordance with
SANS 6122. Amdt 5; amdt 6

Table 1 — Permissible knot and knot hole dimensions

1 2 3 4
1) 2)
Sum of sizes of all knots or knot holes (or
both) in worst 150 mm length of a piece, max.
Defects
Grades
5 7 10
Through-face knots on worst face ⅔f ½f ¼f
Edge knots
a) On both edges, judged together 1¼e ¾e ½e
b) Individual size < width of e ¾e ½e
Knot whorls and knot clusters (on the face-side,
back and both edges, judged together) 1f ½f ⅓f
All knots, knot holes and knot cavities (on the
face-side, back and both edges, judged together) 1f + 1½e ¾f ½f
1)
See annex C of SANS 1783-1.
2)
Provided that knots, knot holes and knot cavities of size not exceeding 10 mm, and superficial face
splay knots shall not be regarded as defects.
NOTES
1 f refers to the face-side and e refers to the edge of a piece of timber
2 Deleted by amendment No. 7.
Amdt 7

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Table 2 — Permissible defects, other than decay, insect damage, cross-fracture,

mechanical damage, knots, knot holes and twist

1 2
Defect Dimension, max.
1)
Checks
Timber of thickness less than 76 mm:
a) Sum of lengths ½ length of piece
b) Width 2 mm
Timber of thickness at least 76 mm:
a) Sum of lengths ½ length of piece
b) Width 4 mm
Discoloration (other than superficial
mould)
Light Not limited
2)
Medium ½ surface area
Dark ¼ surface area
General slope of grain 1 in 7
Splits
a) Individual length 150 mm
b) Quantity 1 at each end or 2 at one end
3)
Resin infiltration
Face and edge 15 % max.
Wane
On face-side and back, judged together:
a) 50 mm × 76 mm timber:
Length Length of piece
4)
Width ½ width of face, provided that wane on the adjoining
edge does not exceed ½ thickness of piece
b) Other timber:
Length Length of piece
4)
Width ⅓ width of piece
c) On worst edge:
Length Length of piece
Width ½ width of edge, except that wane of greater width
occurring at least 1 m away from one end of the piece
shall be permitted, provided that its length does not
exceed 450 mm
1)
Hair checks and, in timber of thickness at least 76 mm, checks of width not exceeding 2 mm
shall not be regarded as defects.
2)
Deleted by amendment No. 6.
3)
Deleted by amendment No. 6.
4)
Wane of width not exceeding 15 mm shall not be regarded as a defect.
Amdt 6

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Table 2 (concluded)

1 2
Defect Dimension, max.
5)
Warp
Bow, per 1 m length of piece and pro rata
for fractions of a metre:
a) Timber of thickness not exceeding
50 mm 10 mm
b) Timber of thickness exceeding 50 mm 5 mm
Spring
a) 50 mm × 76 mm timber, per 1 m length
of piece and pro rata for fractions of a
metre 12 mm
b) Timber of length less than 3,9 m,
measured over the entire length 15 mm
c) Timber of length at least 3,9 m,
measured over the entire length 25 mm
d) Timber for frame wall construction, per
1 m length of a piece and pro rata for
fractions of a metre 3 mm
Cup, per 100 mm of width of piece and pro
rata for fractions of 100 mm 3 mm
Maximum cup allowed in any piece of
timber 5 mm
5)
For permissible twist, see table 3.

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Table 3 — Permissible twist

1 2 3 4 5 6
Twist, max.
Equivalent linear values
Length of piece 1)
mm
Gradual values
Nominal width of piece
mm
m degrees 76 114 152 228
0,9 2 3 4 5 8
1,2 3 4 6 8 12
1,5 3 4 6 8 12

1,8 4 5 8 10 16
2,1 5 7 10 13 20
2,4 5 7 10 13 20

2,7 6 8 12 16 24
3,0 6 8 12 16 24
3,3 7 9 14 18 27

3,6 8 10 16 21 31
3,9 8 10 16 21 31
4,2 9 12 18 23 35

4,5 9 12 18 23 35
4,8 10 13 20 26 39
5,1 11 14 22 29 43

5,4 11 14 22 29 43
5,7 12 16 24 31 47
6,0 12 16 24 31 47

6,3 13 17 26 34 51
6,6 14 18 28 36 54
6,9 14 18 28 36 54

7,2 15 19 30 39 58
7,5 15 19 30 39 58
7,8 16 21 32 41 62

8,1 17 22 34 44 66
8,4 17 22 34 44 66
8,7 18 23 36 46 70
9,0 18 23 36 46 70
1)
Equivalent values for commercially available widths.

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5 Physical requirements
The requirements given in clause 5 of SANS 1783-1 and the following requirements apply:

5.1 Dimensions

5.1.1 General

The nominal dimensions of the timber, measured in accordance with annex C of SANS 1783-1,
shall be as given in table 4. If so required, the piece shall be cut to length. Amdt 1

5.1.2 Nominal sizes Amdt 1

The sizes given in table 4 are the required nominal sizes. Amdt 1

Table 4 — Nominal sizes of structural timber Amdt 1

1 2
Nominal sizes
Thickness Width
mm mm
a
38 70
50 76
76 100
114
152
190
200
228
a
This dimension shall only be allowed on regularized
pieces (i.e. not on rough sawn pieces), taking into
account the tolerances given in table 5.
Amdt 1; amdt 5

5.1.3 Tolerances

The allowable tolerances on the nominal sizes (see 5.1.2) shall be as given in table 5. Amdt 1

5.2 Finish
Unless another finish is required, the timber shall be evenly sawn and shall have square arrises.
The timber shall be bright and, if so required, the pieces shall have neatly sawn ends. Amdt 6

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5.3 Density
The density of visually stress-graded timber, determined in accordance with annex C of
SANS 1783-1, shall be as follows:
3
a) stress grade S5: at least 360 kg/m
3
b) stress grade S7: at least 425 kg/m
3
c) stress grade S10: at least 475 kg/m

Table 5 — Tolerances

1 2
Dimensions Tolerance
mm
1)
Length +50
2)
−0
Rough sawn width
a) Less than 114 mm +5 )
b) 114 mm or more, but less than 228 mm +6 ) −3
c) 228 mm or more +8 )
d) Maximum variation in width of any piece 5
3)
Regularized widths +2
All timber −0
Rough sawn thickness
a) Less than 50 mm +3
−2

b) 50 mm or more +5
−2

c) Maximum variation in thickness of any piece 3

4)
Regularized thicknesses +1
−0
1)
When cut to length is required.
2)
In all cases.
3)
On the minimum rough sawn width.
4)
On the minimum rough sawn thickness.
Amdt 1; amdt 5

5.4 End-jointing

5.4.1 Finger-jointing

Finger-jointing of structural timber shall be allowed, provided that it is done in accordance with
SANS 10096 and that the adhesives used, comply with the requirements of SANS 1349 for
exposure class 1 or 2, as relevant.

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5.4.2 Splicing

5.4.2.1 General

When so agreed upon, timber of nominal cross-section 50 mm × 76 mm may be spliced, provided

that the splicing is done by an acceptable method and using acceptable nail plates, and that the
bending strength of the joints is acceptable.

5.4.2.2 Rules

All end-jointed timber shall bear the stress grade of the timber, and be acceptable in finish. The
following rules shall be adhered to in the manufacture of spliced timber:

a) only nail plates approved for a particular size and grade of timber shall be used to splice mark-
bearing timber; Amdt 4

b) ends to be jointed shall be square and the gaps between ends shall not exceed 0,5 mm;

c) the thickness variation between pieces in a joint shall not exceed 2 mm;

d) two nail plates shall be used on each joint;

e) nail plates shall not be used on recut faces (see figure 1);

f) the offset between plates shall not exceed 10 mm and each plate shall be positioned equally
over both pieces so that the joint is within 10 mm of the centre line of the length of the plate;

g) nails shall be fully embedded in the timber and shall not be bent;

h) edges of nail plates shall not protrude beyond the edges of spliced surfaces; and

i) defects allowed in the joint area, and axial and transverse misalignment shall be in accordance
with SANS 10096.

5.5 Fire-retardant treatment

When so required, all framing timber in a lot shall be treated with an acceptable fire-retardant,
applied in accordance with the written instructions of the fire-retardant manufacturer.

NOTE In the case of water-borne fire-retardant treatment, timber should be planed before treatment.

5.6 Mechanically stress-graded timber

Mechanically stress-graded timber shall be graded in accordance with SANS 10149.

5.7 Mechanically proof-graded timber

Timber can be stress-graded by proof-grading in accordance with annex C of SANS 1783-1. Timber
so graded shall be found to have withstood the test load without showing any sign of fracture.

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6 Inspection and methods of test

The requirements given in clause 6 of SANS 1783-1 and the following requirements apply:

6.1 Inspection
Visually examine and, when necessary, measure, using the appropriate methods given in annex C
of SANS 1783-1, the inherent defects that occur on the worst face of each piece in the sample,
taken in accordance with B.2.2 of annex B of SANS 1783-1, for compliance with the relevant
requirements of this part of SANS 1783 (see clause 4 and 5.2, 5.3 and 7.2). Base the selection of
the worst face on the specific defect under consideration.

6.2 Methods of test

In the case of proof-graded 50 mm × 76 mm timber, test each piece in the sample in accordance
with annex C of SANS 1783-1.

In the case of other mechanically stress-graded timber, test each piece in the sample in accordance
with SANS 10149 and verify that the lot has been correctly stress-graded.

In the case of other proof-graded structural timber, use an acceptable method to determine whether
the lot has been correctly stress-graded.

Figure 1 — Splicing and the position of use

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7 Packing and marking

7.1 Packing
When timber is dispatched bundled, it shall be so secured as to withstand normal handling hazards.

7.2 Marking

7.2.1 General Amdt 1

Each piece of stress-graded structural timber shall bear the following information legibly and
indelibly marked, and applied in accordance with 7.2.2, 7.2.3, 7.2.4 and 7.2.5: Amdt 1; amdt 2

a) the manufacturer's name, trade name or trade mark;

b) the appropriate stress-grade identification (marked in accordance with 7.3);

c) in the case of mechanically stress-graded timber, the date or the batch number of the stress-
grading; and Amdt 1

d) in the case of finger-jointed timber, each piece shall have one additional mark on a face,
approximately mid-length along the axis, containing the date or the batch number of the finger-
jointing in addition to the marking specified in SANS 10096. Amdt 1; amdt 2

7.2.2 Regularized timber (excluding 50 mm × 76 mm) Amdt 1; amdt 2

A face of each piece of timber shall be marked in a position parallel to its longitudinal axis, in the
centre of the face, at continuous intervals of 1 m across the face. Amdt 1; amdt 2; amdt 6

7.2.2.1 Pieces longer than 3,6 m Amdt 6

A face of each piece of timber shall be marked in a position parallel to its longitudinal axis, in the
centre of the face, at continuous intervals of 1 m along the face. Amdt 6

7.2.2.2 Pieces of length 2,1 m to 3,6 m Amdt 6

A face of each piece of timber shall be marked in a position parallel to its longitudinal axis, in the
centre of the face, 1 m from each end. Amdt 6

7.2.2.3 Pieces of length 2 m and less Amdt 6

A face of each piece of timber shall be marked in a position parallel to its longitudinal axis, in the
centre of the face, at least once. Amdt 6

7.2.3 Rough sawn timber (excluding 50 mm × 76 mm) Amdt 1; amdt 2

The ends of each piece of rough sawn timber shall be marked, but shall bear on the one end the
information given in 7.2.1(a) and on the other end the information given in 7.2.1(b) and, when
relevant, 7.2.1(c). Amdt 1; amdt 2

7.2.4 All 50 mm × 76 mm timber Amdt 2

Each piece of 50 mm × 76 mm timber (rough sawn or regularized) shall be marked on a face.

Amdt 2

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7.2.5 Size of marking Amdt 1; amdt 2

The height of the letters and numerals used for marking shall be not less than 25 mm. The dot
marks that represent the various methods of grading, i.e. visual, mechanical or proof grading (see
table 6) shall be not less than 10 mm in diameter. Amdt 1; amdt 3; amdt 5

7.3 Grade identification

The stress grade shall be marked in signal red (colour No. A11 of SANS 1091) letters and
numerals, as shown in column 2 of table 6. Amdt 3; amdt 4

Table 6 — Grade identification

1 2
Method of grading Stress grade
1)
Visual S ● Certification mark ● 5
1)
Mechanical S Certification mark ● 5
1)
Proof S ● Certification mark 5
1)
As applicable.
Amdt 3

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Annex A
(normative)

Notes to purchasers
The requirements given in annex A of SANS 1783-1 and the following requirements apply:

A.1 The following requirements shall be specified in tender invitations and in each order or
contract:

a) the stress grade (see clause 4);

b) the nominal dimensions (see 5.1.1);

c) whether the pieces shall be cut to length (see 5.1.1);

d) the finish, if other than sawn (see 5.2);

e) when relevant, that the pieces shall have neatly sawn ends (see 5.2); and

f) when relevant, that fire-retardant treatment is required (see 5.5).

A.2 The following requirement can be agreed upon:

when relevant, that 50 mm × 76 mm timber may be spliced (see 5.4.2).

Annex B
(normative)

Quality verification of timber units and assessment of compliance

B.1 General
The requirements given in annex B of SANS 1783-1 and the following requirements apply:

B.2 Assessment of compliance

Clause B.3 of annex B of SANS 1783-1 and the following criteria apply:

The lot shall be deemed to comply with the relevant requirements of this part of SANS 1783 if,

a) in the case of mechanically stress-graded timber (other than 50 mm × 76 mm timber stress-

graded by proof-grading), the lot is deemed, in terms of SANS 10149, to have been correctly
stress-graded (see note 2 to clause 1 of SANS 1783-1 and note 2 to clause 1 of this part of
SANS 1783); and

b) in the case of 50 mm × 76 mm timber stress-graded by mechanical proof-grading, each piece in

the sample is found to have been correctly proof-graded (see note 2 to clause 1 of SANS 1783-1
and note 2 to clause 1 of this part of SANS 1783).

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Bibliography Amdt 6

SANS 9001/ISO 9001, Quality management systems – Requirements. Amdt 4

SANS 10160 (SABS 0160), The general procedures and loadings to be adopted in the design of
buildings. Amdt 4

SANS 10163-1, The structural use of timber – Part 1: Limit-states design. Amdt 4

SANS 10163-2 (SABS 0163-2), The structural use of timber – Part 2: Allowable stress design.
Amdt 4

© SABS

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Centre also offers an individual updating service called INFOPLUS, which ensures that subscribers
automatically receive notification regarding amendments to, and revisions of, international
standards.
Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6666 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: info@sabs.co.za

Copyright

The copyright in a South African National Standard or any other publication published by the SABS
Standards Division vests in the SABS. Unless exemption has been granted, no extract may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
written permission from the SABS Standards Division. This does not preclude the free use, in the
course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade
designations. If these details are to be used for any purpose other than implementation, prior written
permission must be obtained.

Details and advice can be obtained from the Senior Manager.

Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6666 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: info@sabs.co.za

Copyright protected. This standard was downloaded on 2012-07-13 15:35 by Mr. David Shaw of Numill.
Single-user license only; copying and networking prohibited.